Lupe ʻīlio hina - ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka ʻohana canine. ʻO kahi holoholona nani a ikaika hoʻi, he like ko waho me ka ʻīlio kahu hipa o ʻEulopa, akā ke nānā aku, ʻoi aku ka wiwi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Akamai loa nā holoholona. Holo mahuka mai ka alualu a hoʻopili i nā ala. Ma ka hana ʻana i kahi pālua, mālama lāua i nā keiki. No laila, i ka hoʻohui i ka makaʻu, hoʻonāukiuki lākou i kahi ʻano o ka mahalo.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pōhāhā ʻohā hina
ʻO ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele a hina wahine hina paha (mai ka Latin Canis lupus) no ka ʻohana canine. Me nā coyote, ʻīlio a me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe, hana lākou i ka genus o nā ʻīlio hae. I ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana i kā lākou DNA, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka holoholona ka kūpuna pololei o ka ʻīlio kūloko, ʻoiai ka lua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he subspecies o ka ʻīlio hae.
ʻO ka kupuna kupuna o ka holoholona ʻo Canis lepophagus, kahi ʻīlio me kahi iwi liʻiliʻi e kū ana i ka wā o ka Miocene. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā borophages, i ke kaʻina o ka evolution, ua ulu ʻo C. lepophagus i ka nui, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka iwi poʻo. No nā kūpuna o nā ʻīlio hae o kēia wā nā fossil i loaʻa ma ʻAkau ʻAkau.
Video: ʻO Wolf Wolf
Ua hoʻomaka nā ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele i ka wā Pleistocene, ma kahi o ʻelua miliona mau makahiki i hala. Aia ma waena o lākou nā ʻano Canis priscolatrans, a ma hope lilo aʻe i C. mosbachensis, kahi i waho loa e like loa me nā ʻīlio hae maʻamau. Ma kahi o 500 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua lilo ia i Canus lupus.
I ka wā o ka Holocene, ua noho ka laha ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, kahi i noho ai ka ʻīlio hae weliweli. Ma muli o ka nele o ka mea pio nui, ua luku ʻia ka ʻīlio hae weliweli ma kahi o 8 tausani mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka helehelena o ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokūkū no ka mea liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻāpala nimble, ka mea i hōʻeleu i ke kaʻina hoʻopau.
He 37 mau ʻohana i kēia ʻano e like me ka Mammal Species o ka Honua a me 38 e like me ka United Taxonomic Information Service, 13 o ia mau mea ua pau. Ua manaʻo ʻia he nui nā lehulehu i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, akā ua hoʻohui ʻia ma hope ma muli o ka nele o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele
Mīkini pale wīwī, me ke kumukānāwai ikaika, nā wāwae lōʻihi, nāwaliwali kiʻekiʻe. Pōkole ka ʻāʻī a mānoanoa, hāliʻuliʻu ke kua, nui ke poʻo me ka lae ākea, pōkole ka waha. ʻOʻoleʻa ke kapa; e holo ana kahi ʻeleʻele i ka pali, kahi e ʻōlelo ai i nā kāne. Hinahina ke kala, me nā aka brown a me nā ʻulaʻula. Ma nā wāwae a me ka ʻōpū, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala.
Nā hiʻohiʻona Physique:
- ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 100-160 cm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - 30-50 cm;
- ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi maloʻo - 75-90 cm;
- ke kaupaona - 35-70 kg;
- ke kaupaona i 1 makahiki - 20-30 kg.
ʻO nā wahine ma kahi o 20% ka liʻiliʻi a me ka māmā. ʻO ka nui e hoʻolilo i ka holoholona i hoʻokahi o nā māmela nui loa o ka ʻohana. Hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka ke oʻo makua i 2.5-3 mau makahiki. I kēia manawa, kaupaona lākou ma kahi o 50 kilokilo. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka poʻe noho ma Siberia a me Alaska, ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou kaumaha ma mua o 70 kilokilo.
Holo kahi holoholona me kona poʻo i lalo. Mālama kekahi pepeiao i mua, a ʻo hope i kekahi. Ke hele wāwae, kau ka huelo i lalo; ke holo, hāpai ʻia i ka pae o ke kua. ʻAno like nā ala me ko ka ʻīlio, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kiʻi o nā māiʻuʻu. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ala he 10-12 kenimika. ʻAʻole like me nā manamana canine, mālama ʻia nā manamana wolf i kahi "kinipōpō".
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ke hele wāwae, keu hoʻi i ka wā e jogging, piʻi ka holoholona i ke ala. Hahai pololei nā wāwae hope i ka wāwae o ka wāwae mua. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā meheu i kahi laina pololei.
Nui ka iwi poʻo, ākea ka puka ihu. Aia he 42 mau niho ʻoi i ka waha, hiki ke kū i ka ukana ma kahi o 10 megapascals. ʻO ka nalowale o nā niho no kahi predator he mea make a alakaʻi i ka pōloli. Wahi a ka helehelena expressive o ka holoholona, hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻepekema ma mua o 10 ʻano o ke ʻano - huhū, huhū, leʻaleʻa, hoʻoweliweli, aloha, makaʻala, makaʻu, mālie.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele?
Kiʻi: Pōhāhā ʻohā hina i ka nahele
I ke ʻano o ka nohona, hoʻonohonoho ka laulā o nā holoholona i ka wā ma hope ma hope o nā kānaka. ʻO kēia ka hapa nui o ka Hemolele ʻAkau. I ko mākou manawa, ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui nā wahi noho o nā ʻīlio hae. I kēia lā, maʻamau ka holoholona ma nā wahi he nui o ʻEulopa, ma ʻAmelike ʻAkau, ʻAsia, ma ka mokupuni ʻo India.
ʻO ka palena ʻākau o ia wahi ke kahakai o ka Moana ʻAtika. Hema - 16 degere ʻākau latitu. Noho nā holoholona i nā ʻano ʻāina like ʻole, akā hoʻokaʻawale lākou i ka steppes, tundra, semi-Desert, ululāʻau. Hōʻalo ʻia nā wahi ulu nahele. Loaʻa nā ʻoihana nui loa i ka tundra, noho nā liʻiliʻi i nā wahi hema.
I nā wahi mauna noho ʻo ia i nā wahi mai ka wāwae a i nā kula alpine. Makemake lākou i nā wahi hāmama. Hiki iā lākou ke noho kokoke i kahi e noho ai ke kanaka. I ka taiga, ua pālahalaha ʻia ma ke kaha ʻoki o ka ʻāpana taiga. Kaha nā holoholona i nā palena o kā lākou kuka me ka mimi a me nā feces.
ʻO ka ʻāina i noho ʻia e kekahi ʻohana he 30-60 kilomita. I ka hopena o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, i ka wā i haki ai ka ʻohana, mahele pū ʻia ka wahi i noho ʻia. Hele ka wahi ʻoi loa i ka wahine nui. I nā steppes a me tundra, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike pinepine i nā poʻe e holoholo ana ma hope o nā holoholona o nā holoholona kūloko a i ʻole nā dia.
Ke hoʻouluulu ʻana i nā keiki, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hale noho kūlohelohe - nā mānoanoa o nā nāhelehele, nā kahawai i nā pōhaku, nā lua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. I kekahi manawa ʻeli ka poʻe ʻaihue iā lākou iho. Ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o nā keiki, hoʻopau ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ʻohana i ka lua; noho lākou i nā wahi palekana ʻē aʻe no kahi puʻuhonua.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele hina. E nānā kāua i ka mea a kēia mea ʻakaʻaka e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele?
Kiʻi: Pōhāhā ʻohā hina i ka hoʻoilo
ʻO nā Wolves he inferterate predators. Loaʻa nā meaʻai i ka hopu holoholona hana, i ka alualu ʻana i ka poʻe i hōʻino ʻia.
I nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa, hānai nā ʻīlio hae i nā holoholona like ʻole.
- tundra - lōlō;
- kāʻei ululāʻau - boars wild, moose, roe deer, deer;
- steppes a me nā wao akua - antelope.
Pinepine hiki i ka holoholona ke hopu i nā holoholona - nā bipi, nā hipa, nā lio, a me nā ʻīlio i kekahi manawa. I ka nele o kahi pio nui, hopu ʻia nā bea, ʻiole, a me nā gopher. I ke kauwela ʻaʻole lākou e luku i ka pūnana manu a ʻahaʻaina i nā hua manu a i nā keiki liʻiliʻi paha. I kekahi manawa hiki iā lākou ke huki i kahi kuihi home mai kahi ʻohana.
Hana ʻia i lilo nā corsac, ʻalopeke, raccoons i waiwai pio na ka holoholona. Hiki i nā mea pōloli kikoʻī ke hoʻopilikia i ka bea i ka lua. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻowahāwahā e ʻai i ke kupapaʻu o nā holoholona, nā holoholona maʻi, nāwaliwali e kahi hakakā, kī ʻia e nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona. I ka wā pōloli, hoʻi lākou i nā koena o ka waiwai pio.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Aia kekahi hihia i ʻike ʻia i ka wā i make ai kahi pūʻulu ʻīlio hae i ka bea ʻōpio.
Ma nā kahakai, ʻai lākou i nā kupapaʻu o nā sila make i holoi ʻia i uka. ʻO kahi holoholona pōloli me ke kānalua ʻole e hoʻouka i kahi rana, moʻo, moʻo a i ʻole nā nalo nui. Hoʻopili nā kamaʻāina o ka hema i nā hua, nā huaʻai, a i kekahi manawa i nā ʻalalā i kā lākou papaʻai. I nā steppe, hoʻonohonoho lākou i nā hoʻouka kaua ma nā melon a me nā ʻāpana wai i mea e pau ai ko lākou make wai, a ʻeha hoʻi iā lākou i ka wā wela. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻai i ka melemona mua a lākou i ʻike ai, akā ʻūlū a hiki i ka wā e loaʻa ai iā lākou kahi pala.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Pōhāhā ʻohā hina
ʻO ka Predators ke ola i ka pō. Ue nui lākou e hōʻailona i ko lākou alo. Me ke kōkua o ia mea, kamaʻilio pū kekahi me kekahi ma kahi lōʻihi, auwe e ʻae iā ʻoe e ʻike kekahi i kekahi, e koi i nā kuleana i kā lākou waiwai, a mālama i kā lākou hoa o ka wā e hiki mai ana.
I ka hopu holoholona, hana malū nā ʻīlio hae, me ka hana ʻole i nā kani kūpono ʻole. ʻO nā manaʻo āpau i nā māmela, ʻo ka hoʻolohe ka mea i hoʻomohala nui ʻia, a ukali ʻia e ke ʻano o ka honi, ka hihiʻo - ma ke kolu o ka wahi. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia nā reflexes a me nā hana noʻonoʻo a hui maikaʻi ʻia me ka wikiwiki, ikaika, wikiwiki a me nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i nā manawa o ke ola.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā Wolves ke uē wale, akā e ʻū hoʻi, yap, ʻū, ʻili. I loko o ka ʻeke, hoʻopuka ʻia ka hōʻailona e hoʻouka e ka alakaʻi. Hui pū nā mea ʻē aʻe iā ia. Ua like kēia kani me ka namunamu o kahi ʻīlio huhū i mākaukau e kāhea. Lohe ʻia ka hapa nui o ka uē ʻana i ke ahiahi a i ʻole ka pō, akā ʻaʻole i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka uē huikau e pili ana i kahi hōʻailona o ke kaiaulu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua hui ka mea kākau kūlohelohe ʻo F. Mowet i ka tundra Kanada me kahi Eskimo i kapa ʻia ʻo Utek, ka mea i hoʻomaopopo i nā leka leo i hoʻouna ʻia e nā ʻīlio hae i kekahi i kekahi.
ʻAe ʻo Smell i nā mea ola e lohe i kāna mea pio a i 3 mau kilomita ke mamao. He 14 mau manawa ka nui o ko lākou ihu ma mua o ka ihu kanaka, akā ʻo ko lākou ala he 100 mau manawa ka ʻoi aku. Hoʻomaopopo ke kanaka i 5 miliona mau ʻala o ka pilau, ʻoiai nā ʻīlio hihiu e ʻike 200 miliona. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ʻike no ka holoholona ma o ka pilau.
ʻAʻole ʻimi ʻimi nā Predators kokoke i ko lākou lua. I ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi pio, hele lākou i 8-10 mau mile mai ka home. Hiki i nā holoholona ke wikiwiki i 50-60 km / h. I ka pō, hiki iā lākou ke hele wāwae 70-80 mau kilomita. No ka wikiwiki, pono lākou i 4 mau mika e heihei i ka wikiwiki holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻīlio hihiu hina ʻāhiu
He monogamous nā ʻīlio hina hina. He ʻano ʻohana ko lākou. Hiki i ka ʻohana hipa mai 3 a 40 mau kānaka. Loaʻa iā ia he kāne alpha, kahi wahine alpha, kā lākou mau keiki a me nā ʻohana. E noho ka wahine a hiki i ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā hoa. ʻAʻole pili nā ʻōpala o kahi ʻōpala; nānā lākou i ke kāne i kahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka wā hānau ma Ianuali-ʻApelila. I ka pale ʻana o nā hoa o ka ʻāpā alpha i kekahi i kekahi mai kekahi mau kānaka ʻē aʻe, e hoʻolōʻihi nā ʻāʻumeʻume i loko o ka ʻeke. Kū puni nā kāne i nā ʻīlio hae wale. ʻO ka pinepine ka hakakā no nā wahine, he mea make pinepine.
Ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pālua, nānā koke nā hoa no kahi kūpono no nā keiki e hiki mai ana. I kēia manawa, pīpī ke kāne a me ka wahine me kekahi i kekahi, ʻānai i ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao. Ke wela ka wolf wahine, hūnā ʻia nā pheromones me kona mimi, e hōʻailona ana i ke kāne e male.
Noho ka hapai ma kahi o 2 mau mahina. I hoʻokahi manawa, mai 3 a 13 mau pēpē makapō i hānau ʻia. Ma hope o ʻelua pule, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻike. ʻO ka mea mua, hānai nā keiki i ka waiū o ko lākou makuahine, a laila regurgitate nā mākua i ka meaʻai na lākou. A laila lawe ʻia mai nā mea make. Pili ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa i kēia hana.
I ka hopena o ke kauwela, hoʻomaka nā keiki e ʻimi holoholona. ʻOiai pale ikaika nā mākua i kā lākou keiki, a hiki i 80% o nā keiki make i ka makahiki mua. Ua oʻo kolohe nā wahine i 2 makahiki, nā kāne ma 3. Hoʻomaka ka ʻelemakule ma 10-12 makahiki. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola ma 15 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele
He kakaikahi loa nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe i nā papa kauoha nahele. Hiki ke hana i nā hakakā ma waena o nā ʻīlio hihiu a me nā lynxes, nā bea. I kekahi manawa i ka wā alualu, hiki i nā mea hoʻomake ke ʻeha make e ka moose, bison a i ʻole nā lio. ʻO ka pōloli kekahi o nā ʻenemi nui. Make nā mākua a me nā ʻīlio pēpē iā ia.
Akā ʻo ka mea nui ka hoʻoweliweli. Ma mua, makaʻu ka poʻe i ka poʻe hōkū ma muli o ko lākou pale ʻole i mua o lākou. Akā i kēia manawa, i ka makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka noho ʻana, noho mau nā ʻīlio hae ma waho o ke kānāwai. ʻAno paʻakikī lākou i nā kānaka, koe wale nō ma nā hihia o ka rabies, akā he poʻe hoʻokūkū ʻai pololei lākou na kānaka, i kekahi manawa e hoʻouka nei i nā holoholona.
Ma lalo o ka pale o ka pale ʻana, alualu ka poʻe i ka holoholona i nā ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka lāhui kanaka. Lawe ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona no ka leʻaleʻa, me ke komo pū ʻana o nā hounds, greyhounds, aeto gula, me ke kōkua o nā pahele, e hopu ana me nā mea hoʻopunipuni, e alualu ana i nā ala, me ka pū.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua kapa ʻia nā mamamala nā ʻaha o ka nahele no ke kumu. Ma muli o kā lākou luku ʻia ʻana, hiki pinepine nā maʻi ahulau i waena o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
I ka hapanui o nā ʻāina, he kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ko nā holoholona. I ka wā waena, ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻīlio hae e lawelawe i ka diabolō. Mai ka wā kahiko mai, ʻo ka poʻe ʻaihue ka poʻe koa maikaʻi ʻole o nā kaʻao. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia mau pretext e hoʻopau i nā holoholona. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻāpono wale ʻia ka luku inā maʻi nā ʻīlio hae me nā rabies.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pōhāhā ʻohā hina
I kekahi mau ʻāina, hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka ʻīlio hae ʻeleʻele i ka pau ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia no ka makaʻu o ke kanaka i ka lilo ʻana o nā holoholona. Hoʻonā makehewa ʻia ka predator a kī ʻia. Ua alakaʻi kēia mau hana i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana o ka nui o nā meaola, no laila ma nā wahi he nui, no ka laʻana, ma Minnesota, ua manaʻo lōʻihi ʻia ka ʻīlio hae e lilo i holoholona laka.
Ke alakaʻi nei hoʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻāina i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. Ma Kanada, Helene, Pinilana, ʻItalia, Polani, Alaska, ka Hikina Waena, ua helu ʻia ka mokuʻāina maʻamau o ka helu e like me ka paʻa. Hoʻoweliweli ka lawaiʻa ʻana a me ka nohona ʻana i ka nohona e hoʻemi i ka heluna kānaka ma Hungary, Pokukala, Latvia, Lituania, Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia, Romania.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka helu o nā laha. Akaka wale ia ke emi wikiwiki nei. ʻOiai he nui nā subspecies i manaʻo ʻia ua make, ʻo ka huina nui o nā kānaka i hiki ʻole ke hoʻohui i nā laha i ka Red Book. Eia kekahi, pale ʻia nā lehulehu he nui e ka Annex II o ka CITES Convention.
Ua mālama ʻia nā helu hope loa i ka makahiki 1998. I Alaska, kahi mokuʻāina paʻa o nā heluna kanaka i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia - 6-8 tausani mau kānaka. Ma kahi o 60 tausani mau ʻīlio hina hina e noho nei ma Kanada. I Lūkia, 30,000 mau kānaka i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia, ma Belarus - 2,000, Kina - 6,000, ʻInia - 1,600, Estonia - 500, Latvia - 900, Kazakhstan - 9,000, etc.
Lupe ʻīlio hina loaʻa ka hoʻomanawanui ʻokoʻa a me ka hiki ke kāwili i kekahi wahi nohona. ʻO ka nui o nā kaʻao e pili ana i ka ʻīlio hae e hoʻolilo iā ia i alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻole i ke aupuni holoholona.
Lā hoʻopuka: 08/06/2019
Lā hou: 09/28/2019 ma 22:33
