Lāʻau kai ʻO ia kahi mammal nui i pinniped ʻia, no ka ʻohana o nā sila maoli. He holoholona paʻakikī nā ʻiʻo kai ʻoiai lākou e noho ana i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka North North, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā kapakai o ka ʻĀkau, ʻAkelanika a me ka Moana Pākīpika. Ua loaʻa i kēia mau holoholona ko lākou inoa no ko lākou makaʻu a ʻano maʻamau o ka neʻe ʻana i ka ʻāina. ʻO Erignathus barbatus kahi ʻano laha maʻamau, ʻoiai ka ʻimi mau ʻia ʻana o kēia mau holoholona, ʻoiai kaʻiʻo, momona a me ka ʻili o ka holoholona he waiwai nui, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻano i kahi pale kūikawā.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: sila paʻa ʻumiʻumi
Kāhea ʻia ka hare kai a i ʻole kapa ʻia kēia holoholona he sila ʻumiʻumi he holoholona pinniped no ka papa o nā māmela, ke kauoha o nā mea ʻaihue, ʻohana o nā sila maoli. ʻO ka genus Erignathus kahi ʻano o ka hare kai. Ua wehewehe mua ʻia kēia ʻano e ka ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Johann Christian Polycarp ma 1777. Ma mua, ua manaʻo nā ʻepekema i nā pinnipeds ma ke ʻano he kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o Pinnipedia.
Video: Ka hakeke kai
Ua iho mai nā pinnipeds o kēia manawa mai nā holoholona o ke kauoha Desmostylia i noho i ka wā Desmostylian mai ka wā mua o Oligocene a i ka hopena o Miocene. ʻO ka ʻohana o nā sila maoli he 19 mau lā a me 13 nā genera. I kēia mau makahiki i ka makahiki 2009, ua hana ka ʻepekema i kahi wehewehe o nā kūpuna o ka sila Puijila darwini, nona ka makahiki he 24-20 miliona. Ua loaʻa nā fossil ma ke kahakai o Greenland. He holoholona nui nā ʻiʻo kai. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka wepa ʻumiʻumi ma kahi o 2-2.5 mau mika. ʻO ke kaumaha o kahi makua i ka hoʻoilo hiki i 360 kg.
He kino nui a lehulehu ko ka sila ʻumiʻumi. Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo a nui kona ʻano. He mau ā ikaika ko ka holoholona i mea e haehae ai i ka mea pio, akā liʻiliʻi nā niho o ka holoholona a popopo koke. ʻO ke kala o ka sila ʻumiʻumi keʻokeʻo-polū. Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka hare kai i kahi ʻano maʻamau no ka neʻe ʻana o nā sila i ka ʻāina ma ka lele ʻana. ʻOiai ka nui o lākou, hilahila nā holoholona a hoʻāʻo e hūnā mai ka prying maka.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka hare kai
ʻO Lakhtak kahi holoholona nui loa me kahi kino oblong nui, kahi poʻo poepoe liʻiliʻi a me nā palule ma kahi o nā wāwae. ʻO ka nui o kahi mākua ma kahi o 2-2.5 mau mika ka lōʻihi. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kāne makua a hiki i 360 kg. Hoʻololi nui ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka kau a me ka maikaʻi o ke ola. ʻO ka girth axillary ma kahi o 150-160 cm. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine. I waho, nānā pono nā holoholona i kahi keu, ʻoiai i loko o ka wai hiki iā lākou ke neʻe wikiwiki a ʻauʻau me ka nani.
Poepoe ke poʻo o ka holoholona, liʻiliʻi ka maka. ʻEleʻele nā maka i ke kala. Ikaika loa a ikaika nā iwi ā o ka holoholona, akā ʻuʻuku nā niho a hōʻino koke. ʻAʻohe niho o nā mākua a me nā ʻelemākule, no ka mea, hōʻemi lākou i ka wanaʻao a hāʻule i waho. He ʻumiʻumi lōʻihi a lahilahi hoʻi ka waha o ka waha, ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka manaʻo o ka hoʻopā. ʻAʻohe pepeiao o ka sila ʻumiʻumi, aia wale nō nā auricle o loko o kēia ʻano.
Pālewa ka lauoho o ka sila ʻumiʻumi. Hinahina-keʻokeʻo ke kala o ke kanaka makua. Ma ke kua, ʻeleʻele ka pale. Ma ke alo o ka waha a a puni nā maka, melemele ke kala o ka pālule. ʻO ka ulu ʻōpio i kēia ʻano he kala ʻeleʻele brown-brown ia, ʻokoʻa i nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻohana. Hānau ʻia nā sila ʻē aʻe i ka lole keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo fluffy. ʻAʻohe ʻokoʻa ke kala ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine. ʻAneʻane keʻokeʻo ke kanaka i nā kala. Aia nā flipers mua ma ka ʻāʻī, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻāʻī ponoʻī e hele ʻole. Hele pololei ke poʻo liʻiliʻi i ke kino. Hoʻonani nā leo o ke kai e like me ke kani ʻana o ka bea, keu hoʻi a ka pilikia. I loko o nā pāʻani moena, ʻāwī nā kāne i lalo o ka wai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka pūnāwai, hīmeni nā kāne i nā mele me ko lākou leo nui ma lalo o ka wai. No ke kanaka, ua like kēia mele me kahi ʻōkuhi lōʻihi a kauō ʻia. Hiki i nā kani ke mele a kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole hiki ke ʻūlū. Hoʻowalewale nā kāne i nā wahine me kāna mau mele, a ʻo nā wahine i hoʻōki i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki me kā lākou waiū e pane i kēia kāhea.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā kāne ma kahi o 25 mau makahiki, ola lōʻihi nā wahine, a hiki i 30-32 mau makahiki. ʻO ke kumu nui o ka make ka maʻi helminth a me ka pala o nā niho.
Ma hea e noho ai ka hare kai?
Kiʻi: Seare kai hare
Noho ke kai kahiki ma kahakai o ka Moana Arctic a ma ke kai Arctic, ma nā wahi o ka hohonu pāpaʻu. Hiki ke loaʻa nā kahakai kai ma nā kapakai o ke kai ʻo Kara, White, Barents a me Laptev, i ka wai o Spitsbergen ma nā Mokupuni ʻo Siberian Hou. Loaʻa pū ia ma ke komohana o ke Kai Siberian Hikina. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi mau heluna lehulehu o nā sila ʻumiʻumi ʻole. No laila, ʻike ʻia ka lehulehu o ka Pākīpika a me ka ʻAkelanika.
Noho nā ʻĀpana Pākīpika i ka hapa hikina o ka East Siberian Sea. Hoʻolahalaha ka wahi o kēia ʻano i Cape Barrow. Noho ʻo Lakhtaks ma nā kapakai o ke kai Barents a me ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Adyghe. Noho nā ʻĀpana ʻAkelanika ma nā kapakai o ka ʻākau o Nolewai, ma waho o ke kahakai o Greenland a ma ka Archipelago Kanada Arctic. I kekahi manawa aia nā wahi liʻiliʻi o nā sila ʻumiʻumi kahi kokoke i ka Pole ʻĀkau.
Ma o ko lākou ʻano, he holoholona noho wale nā ʻumiʻumi ʻumiʻumi ʻole a ʻaʻole hoʻi e neʻe i ko lākou wā kū i ka wā kūlahi, akā naʻe, lawe pinepine ʻia lākou i nā wahi lōʻihi e ka ʻauhe hau ʻana. I kekahi manawa hiki i nā sila ʻumiʻumi ʻole ke hele lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. I ke kau mahana, ʻākoakoa kēia mau holoholona i nā rookeries kokoke i nā kapakai haʻahaʻa. Hiki i ka rookery ke helu i hoʻokahi haneli mau kānaka. I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe nā sila ʻumiʻumi i ka hau a noho ma laila i nā hui liʻiliʻi o kekahi mau kānaka. A noho pū kekahi poʻe ma ka ʻāina i ka hoʻoilo, hiki iā lākou ke ʻeli i nā lua i ka hau me kahi puka i ke kai.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ke kai a ka hare a ʻumiʻumi paha. E nānā kāua i ka mea a lākou e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ke kai?
Kiʻi: Lakhtak, a i ʻole ka hare kai
He biofacies ʻano maʻamau ke kai moana. ʻAi lākou i nā holoholona e noho ana ma lalo o ke kai a ma ka ʻaoʻao o lalo i kahi hohonu o 55-60 mau mika. ʻOiai hiki i kēia mau holoholona ke iho i kahi hohonu o 145 mau mika. I ka wā e alualu ai ka hohonu ma kahi o 100 mau mika hiki iā ia ke noho a 20 mau minuke, akā i ka wā o ka huakaʻi e noho paha ia ma kahi hohonu pāpaʻu a hiki i 60-70 mau mika. I kēia hohonu, ʻoluʻolu nā holoholona, no laila ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kēia mau holoholona i nā kai hohonu loa. Hiki iā lākou ke hele i kēlā mau wahi i ke ʻauhe hau ʻana.
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā ʻumiʻumi ʻumiʻumi e komo pū ana:
- gastropods;
- cephalopods;
- scallop islanic;
- macoma calcarea;
- polychaetes;
- iʻa (smelt, herring, cod, kekahi manawa pahu pahu, gerbil a me omul);
- pāpaʻi;
- ʻōpae;
- echiurids;
- crustacean e like me ka pāpaʻi hau, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka wā o ka huli holoholona, hiki i ka hare kai ke noho ma lalo o ka wai a 20 mau minuke i ka hohonu.
Hopu nā lawaiʻa iʻa i ka wai. Hāpai nā Predators i nā pāpaʻi, nā ʻōpala a me nā mollusks mai ka lalo o kēia holoholona me kā lākou mau flipā ākea me nā māiʻuʻu lōʻihi. Maikaʻi nā ʻiʻo kai i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lepo kai i mea e ʻahaʻaina ai i nā crustacea a me nā mollusc e peʻe ana i loko. Mahalo i ko lākou mau ā ikaika, hiki i nā hares ʻumiʻumi ke ʻūlū maʻalahi i nā pūpū paʻakikī o nā crustacean. Inā ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻai i ko lākou wahi noho, hiki i nā holoholona ke neʻe i kahi lōʻihi i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: liʻiliʻi kai ʻeleʻele
He mālie loa nā bea kai a ʻo nā holoholona palaualelo hoʻi. Lohi lākou, akā ʻaʻohe o lākou wahi e holo wikiwiki ai. ʻOiai i ka wā o ka hahai holoholona, ʻaʻohe wahi e holo wikiwiki ai kēia mau holoholona, no ka mea ʻaʻole hele aku kā lākou mea pio. Ma ka honua, palaualelo loa lākou ma muli o nā peculiarities o ko lākou kino, akā i ka wai he lokomaikaʻi loa lākou. Makemake nā hares kai e hoʻolilo manawa wale, kamaʻilio ʻole, akā i ka manawa like ʻaʻole kūpikipiki loa. I loko o kahi ʻohana aloha nui loa, ʻaʻohe mea hakakā i waena o nā hoahānau, ʻoiai i ka wā hānau.
ʻAʻole hoʻokaʻawale nā ʻāpana kai a i ka hoʻokūkū no nā wahine. ʻO ka mea wale nō e makemake ʻole ai kēia mau holoholona he maka kiki, no laila hoʻāʻo lākou e loaʻa i kahi mamao loa mai ka hoanoho i hiki i nā rookeries. Hilahila loa kēia mau holoholona, a he mea makaʻu kā lākou, no ka mea, ʻimi nā holoholona he nui iā lākou, no laila, inā hiki, moe i ka wā e moe kokoke ana i ka wai, hana wale nā holoholona i mea e ʻike ai i ka pilikia e luʻu koke ma lalo o ka wai a hūnā mai ka alualu ʻana. I ke kauwela, neʻe kēia mau holoholona i nā floe hau i nā ʻohana liʻiliʻi a i ʻole mele hoʻokahi. Ma nā lana hau, neʻe passive nā sila ma kahi mamao loa.
He ulu ulu makua ko ka ʻumiʻumi ʻumiʻumi. Mālama ka makuahine i nā keiki no ka manawa lōʻihi, ma hope e ukali nā sila ʻōpio i ka makuahine no ka manawa lōʻihi. Akā ʻaʻole kūkulu nā ʻohana o nā sila i kahi pālua i hana wale ʻia no ka hānau ʻana no kekahi mau lā, ma hope o ka male ʻana ua haki nā paʻa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Ke sila ʻumiʻumi pēpē
Mākaukau nā wahine ʻōpio no ka hānau ʻana i ka makahiki o 4-6 mau makahiki, oʻo ke kāne iki ma hope iki; mākaukau lākou no ka hānau ʻana i ka makahiki o 5-7 mau makahiki. Hoʻomaka ka wā moʻo no kēia mau holoholona i ʻApelila. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaka o ke kau male e nā mele kūikawā ma lalo o ka wai o nā kāne. Mākaukau nā kāne e hoʻomau i ka genus e paʻi i nā mele nui ma lalo o ka wai, e like me ke kāhea ʻana i nā wahine. ʻOiai ʻo ka maluhia, paʻakikī ka loaʻa ʻana o nā sila ʻumiʻumi ʻole, no ka mea he kamaʻilio ʻole nā ʻāʻumiʻumi ʻole. Hana ʻia ka māna ma ka hau.
ʻO ka hāpai ʻana o ka wahine ma kahi o 11 mau mahina. I kēia hihia, ʻo nā mahina mua he lohi i ka implantation a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ovum. He mea maʻamau kēia no nā pinnipeds āpau. Me ka ʻole o ka pae latency, 9 mau mahina ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana. I ka wā o nā pēpē, ʻaʻole hana nā wahine i nā huhui, akā nā pēpē a mālama pono i nā keiki wale nō.
Ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki o ka hāpai ʻana, hānau ka wahine i hoʻokahi keiki. ʻO ka nui o ke kino o ka cub i ka wā hānau he 120-130 cm. ʻO ke kaupaona mai 25 a 35 kg. Loaʻa ka molt mua i ka cub i loko o ka ʻōpū. Hānau ʻia ka sila ʻumiʻumi me ka kala hina hina. I ʻelua mau pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i ka cub ke ʻauʻau. Hānai ka makuahine i ka cub me ka waiū i ka mahina mua, ma hope e kuapo nā keiki i ka meaʻai maʻamau. I kekahi mau pule ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hānai ʻana, mākaukau ka wahine no ka hānau aʻe.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka waiū i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana he momona loa a momona hoʻi. ʻO ka momona o ka waiū ma kahi o 60%, hiki i kahi pēpē ke inu a 8 liters o ka waiū umauma i hoʻokahi lā.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā sila ʻumiʻumi
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka hare kai
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā sila ʻumiʻumi:
- Bea keʻokeʻo;
- kohola kohola;
- nā parasmin helminths a me nā tapeworms.
Manaʻo ʻia nā bea Polar nā ʻenemi weliweli loa o nā sila ʻumiʻumi. Inā hopu ka bea i kahi sila ʻumiʻumi ʻole e ke kahaha, ʻaʻohe ala pakele o kēia holoholona. Noho ʻo Polar bea i ka ʻāina like me nā hares, no laila hilahila loa kēia mau holoholona a hoʻāʻo e ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā bea. Hoʻouka pinepine nā kohola kohola i kēia mau holoholona. ʻIke nā koholā hoʻomake i nā sila i ka hau a ʻauʻau ma lalo o ka hoʻāʻo e hoʻohuli. Lele lākou i kekahi manawa me ko lākou kino holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻau hau a huli aʻe ia. Ke kaupaona nei nā kohola kohola ma kahi o 10 mau tona, a mālama pinepine lākou e hoʻouka i nā sila ʻumiʻumi loa.
ʻO ka maʻi me nā helminths a me nā tapeworm ke kumu nui o ka make ʻana o nā sila ʻumiʻumi. Noho kēia mau parasites i loko o nā ʻōpū o ka holoholona a hana i ka ʻai ʻole. Lawe ʻia kahi ʻāpana o nā meaola e nā parasite, inā he nui ka nui o lākou i ke kino o ka holoholona, make ka hare kai i ka luhi. Akā ʻo ka ʻenemi maʻalea a weliweli loa hoʻi o kēia mau holoholona nui ke kāne. He mea waiwai ka ʻili o nā sila ʻumiʻumi, he ikaika kiʻekiʻe kona, e ʻae ai iā ʻoe e hana i kahi waʻa, nā kāʻei, nā pale no nā dia mai ona aku.
A i waena hoʻi o nā lāhui o ke kūkulu ʻākau, nā kāmaʻa no nā kāmaʻa i hana ʻia mai ka ʻili o nā sila ʻumiʻumi. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o ka holoholona he momona loa a ʻono hoʻi, ʻai ʻia ka momona a me nā palaki. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina o Chukotka e ʻimi holoholona i kēia mau holoholona. ʻAe ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana, pāpā ʻia ka ʻumiʻumi ʻana i nā sila o nā moku o ko mākou ʻāina. Pāpā loa ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kai ma Okhotsk.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Lio kai, aka wī ʻumiʻumi
Ma muli o ka neʻe pinepine a me ka nohona, he paʻakikī loa ka heluna kanaka o nā sila ʻumiʻumi. Wahi a nā ʻike hou loa, aia ma kahi o 400,000 mau kānaka i ka honua. A ʻo kēia ke kumu o ka ʻimi hihiu ʻole ʻana o nā lāhui o ka ʻākau no kēia mau holoholona, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ka heluna kanaka o kēia ʻano manawa. ʻO Erignathus barbatus ke kūlana o Least Concern. Pāpā ʻia ka ʻimi ʻana i nā sila ʻumiʻumi ʻole i ko mākou ʻāina mai nā moku. No ka hoʻohana pilikino, ʻae ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona i nā mea liʻiliʻi. I ke kai o Okhotsk, pāpā loa ʻia ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā hale kohola ma laila.
ʻO ka hare kai kahi huahana meaʻai maʻamau no nā poʻe noho o ka ʻAkau Hema. A mālama ʻia kēia holoholona i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa, ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke nānā i ka nui o nā mea i pepehi ʻia, ʻoiai ke hānai ʻia ʻana i nā wahi hihiu me kahi aniau ʻino. Hiki i ka ʻanuʻu kaiaola ke hoʻoweliweli i ka lehulehu.
ʻO ka hoʻohaumia wai, ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana o nā iʻa a me nā crustacea i loko o nā wahi sila ka mea e pōloli ai nā holoholona, a koi ʻia lākou e nānā no nā wahi hou aku e loaʻa ka meaʻai. Hoʻopakele ʻia kēia mau holoholona e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hapanui o ka noho holoholona he wahi ia me kahi aniau paʻakikī loa, kahi kakaikahi a ʻaʻohe kanaka. Hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻia nā hares moana i nā kūlana o ka nohona paʻakikī a hiki ke noho i nā wahi hiki ʻole i nā kānaka, no ka mea maʻamau, no laila ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ka lehulehu.
Lāʻau kai he holoholona maluhia a mālie e hānai wale ana i ka meaʻai kai. Pili mālie kēia mau holoholona i ko lākou ʻohana a noho aloha, akā kamaʻilio liʻiliʻi. Hele mau nā ʻiʻo kai, a hana pinepine lākou i ka mea i makemake ʻole ʻia. ʻO ka ʻauʻau ʻana i nā ʻauhe hau e ʻauheʻe nei i ka North North, ʻo wai ka mea ola e hiki i kēia? E mālama i ke kūlohelohe, e akahele aʻe kākou me kēia mau holoholona a hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka heluna kanaka o nā sila ʻumiʻumi hiki i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana ke mahalo iā lākou.
Lā paʻi: 30.07.2019
Lā hou: 07/30/2019 ma 23:03
