Mammoth - he holoholona i ʻike nui ʻia i kēlā me kēia kanaka mahalo i ka moʻomeheu kaulana. ʻIke mākou he poʻe pilikua huluhulu lākou i pau i nā makahiki i hala. Akā he mau ʻano ʻokoʻa kā mammoths a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka nohona, ke ʻano a me ka nohona.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Mammoth
He holoholona make ʻole nā Mamala mai ka ʻohana ʻelepani. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua komo ka genus o mammoths i kekahi mau ʻano, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei e nā ʻepekema. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻokoʻa lākou i ka nui (aia nā mea nui a liʻiliʻi hoʻi), i ke alo o ka hulu hipa, i ke ʻano o nā tusks, etc.
Ua hele a nalowale ʻo Mammoths ma kahi o 10 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole i kāpae ʻia ka mana kanaka. He paʻakikī e hoʻokumu i ka wā i make ai ka mammoth hope loa, ʻoiai ua kaulike ʻole ko lākou luku ʻia i nā panalāʻau - ua pau ka laha o nā mammoth ma kekahi ʻāina a i ʻole mokupuni i ka noho ʻana ma kekahi ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka pili kokoke loa o nā mammoths, like me ka physiology, ʻo ia ka ʻelepani ʻApelika.
ʻO ka lāhui mua ka mammoth ʻApelika - nā holoholona i aneane nele i ka hulu hipa. Ua ʻike ʻia lākou i ka hoʻomaka o ka Pliocene a neʻe i ka ʻākau - no 3 miliona mau makahiki i pāhola nui lākou ma waena o ʻEulopa, e loaʻa ana nā hiʻohiʻona evolutionary hou - elongated i ka ulu ʻana, loaʻa i nā tusks nui a me ka lole lauoho momona.
Video: Mammoth
Ua haʻalele ka steppe mai kēia ʻano mammoths - ua hele ia i ke komohana, i ʻAmelika, e ulu nei a lilo i Columbus mammoth. ʻO kekahi lālā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka stepper mammoth i noho ma Siberia - ʻo ia ka laha o kēia mau mammoth i hoʻolaha nui ʻia, a i kēia lā ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia.
Ua loaʻa nā koena mua ma Siberia, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo koke iā lākou: ua kuhihewa lākou no nā iwi o nā ʻelepani. Ma ka makahiki 1798 wale nō i ʻike ai nā mea kūlohelohe i nā mammoths kahi ʻano kaʻawale, kokoke wale i nā ʻelepani o kēia au.
Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano mammoth hou aʻe:
- ʻApelika Hema a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ʻokoʻa iki i kekahi i ka nui;
- Romanesque - ke ʻano mua loa o ka mammoth ʻEulopa;
- mammoth hema - noho i ʻEulopa a me ʻĀkia;
- steppe mammoth, i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi mau ʻaoʻao;
- ʻAmelika mamamota Columbus;
- Siberian Woolly Mammoth;
- mammoth dwarf mai ka mokupuni ʻo Wrangel.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka mamona
Ma muli o nā ʻano laha like ʻole, ua ʻokoʻa ka nānā ʻana o nā mammoth. ʻO lākou āpau (me nā dwarf) i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻelepani: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe awelika he ʻelima a me ka hapalua mika, hiki i ka nui i 14 tone. I ka manawa like, hiki i kahi mammoth dwarf ke ʻoi aku i ke kiʻekiʻe o ʻelua mau mika a kaupaona ʻia i hoʻokahi tone - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau ana ma mua o nā ana o nā mammoth ʻē aʻe.
Ua noho ʻo Mammoths i ke au o nā holoholona nunui. He kino nui a nunui ko lākou e like me ka barela, akā i ka manawa like he wīwī nā wāwae lōʻihi. Ua liʻiliʻi ka pepeiao o nā mammoth ma mua o nā ʻelepani o kēia au, a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka pahu.
Uhi ʻia nā mammoth āpau me ka huluhulu, akā ʻokoʻa ka nui mai nā ʻano a i nā ʻāpana. He lauoho loloa a lahilahi ko ka Mamameka ʻApelika e waiho ana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi, ʻoiai ʻo ka mammoth hulu hipa he kapa kiʻekiʻe kona a me kahi kapa komo lalo. Ua uhi ʻia me ka lauoho mai ke poʻo a i ka manamana wāwae, me ke kumu a me ka maka o ka maka.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: uhi ʻole ʻia nā ʻelepani o kēia ao i nā bristles. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou me nā mammoth i ke alo o kahi palaki ma ka huelo.
Hoʻohanohano pū ʻia nā mammoth e nā tusks nunui (a i 4 mau mika ka lōʻihi a hiki i hoʻokahi haneli kilokika), kūlou i loko e like me nā pepeiaohao o ka hipa. Loaʻa nā wīwī i nā wahine a me nā kāne a ulu paha i loko o ke ola. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka pahu o ka mammoth ma ka hopena, a lilo i ʻano "shovel" - no laila hiki i nā mammoth ke ʻeke i ka hau a me ka honua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Hōʻike ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe iā ia iho i ka nui o nā mammoths - ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. ʻIke ʻia kahi kūlana like i kēia lā i nā ʻano ʻelepani āpau. ʻO ka puʻupuʻu ma kahi maloʻo o nā mammoth kahi ʻano. I ka mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia ia me ke kōkua o ka elongated vertebrae, a laila ma hope ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema he mau momona momona kēia a ka mammoth i ʻai ai i nā wā pōloli, e like me nā kāmelo.
Ma hea i noho ai ka mamota?
Kiʻi: Mammoth ma Lūkia
Aia i ka laha, noho nā mammoth ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. ʻO nā mamona mua loa e noho nui ʻia ma ʻApelika, a laila ua nui ka nui o ʻEulopa, Siberia a pāhola ma waena o ʻAkau ʻAmelika.
ʻO nā wahi nui o nā mammoths:
- ʻEulopa Hema a me ʻEulopa;
- Nā Mokupuni Chukchi;
- Kina;
- ʻO Iapana, ʻo ia ka mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido;
- ʻO Siberia lāua ʻo Yakutia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ka World Mammoth Museum i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Yakutsk. I ka mua, ma muli o ka mālama ʻia o kahi mahana wela ma Far North i ke au o nā mammoths - aia kahi kolo wai mahu i ʻae ʻole e hele i ke ea anuanu. ʻOiai ʻo nā wao nahele ʻo Arctic i kēia manawa ua piha i nā mea kanu.
Ua hele mālie ka hau ʻana, e luku ana i nā ʻano mea i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa e hoʻopili ai - nā liona nunui a me nā ʻelepani ʻole hulu hipa. Ua lanakila lanakila ʻo Mammoths i ka pae evolution, i koe e noho ai i Siberia i kahi ʻano hou. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Mammoths i kahi ola nomadic, e ʻimi mau nei i ka meaʻai. Hōʻike kēia i ke kumu e puʻunaue ʻia ai ke koena o nā mammoth ma kahi o ka honua. ʻO ka mea nui, makemake lākou e noho i nā lua kokoke i nā muliwai a me nā loko i mea e hāʻawi ai iā lākou iho i kahi kumu wai mau.
He aha ka mea a ka mamona i ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Mammoths i ke kūlohelohe
Hiki ke huki ʻia kahi hopena e pili ana i ka papaʻai o ka mammoth e pili ana i ke ʻano o ko lākou mau niho a me ke ʻano o ka hulu hipa. Aia nā molars Mammoth ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka iwi ā. Ua ākea a pālahalaha lākou, ua weluwelu i ka holo ʻana o ka holoholona. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o lākou ma mua o nā elepani o kēia lā, he mānoanoa ko ka enamel.
Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻai ʻana o nā mammoth i ka meaʻai paʻakikī. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā niho ma kahi o hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia ʻeono mau makahiki - he mea maʻamau ia, akā no kēia pono pinepine no ka nau mau ʻana i ka kahe mau o ka meaʻai. ʻAi nui nā mammoths, no ka mea, makemake nui ko lākou kino nui i ka ikaika. ʻO lākou nā mea ulu lāʻau. ʻOi aku ka helehelena o ke kumu o nā mammoth hema, kahi e hōʻike nei hiki i nā mammoth ke haehae i nā mauʻu laha a huki i nā lālā mai nā kumu lāʻau.
ʻO nā mammoth ʻĀkau, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mammoth huluhulu, he ākea ākea o ka pahu a me nā puʻupuʻu pālahalaha. Me kā lākou mau tusks, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopuehu i nā ʻauheʻe o ka hau, a me kā lākou pahu nui, hiki iā lākou ke haki i ka pā hau e kiʻi i ka meaʻai. Aia kekahi manaʻo e hiki iā lākou ke haehae i ka hau me ko lākou mau wāwae, e like me nā dia o kēia manawa - ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o nā wāwae o nā mammoths e pili ana i ke kino ma mua o nā ʻelepani.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka ʻōpū piha o ka mammoth hiki ke ʻoi aku i ke kaumaha o 240 kg.
I nā mahina mehana, ʻai nā mammoth i ka mauʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā meaʻai palupalu.
ʻO ka papa hoʻoilo o nā mammoth e pili ana i nā mea hou aʻe:
- palaʻai;
- mauʻu maloʻo a maloʻo;
- nā lālā lāʻau palupalu, ka ʻili i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe me nā kua;
- hua hua;
- limu, lichen;
- nā lālā o nā lāʻau - birch, willow, alder.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Mammoths
ʻO nā mamamota he mau holoholona ʻoliʻoli. Hōʻike nā ʻike lehulehu o ko lākou koena he alakaʻi ko lākou, a pinepine ka wahine ʻelemakule. Ua noho mamao nā kāne mai ka ʻohana holoholona, e hana ana i kahi hana pale. Makemake nā kāne ʻōpio e hana i kā lākou hipa liʻiliʻi a noho i kēlā mau hui. E like me nā ʻelepani, he hierarchy herd herd. Aia kekahi kāne kāne nui nui i hiki ke male me nā wahine āpau. Noho kaʻawale nā kāne ʻē aʻe, akā hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i kāna kuleana i ke kūlana alakaʻi.
Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā wahine i kā lākou hierarchy ponoʻī: hoʻonohonoho ka wahine ʻelemakule i ka papa i ukali ʻia e ka ʻohana, nānā i nā wahi hānai hou, a ʻike ʻia nā ʻenemi e hoʻokokoke ana. Ua mahalo ʻia nā luahine i waena o nā mammoth, ua hilinaʻi ʻia lākou e "kahu" i nā ʻōpio. E like me nā ʻelepani, loaʻa i nā mammoth kahi pilina pili aloha, ua ʻike lākou i ka pili i loko o ka pūʻā.
I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana i ke kau, ua hui ʻia kekahi mau pūʻulu mammoth i hoʻokahi, a laila ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka i hoʻokahi haneli. I loko o kēlā puʻupuʻu, hoʻopau nā mammoth i nā mea kanu a pau i ko lākou ala, e ʻai ana. I nā pūʻā liʻiliʻi, huakaʻi pōkole nā mammoth i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Mahalo i nā neʻe pōkole a lōʻihi o ka wā, ua noho lākou ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua a ulu a ʻano ʻokoʻa i kekahi i kekahi.
E like me nā ʻelepani, he lohi a he mau holoholona phlegmatic nā mammoth. Ma muli o ko lākou nui, makaʻu lākou i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole. ʻAʻole lākou i hōʻike i ka huhū kūpono ʻole, a hiki i nā mammoth ʻōpio ke holo i kahi makaʻu. ʻO ka physiology o mammoths i ʻae iā lākou e jogging, akā ʻaʻole e hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Mammoth Cub
ʻIke nō, he wā rutting kā nā mammoths, i hāʻule i kahi wā mehana o ka manawa. Maliʻa paha, hoʻomaka ka wā hānau i ka puna a kauwela paha, i ka wā ʻaʻole pono nā mammoth e ʻimi mau i ka meaʻai. A laila ua hoʻomaka nā kāne e hakakā no nā wahine ʻōpio. Ua pale aku ke kāne koʻikoʻi i kona kuleana e hoʻopalau me nā wahine, ʻoiai e hiki i nā wahine ke koho i nā kāne a lākou e makemake ai. E like me nā ʻelepani, hiki i nā māmela wahine ke kipaku aku i nā kāne a lākou i makemake ʻole ai.
He paʻakikī ke ʻōlelo pehea ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana o ka mammoth. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hiki ke ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka elephant - ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki, mai ka wā o ka gigantism ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā māmela. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e noho nei i kahi aniau paʻakikī, hiki i ka mammoth ke loaʻa i kahi hāpai pōkole ma mua o nā ʻelepani - ma kahi o hoʻokahi a me ka hapa makahiki. ʻO ka nīnau no ka lōʻihi o ka hāpai ʻana i nā mammoth e waiho hāmama mau ʻia. ʻO nā mammoth pēpē i loaʻa i ka hau i nā glaciers e hōʻike nei i ka nui o nā ʻano maturational o kēia mau holoholona. Ua hānau ʻia nā mamamoths i ka mua o ka pū mua i ka mehana mua, a i nā kānaka ʻākau, ua uhi mua ʻia ke kino holoʻokoʻa me ka huluhulu, ʻo ia hoʻi, hānau hānai ʻia nā mamamota.
Hōʻike nā mea i loaʻa ma waena o nā pūʻā o nā mammoths he mea maʻamau nā keiki a nā mammoths - mālama nā wahine āpau i kēlā me kēia keiki. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi ʻano o ka "nursery", kahi a nā mammoth i hānai ai a pale ʻia e nā wahine, a laila nā kāne nui. He paʻakikī ka hoʻouka ʻana i kahi keiki mammoth ma muli o kahi pale ikaika. He kūpaʻa maikaʻi ko Mammoths a me ka nui kupaianaha. Ma muli o kēia, ua neʻe lākou, a me nā mākua, ma kahi mamao loa i ka hopena o ke kau.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā mammoths
Kiʻi: huluhulu hulu hipa
ʻO Mammoth nā lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o nā holoholona o ko lākou au, no laila ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻenemi. ʻOiai, he kuleana nui nā kānaka i ka huli holoholona ʻana i nā mammoths. Hiki i ka poʻe ke ʻimi wale i nā ʻōpio, ʻelemakule a maʻi paha i hele hewa aku mai ka ʻohana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi kūpono kūpono.
No nā mammoths a me nā holoholona nui ʻē aʻe (e laʻa me Elasmotherium), ʻeli nā kānaka i nā lua i kiko ʻia me nā lāʻau i lalo. A laila hoʻokele kahi hui o ka poʻe i ka holoholona ma laila, e hana ana i nā leo nui a hoʻolei i nā ihe iā ia. Ua hāʻule ka mammoth i kahi pahele, kahi i ʻeha nui ʻia ai a mai kahi hiki ʻole iā ia ke hele i waho. Ma laila ʻo ia i pau ai me ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā mea kaua.
I ka wā Pleistocene, hiki i nā mammoth ke hālāwai me nā bea, nā liona ana, nā cheetah nunui, a me nā hyenas. Pale aku ʻo Mammoth iā lākou iho me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā tusks, ka pahu a me ko lākou nui. Hiki iā lākou ke kanu maʻalahi i kahi predator ma nā tusks, hoʻolei iā ia, a hehi wale paha iā ia. No laila, makemake nā mea ʻaihue e koho i nā mea pio liʻiliʻi na lākou ma mua o kēia mau pilikua.
I ke au o Holocene, ua alo nā mammoth i kēia mau mea ʻānō, i hiki ke hoʻokūkū me lākou i ka ikaika a me ka nui.
- Ua hōʻeha ʻo Smilodons a me Gomotheria i nā poʻe nāwaliwali i nā hipa nui, hiki iā lākou ke hahai i nā keiki e waiho ana ma hope o ka pūʻā;
- ʻo nā bea ana he hapalua wale nō ka nui o nā mammoth nui;
- ʻo Andrewsarch kahi mea hānai koʻikoʻi, e like me ka bea a i kahi ʻīlio hae nui. Hiki i kā lākou nui ke piʻi i ʻehā mau mika ma kahi maloʻo, kahi i hoʻolilo ai iā lākou i nā predators nui loa o ke au.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke kumu i make ai nā mammoths. E nānā ma hea nā koena o kahi holoholona kahiko.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka mamona
ʻAʻohe manaʻo kānalua no ke aha i lilo ai nā mamamoth i pau.
I kēia lā aia ʻelua kuhiakau maʻamau.
- Ua luku nā mea ʻimi holoholona kiʻekiʻe ʻo Paleolithic i ka lehulehu o ka mammoth a pale i ka poʻe ʻōpio mai ka ulu ʻana i ka poʻe mākua. Kākoʻo ʻia ke kuhiakau e nā mea loaʻa - nui nā koena o nā mammoth i nā wahi noho o ka poʻe kahiko;
- ʻO ka hoʻomehana honua, ka manawa o ke kai a Kahinaliʻi, hoʻololi koke i ke aniau i hoʻopau i nā ʻāina mahiʻai o nā mammoth, ʻo ia ke kumu, ma muli o ka neʻe mau ʻana, ʻaʻole lākou i hānai a hānai hou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma waena o nā kuhiakau e makemake ʻole ʻia o ka pau ʻana o nā mammoths ka hāʻule ʻana o kahi maʻi kometa a me nā maʻi nunui ma muli o ka pau ʻana o kēia mau holoholona. ʻAʻole kākoʻo ʻia nā manaʻo e ka poʻe loea. Kuhi ka poʻe kākoʻo i kēia kumumanaʻo no nā makahiki he ʻumi tausani ke ulu nei ka heluna kanaka o nā mammoths, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka ke luku iā ia i ka nui. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomake ʻana o ke kaʻina hana ma mua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kānaka.
Ma ka moku ʻo Khanty-Mansiysk, ua loaʻa kahi iwi kuamoʻo, kahi i hou ʻia e ka mea kaua a ke kanaka. Ua hoʻololi kēia mea i ka puka ʻana o nā kumumanaʻo hou o ka make ʻana o nā mammoth, a hoʻonui pū i ka ʻike o kēia mau holoholona a me ko lākou pilina me nā poʻe. Ua hoʻoholo nā archeologists ʻaʻole hiki i ka interth anthropogenic me ka heluna kānaka ke ʻano he mammoths nui a pale ʻia nā holoholona. Alualu wale ka poʻe i nā keiki a nāwaliwali wale nō. Ua ʻimi mua ʻia nā mammoths no ka pono o ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana ikaika mai kā lākou mau kua a me nā iwi, ʻaʻole no ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo.
Ma Wrangel Island, ua ʻike nā kānaka hulikoehana i kekahi ʻano mamala i ʻokoʻa i nā holoholona nui maʻamau. He mau mammoth dwarf kēia i noho ma kahi mokupuni kaʻawale loa mai nā kānaka a me nā holoholona nunui. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ko lākou luku ʻia ʻana he mea pohihihi nō hoʻi ia. Ua nui nā mammoth ma ka moku ʻo Novosibirsk i make ma muli o ka pōloli o ka mineral, ʻoiai e ʻimi pū ʻia lākou ma laila e nā poʻe. Ua ʻeha nā mamamoth i kahi maʻi o ka ʻōiwi skeletal, i ala aʻe ma muli o ka nele o nā mea nui i ke kino. Ma ka laulaha, ke koena o nā mammoth i loaʻa i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka honua e hōʻike nei i nā kumu like ʻole no ko lākou make ʻana.
Mammoth ua loaʻa ʻaneʻane paʻa a undecomposed i nā glaciers. Mālama ʻia ia i kahi poloka o ka hau i kona ʻano kumu, kahi e hāʻawi ai i kahi ākea ākea no kāna noi ʻana. Ke noʻonoʻo nei nā Geneticists i ka hiki ke hana hou i nā mammoths mai nā mea kūlohelohe i loaʻa - e ulu hou i kēia mau holoholona.
Lā paʻi: 25.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 20:58
