Osprey He manu laha nui o ka diurnal. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano manu he 6 me ka puʻunaue cosmopolitan. ʻO kāna hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona e hānai ʻaneʻane wale nō i ka iʻa. Hōʻike i ka ʻohana Skopin monotypic (Pandionidae). E pili ana i nā lāhui i pale ʻia.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Osprey
Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻano e Linnaeus i ka makahiki 1758. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa generic Pandion no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka mōʻī Athenian Pandion I, ka mea i hoʻolilo ʻia i manu no ka manaʻo akua o Zeus. ʻOiai aia kahi mana i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Pandion II a ua lilo kāna keiki i manu. ʻO ka epithet kikoʻī "haliaetus" i haku ʻia me nā huaʻōlelo Helene e manaʻo nei "kai" a me "ʻaeto". ʻAʻole i wehewehe ʻia ke kumu o ka inoa Lūkia.
Video: Osprey
ʻO ke koena kahiko o nā mōʻī o nā ʻohana. Loaʻa nā Skopins ma ʻAigupita a me Kelemania a hoʻi i ka Early Oligocene (ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei). ʻO nā mōʻalihaku, ka mea hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i ka genus Osprey, i loaʻa ma hope, Miocene - Pleistocene waihona ma ka hema o ʻAmelika Hema. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻohana pili loa iā Osprey i kahi kaʻawale ʻo Yastrebins.
ʻO nā heluna o ka osprey hou i nā wahi ʻāina ʻē aʻe i ʻōlelo i nā hiʻohiʻona, e ʻae ai iā mākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana ʻehā:
- ʻo nā subspecies ʻano e noho ana ma Eurasia ka mea nui loa, me ke kala ʻeleʻele. Nā Neʻe;
- he mea maʻamau nā ʻohana Caroline ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Ma ka laulā, ʻano like ia me he mea lā. Nā Neʻe;
- Loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻo Ridgway i ka Caribbean. He poʻo māmā kona (i ke ʻano o ke kala, ʻaʻole noʻonoʻo). Noho kauā;
- noho nā ʻōpena crested i Australia a me Oceania, ka pae ʻāina ʻInidonesia. Liʻiliʻi kēlā me kēia kanaka, me nā hulu ʻano i hoʻāla ʻia ma ke kua o ke poʻo - nā pūʻali.
Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia nā lālā hope loa e nā morphologists ma ke ʻano he kūʻokoʻa: comb osprey, a i ʻole osprey hikina (Pandion cristatus). ʻOiai ʻo ka poʻe noiʻi makemake i nā ʻano hana hoʻolauna molekiola e manaʻoʻiʻo i nā ʻāpana āpau e like me ke kūpono i ke kūlana o nā ʻano.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka osprey
ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka dimorphism moekolohe. ʻOi aku ka nui a kaumaha o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne, hiki i ko lākou kaumaha i 2 kg, ʻoiai ke kaumaha o nā kāne 1.2 - 1.6 kg. Hiki i kahi manu makua i 55 - 58 cm ka lōʻihi. Kupaianaha loa ka ʻēheu - i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kanaka (a i 170 cm)! ʻO nā hulu lele o ke kauoha mua i ka lele lele e like me nā manamana lima.
He nuku maʻamau ko ke poʻo i kahi mea ʻino - he lou a me kahi ʻāpana pōkole ma ke kua o ke poʻo, kahi e hiki ai i ka osprey ke hāpai aʻe. ʻO Osprey paws nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa. Kupanaha lākou lōʻihi a mākaukau me nā māiʻuʻi o ka pahi ʻaila, ua uhi ʻia nā manamana lima me nā kākalaioa ma loko, a kūwaho hoʻi ke kua i waho. Pale nā pale i nā puka ihu mai ke komo ʻana o ka wai.
Kūlike ke kala, mālama ʻia i nā kala keʻokeʻo a me nā kala. ʻO ka pāpale aliʻi, ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo a pau o ke kino, nā "pālule" hulu o nā paws ikaika a me nā uhi ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o nā ʻeheu i pena ʻia i keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka hope o ka ʻāʻī, kua a me luna o nā ʻeheu he palaunu. ʻO kahi kaha ʻeleʻele, e like me ke kāʻei o kahi pōā, keʻa i ka maka o ka mea ʻaka mai ka nuku a i ka ʻāʻī. Loaʻa nā kiko o ke kala like ma nā pale lima, ma ka umauma lākou e hana i kahi "lei" motley, a ma ka hiʻu a ma lalo o ka ʻelua a me ke kolu o nā hulu lele - nā kaha. Hinahina ka ʻili o nā wāwae, ʻeleʻele ka nuku a me ka maka melemele e ʻā ana.
Hōʻaʻahu nā wahine i nā "lei" i hoʻākāka maikaʻi ʻia a ʻoi aku ka pouli. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a i 18 mau makahiki e nā "lei" i mae ʻia, kahi hiʻohiʻona scaly ma ke kua a ma nā piko o nā ʻeheu, a me nā maka ʻalani-ʻulaʻula. ʻO Chicks - nā kapa pale ma lalo o ka wā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana keʻokeʻo me nā kiko eleele ʻeleʻele, a ma hope iho ua ʻōniʻoniʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
Ma hea e noho ai ka osprey?
Kiʻi: Osprey i ka lele ʻana
ʻO ka laulā o ka osprey me nā ʻāpana āpau e uhi i nā wahi o ke aniau, subtropical a me nā aniau tropical o Eurasia, ʻApelika, nā ʻAmelika ʻelua, a ʻo Australia a me Oceania hoʻi. Hoʻokaʻawale like ʻole ʻia nā manu ma luna o ka palena o ka pae, he kakaikahi loa lākou a ua heleleʻi hoʻi. Hōʻalo i nā wahi neoneo a me nā alpine.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā wahi o ka laulā kahi:
- pūnana manu lele;
- ola osprey noho iho;
- ʻike ʻia nā manu neʻe i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kau.
- nā mea neʻe mai ke kūkulu ʻākau kau.
Ma ka palena ʻo Rūkia, ʻo ka palena ʻākau o ka pae e pili pū ana me 67 ° N. ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa, a laila maalo i ka latitu o 66 ° ma ke kīʻaha Ob, ma ka hikina e neʻe a hala loa i ka hema: i ka nuku o ka muliwai. ʻO Tunguska haʻahaʻa, nā haʻahaʻa o Vilyui, nā haʻahaʻa o Aldan. Ma ke kahakai ʻo Okhotsk e holo ana i ka ʻākau o Magadan a hiki i Kamchatka. ʻO ka palena hema ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa e holo i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka Don a me ka Volta delta. Ma Siberia a me ka Hikina hikina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka osprey a hiki i ka palena hema o ka ʻāina.
Ma Rūsia, koho pinepine kahi mea ʻino i nā kapakai o nā kino wai i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā kumu lāʻau (pine) me nā poʻo maloʻo ma ke ʻano he wahi noho. Aloha ʻo ia i nā ululāʻau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a me nā loko nui me ka wai pāpaʻu maʻemaʻe, nā kahawai me nā ʻāwaha a hohola. ʻAʻole makaʻu ʻole i nā kapakai a me nā pae ʻāina. Hoʻopili palena ʻia nā wahi punana i ka wahi nahele, ʻoiai hiki i nā manu ke noho ma waho o ia - i nā ululāʻau o nā kahawai. Ma ka neʻe ʻana hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā wahi steppe hāmama. Ma ka hema, nā wahi treeless, kūkulu ʻo osprey sedentary i nā pūnana ma nā pali kahakai, ma nā mokupuni kahakai a me nā kaona kai liʻiliʻi hoʻi.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai ka angler osprey. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka osprey?
Kiʻi: Manu Osprey
ʻO kaʻai a Osprey he 99% iʻa. Ma muli o ka hopu ʻana o kēia mea ʻaka i ka lele, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano i loaʻa kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka piʻi ʻana i luna o ka wai i lilo i poʻe pōpilikia iā ia.
Ma kahi ʻokoʻa, hopu lākou i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe o ke kaupaona kūpono, ka ʻauʻau ʻana a me ka ʻau ʻole ʻana.
- nahesa wai;
- honu;
- nā amphibians o ka nui kūpono;
- nā koka liʻiliʻi;
- manu;
- lāpaki;
- muskrat;
- voles;
- protein
I ka wā o ka ʻimi holoholona, lele lele ka osprey ma luna o ka wai ma kahi kiʻekiʻena o 10 a 40 m. I ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pahuhopu, lele ka manu i kahi manawa, a laila e holo i mua, e paʻa ana i nā māiʻu i mua o kona nuku. Hiki iā ia ke luʻu i ka hohonu o 1 m (e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, a i 2), akā ʻo ka pinepine pinepine ʻo ia e ʻeli wale i ka papa o ka wai me kāna mau māiʻuʻu. Ma ke kiʻi ʻana i ka mea pio, lawe aku ka osprey iā ia, paʻa iā ia me nā ʻāpā ʻelua e ʻai ai i kahi lewa mālie a hānai paha i ka hoa ma ka pūnana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Osprey angler
I nā wahi hema me nā hoʻoilo mehana a me nā kino wai kū ʻole, noho wale ʻo osprey, a kahi hiki ʻole ke lawaiʻa hoʻoilo, lilo lākou i mau manu neʻe. Mai ʻAmelika ʻĀkau lele lākou i ʻAmelika Hema, mai ʻEulopa - i ʻApelika, mai ka ʻākau o ʻAsia - i ka hema a me ka hema hikina o ʻAsia. Haʻalele i ka hema mai Kepakemapa a ʻOkakopa, hoʻi mai ʻApelila a Mei.
ʻO nā manu kamaʻāina, manuahi i ka hopohopo ʻohana, hiki ke ʻauana hoʻi, e lele ana no ka meaʻai no kekahi mau hola. ʻAʻole lākou lele lele ma mua o 10-14 km mai ko lākou wahi noho. Ua ʻilihune ka ʻōlelo "Osprey". ʻO kēia ka nui o nā ʻano akahai, nā heahea sonorous, ʻokoʻa i ke kani a me ka lōʻihi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Makemake kēia mau mea neʻe i ka iʻa 150-300 g, ke kaupaona o ka waiwai pio he 1200 g. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka iʻa he 7 - 57 cm. I mea e hoʻopiha ai, pono ka manu i 300 - 400 g o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe e pono ai i 800 g.
ʻO ke kino make o nā manu ʻōpio ma lalo o 2 mau makahiki ke kiʻekiʻe - ma ka awelika 40%. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpio ka nele i ka meaʻai. Akā hiki i ka osprey ke noho no kahi manawa lōʻihi - 20 - 25 mau makahiki. I ka 2011, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi moʻo o ke ola lōʻihi - 30 mau makahiki, i ka makahiki 2014 - 32 mau makahiki ... ʻAʻole paha kēia ka palena.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pālua o Osprey
I nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka wahi ākea, hoʻomaka ke kau moʻo i nā manawa like ʻole. Hoʻomaka nā manu kamaʻāina e kūkulu i nā pūnana i Kekemapa-Malaki, nā manu neʻe - i ʻApelila-Mei. Lele ʻo Osprey i nā pūnaewele hoʻomoe i kā lākou iho, ʻoiai he monogamous lākou a mālama mau i nā paʻa mau no nā makahiki he nui. Hiki mua nā kāne, hōʻea nā wahine i kekahi mau lā ma hope.
I ka wahi nahele, hana ʻo osprey i nā pūnana ma luna o nā pulu maloʻo o nā kumulāʻau nui, ma nā kākoʻo laina uila kiʻekiʻe, nā hale kiaʻi like ʻole, a me nā paepae i hana ʻia e nā conservationist. Ke koho nei ʻoe i kahi, hoʻolako lākou i kahi kokoke i kahi waihona wai maikaʻi, no laila ʻaʻole ia ma mua o 3-5 km. I kekahi manawa kūkulu ʻia nā pūnana ma luna o ka wai.
ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā pūnana mai 100 m a i mau mile. ʻO ka maʻamau, noho mamao kēlā me kēia ʻohana mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, akā kūkulu ʻia nā kolone kokoke i nā waihona iʻa. Hana ʻia ka pūnana i nā lālā, algae a mauʻu paha, limu - nā mea āpau i loaʻa no ka hoʻonaninani. I kekahi manawa aia ka laina lawaiʻa a i ʻole nā ʻeke ea. Mālama nā pūnana i hoʻokahi paʻa mau no nā makahiki he nui, i kēlā me kēia kau e hoʻohou a hoʻopau ʻia.
Ma mua o ka male, lele ke kāne, lele i nā pōʻai ma luna o ka pūnana kahi e noho ai ka wahine. Hoʻopuka ia i kahi moʻo o ka ʻuwā, lele i luna, lele i kona mau ʻeheu a paʻa i kahi iʻa makana i loko o kāna pā. Ma hope o 10 mau minuke, e hoʻoholo ana ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia, lele ʻo ia i ka pūnana i kāna wahine. Ke hoʻomaka ka wahine e hoʻoulu i nā hua, lawe ke kāne i kāna meaʻai a hiki ke komo i ka incubation. Kū ka moekolohe ke lawe ʻole ke kāne a lawa ka meaʻai a koi ʻia ka wahine pōloli e huli i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. A i ʻole hoʻomaka ke kāne e hana no ʻohana ʻelua inā kū ka pūnana i kekahi.
Aia mai ka 2 a i ka 4 mau hua, keʻokeʻo ke kala me nā kiko kala. Hana ʻia ka hānau ʻana o nā moa i 38 - 41 mau lā. Me ka nele o ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole ola nā moa āpau, akā ʻo nā mea wale nō i kau mua. No nā hebedoma ʻelua e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ka wahine iā lākou, a laila emi pinepine, e hāʻawi manawa ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. Holo ka poʻe ʻōpio i 1.5 - 2.5 mau mahina a hiki ke ʻimi iā lākou iho, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻāʻo nei e noi i ka meaʻai mai nā mākua no ka manawa lōʻihi. No ka hoʻoilo, lele kēlā me kēia iā ia iho. Ua makua ʻo Osprey e 3 - 5 mau makahiki a ua hoʻolilo i ko lākou mau makahiki ʻōpio i "nā ʻāina ʻē" - i nā kahua hoʻoilo.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo Australia i nā pūnana i hoʻohana ʻia no 70 mau makahiki. Aia lākou ma nā pōhaku kahakai a he mau puʻu nui o nā snags a me nā lālā, i ulana ʻia me nā limu, a hiki i 2 m ke kiʻekiʻe, 2 m ka laulā a me ke kaumaha 135 kg.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe ʻo Osprey
Kiʻi: Manu Osprey
ʻOiai he ʻenemi ko kēlā predator nui nui. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia mau mea ʻaihue - nā aeto, kahi e ʻākoakoa ai i ka osprey, e hoʻokūkū ana me ia no nā meaʻai a me nā wahi no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūnana. A ʻo nā mea e hana ana ma lalo o ka uhi o ka pouli, he pueo a me nā pueo aeto, ka mea makemake e lawe aku i kā lākou mau moa.
ʻO nā holoholona honua e hoʻopau i nā pūnana, hiki iā ʻoe ke inoa.
- nahesa;
- lālani lākeke;
- ʻaihue piʻi piʻi liʻiliʻi;
- ʻōpala. Hopu ʻo ia i ka osprey i ka wai ke luʻu ʻo ia.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ua hāʻule ke kanaka i ka helu o nā ʻenemi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ma ke kumu. Ua ʻike ʻia ka maʻalahi loa o ka osprey i nā pesticides, keu hoʻi ʻo DDT a me nā mea i loaʻa mai, kahi i mahalo nui ʻia. Ua komo kēia mau kemika i loko o ko lākou mau kino ma o ka iʻa a hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻoma a me ka make ʻana o nā embryo, a ʻo ka hopena, he emi o ka momona. Ua make pū kekahi mau manu makua. Ma waena o nā makahiki 50 a me 70 o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka helu o nā pā hānau hānau ma kahakai ʻAkelanika o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e 90%; ma ka Chesapeake Bay, ua hoʻemi ʻia kā lākou helu e ka hapalua. I ʻEulopa, i nā ʻāina he nui (ka Pyrenees, ʻEnelani, ʻIlani, Palani) ua nalowale loa nā ospreys.
Hoʻohuli maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka helu o osprey e ka ulu nui ʻana o ka ʻāina: ka wao nahele, ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ka hoʻohaumia o nā kino wai. ʻO nā Hunt, nā mea makemake e hōʻino i nā pūnana a hōʻike wale i kahi hoihoi hoihoi ʻole, hāʻawi i kā lākou hāʻawi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ua nalowale nā heluna o Osprey ma ʻIlani e ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 19, ma ʻEnelani ua nalowale lākou i 1840, ma Skotlandia ma 1916. ʻO ke kumu o ka luku ʻia ka hoihoi nui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā hua a me nā holoholona ukana. Ua hala ka infatuation lapuwale, a ua hoʻomaka hou ʻo osprey migratory e noho hou i nā mokupuni. I ka makahiki 1954, noho pū lāua ma Sekotia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka osprey
I ka IUCN Red List hope loa, aia ka osprey i ke kūlana o kahi ʻano me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana. ʻO ka nui o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua i koho ʻia ma 100 - 500 tausani mau kānaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, nā hana hoʻomalu (ka pāpā ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides pāʻani lōʻihi a me ke kī ʻana o nā manu o nā manu lele) i alakaʻi ʻia ai i kahi piʻi nui o nā manu ma nā ʻāina āpau. Ma ʻEulopa, kahi i paʻakikī loa ai ke kūlana, ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā lehulehu i koe ma Scandinavia a me Kelemania. Ua hoʻi nā manu i ʻEnelani, Sekotia, Bavaria, Palani. Wahi a nā ʻike haole no 2011 - 2014. ma Beritania Nui aia he 250 - 300 mau pūnana i noho ʻia, ma Kuekene 4100, ma Nolewai - 500, ma Pinilana - 1300, ma Kelemania - 627, ma Rusia - 2000 - 4000.
ʻO ke ʻano he kūlana 3 (kākaʻikahi) i ka Red Book o Russia. Wahi a nā ʻike i hōʻike ʻia i loko, ka hapa nui o nā pūnana (ma kahi o 60) aia ma Darwin Reserve (Vologda Region). Aia he ʻumikūmālua mau pālua ma kēlā me kēia wahi ma Leningrad a me Tver, ma ke Kola Peninsula a ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa o Volga. Noho ma lalo o ʻumi mau pālua e noho nei ma ka moku ʻo Nizhny Novgorod a me ke koena o ka Non-Black Earth Region. Ma Siberia, ʻike ʻia nā pūnana liʻiliʻi ma ka ʻākau o ka moku Tyumen a me ka hema o ka Teritori Krasnoyarsk; ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea ʻaihue (ma kahi o 500 mau pālua) e noho ana ma nā Māhele ʻo Magadan a me Amur, Teritori ʻo Khabarovsk, Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka a me Chukotka. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 1000 mau kāne a puni ka ʻāina.
Kiaʻi Osprey
Kiʻi: Osprey mai ka Red Book
Wahi a ka manaʻo o ka poʻe loea o ka honua i ke kahua kaiapuni, he manaolana maikaʻi kēia ʻano no ke ola ʻana, ʻaʻole he kumu hopohopo kona wā e hiki mai ana. Akā mai waiho i kāu kiaʻi i lalo. Palekana ʻia ka osprey ma ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika ʻAkau a me ʻAukekulia, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a nānā ʻia ai kona mau lehulehu āpau. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā papahana e hoʻihoʻi hou i nā manu i nā wahi kahi i luku ʻia ai (ma kahi laʻana, ma Sepania).
Ua helu ʻia i ka papa inoa CITES, ka mea e pāpā ana i nā kālepa kūwaho i kēia ʻano, nā hoʻohui hoʻohui o nā ʻaha kūkā Bonn a me Berne. Aia nā ʻaelike kūwaho e pili ana i ka pale ʻana o nā manu neʻe, ka mea a Russia i hoʻopau ai me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana, India, a me Kōlea. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka osprey ma ka Red Data Book of Russia a ma nā puke āpana ʻāina o nā wahi āpau kahi e noho ai.
He maʻalahi nā hana palekana i hāpai ʻia:
- ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi noho;
- ke kau ʻana i nā anuu no nā pūnana;
- ke hoʻololi i nā pūnana mai nā kākoʻo laina hoʻoili uila, kahi e hoʻonohonoho ai i nā kaapuni;
- ka hana ʻana i nā "ʻāpana hoʻomaha" a puni nā pūnana ma loko o kahi radius o 200-300 m;
- ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā waihona wai;
- hoʻonui i nā waihona iʻa.
I kēia lā osprey palekana, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli iā ia, a ma kekahi mau wahi e ulu mau nei kāna helu. Hāʻawi kēia iā mākou i ka manaʻolana e noho pū ka predator kahiko a hanohano me mākou no kekahi manawa lōʻihi. ʻO ka ʻike ʻaʻole mākou wale ma ka honua mālie akā hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka. A ʻo nā hopena o nā hana i hana ʻia e hōʻoia he loaʻa mau kahi manawa kūpono e hoʻololi i ke kūlana no ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me ka luku ʻia o ka laha. Aneane mau.
Ka lā hoʻopuka: 08/05/2019
Lā hou: 09/28/2019 ma 21:37
