Pōhaku nahele - nā kūpuna o nā pōpoki home nani. ʻO kēia mau holoholona i hānai ʻia e ka poʻe ma kahi o 10 tausani mau makahiki i hala. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokala i nā lunamakaʻāinana āpau o kēia papa. Noho mau ka ulu lāʻau i ka nui o nā pōpoki hihiu makaʻu i ka poʻe, akā hoʻoweliweli nui i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pōpoki nahele
Pili nā pōpoki ʻāhiu i ka hui o nā meaola mākō. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o kēia papa o nā vertebrates ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻōpio me ka waiū. ʻO ka helu maoli o nā predators o kēia ʻano e pili ana i nā ʻano 5500.
Hoʻopili kēia helu i ka ʻohana feline, nā hiʻohiʻona nui i hoʻopili ʻia:
- hoʻomaʻa kūpono i ka hopu hopu ʻana (lele malie nā holoholona, a hiki nō hoʻi ke nānā a alualu i nā mea pio);
- kahi liʻiliʻi o nā niho (ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā mea ʻaihue, he 28-30 mau niho wale nō nā pōpoki);
- uhi uhi kūikawā o ke alelo me nā papillae kikoʻī (pono ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka huluhulu, akā no ka ʻānai ʻana i ka ʻiʻo mai nā iwi o ka mea pio).
ʻO ke ʻano kikoʻī o kēia mau kānaka i kapa ʻia ʻo "Pōpoki". Aia kēia hui i nā felines liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā lunamaka kaulana loa o ka papa ka nahele a me nā pōpoki kūloko. I ka manawa like, manaʻo ʻia nā holoholona holoholona e kekahi ʻepekema e like me nā subspecies o nā holoholona hihiu. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā laina laina i hala ma mua o 230 tausani mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka hui o nā pōpoki ulu nahele he 22 mau ʻano lunamakaʻāinana, a he 7 nui nā mea nui:
- Central ʻEulopa (Felis silvestris silvestris);
- Caucasian (Felis silvestris caucasica);
- ʻApelika (Felis silvestris cafra);
- Tureke (Felis silvestris caudata);
- ʻO Omani (Felis silvestris gordoni)
- steppe (Felis silvestris lybica), nā ʻāpana - home (Félis silvéstris cátus);
- ʻĀsia (Felis silvestris ornata).
Loaʻa nā lunamakaʻāinana o kēia papa i nā wahi he nui o ka honua. ʻO ʻAkelika, ʻAsia a me ʻEulopa ko lākou pae nui.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka pōpoki nahele
Maʻalahi loa e huikau i kahi pōpoki hihiu me kahi holoholona hānai pōkole i ka helehelena. He mau holoholona liʻiliʻi kēia, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 7 kilokilo i ka wā makua. Hiki i ka lōʻihi o nā kāne ma kahi o 90 kenimika, wahine - ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 75-80. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou mai nā pōpoki maʻamau wale nō e nā paws pōkole liʻiliʻi a me ka huelo (i ka manawa like, ma muli o ko lākou ʻano, he ʻano ʻokoʻa kekahi mau ʻano hānau hānai kūikawā mai nā ʻano ulu ulu nahele).
Video: Pōhaku nahele
ʻO kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā kānaka hihiu o ka papa feline kahi muzzles poepoe. Kūleʻa ʻo ia me kona mau maka pōʻai a kū i luna, nā pepeiao triangular. ʻAno ʻē ka waha i nā pōpoki. Liʻiliʻi kona niho (ma mua o nā pōpoki maʻamau), akā ʻoi aku ka ʻoi.
Pōkole ka hulu hipa o nā holoholona, akā mānoanoa. Aia kekahi mau kānaka o ka ʻaneʻane āpau i nā aka o ka hina (ʻeleʻele, kukui, ʻulaʻula). Ma ke kapa o nā hihiu hihiu, ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kahakaha transverse, e holo ana ma ke kino holoʻokoʻa a me ka huelo (kahi e loaʻa ai ka maopopo kūikawā). Hana ʻia ka molting i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki. Ma ka huelo, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka ʻahu a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. ʻAʻohe o ke ʻano kākāhā o kekahi mau mea ʻaihue feline. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā paws o nā holoholona me nā māiʻu retractable ʻoi, ʻo ia ka mea hana nui.
Ma hea e noho ai ka pōpoki nahele?
Kiʻi: pōpoki nahele ʻEulopa
ʻO nā pōpoki hihiu nā holoholona maʻamau. Noho lākou i nā wahi ulu lāʻau o nā ʻāina nui.
ʻO nā wahi punahele loa o kēlā me kēia kanaka:
- ʻEulopa (ʻo ka hapa nui o kāna ʻaoʻao komohana a me waena). Hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me nā holoholona ma Sepania, ʻItalia. ʻO ka palena palena ma ka ʻākau ʻo ʻEnelani a me ke kai Baletika;
- ʻO Caucasus. Noho pū nā pōpoki ma ka palena ʻākau hikina me nā wahi o ka Soviet Union ma mua;
- ʻAsia. Kaha nui ʻia nā holoholona ma ka peninsula komohana o ʻAsia Minor (a i ʻole Anatolia).
Pili kēia mau wahi o ka nohona pōpoki ulu i kēia lā. I ka manawa like, ua kākoʻo ʻia lākou e nā wahi komohana hema o Ukraine, a me ʻEulopa Hikina. Noho kēlā me kēia lunamaka o nā pōpoki hihiu i kona ʻāina ponoʻī no ka hale. ʻO kona wahi ma kahi o 2-3 mau kilomita (i nā kuahiwi hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia kiʻi i nā manawa he nui). I ka manawa like, i ka wā e ʻimi ai i wahine, hiki i nā kāne ke hele i kahi mamao aku ma mua o nā palena o ko lākou ʻāina. No ke ola, koho nā holoholona i nā ululāʻau paʻa. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o ka wahi noho he 2-3 kilomita ma luna o ka ʻilikai.
Mea hoihoi: No nā pōpoki hihiu, kahi ʻano hierarchical o ke ola ke ʻano. No kahi wahi momona, kahi e noho ai kahi nui o nā mea liʻiliʻi mammal, hakakā nā kāne me kā lākou lima.
Noho kaʻawale nā holoholona. Hana wale ʻia ka paʻa ʻana i ke kau moʻo. Hoʻāʻo lākou ʻaʻole e hoʻokokoke i nā wahi noho kanaka. Hana nā puha lāʻau haʻahaʻa i nā puʻuhonua no nā pōpoki hihiu (ua uhi ʻia nā hollow lāʻau i hoʻohua ʻia me ka mauʻu a me nā lau). ʻOi aku ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā mauna e peʻe ma nā kahawai o nā pōhaku, a me nā lua kahiko o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, i ke alo o kahi puka luahi a me kahi lua, e koho ka pōpoki i ka ʻano o ka puʻuhonua.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka pōpoki ulu nahele. E ʻike kāua i kāna ʻai.
He aha ka pōpoki nahele e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Pōhaku nahelehele
Loaʻa nā pōpoki i ka meaʻai ma ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana. ʻO ka papaʻai o nā mea ʻai nahele e hilinaʻi nui i ka wā.
I ke anilā maikaʻi, ʻo ka waiwai nui o ka hunter feline:
- nā holoholona liʻiliʻi (mice, squirrels, chipmunks, weasels, minks, etc.);
- nā amphibians a me nā mea kolo (nā rana, nahesa, nā moʻo);
- iʻa (nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi e ʻau nui ana ma kahi o ka wai).
- manu (a ʻo nā pīpī a hua paha paha i waiho ʻia e nā mākua ʻēheu i ka pūnana).
Makemake nā pōpoki ʻimi i nā manu e ola a pūnana i ka honua.
Mea hoihoi: ʻOi aku ka hiki i nā lunamaka lawehala a wiwo ʻole hoʻi o nā pōpoki hihi ke hoʻokahuli i ka hare, nā dia a i ʻole nā dia! ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki wale kēia ke hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia kahi holoholona nui a ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe wikiwiki, a me ka pale aku i nā hoʻouka kaua.
I ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻai. Ma muli o ka hau nui a me ka hau, ke emi nei ka nui o nā manu, makemake nā holoholona he nui e hibernate a i ʻole e noho maʻalahi i nā hale hoʻomehana, a hū ka iʻa ma lalo o kahi ʻāpana o ka hau i uhi i ka muliwai. He paʻakikī loa e alualu. Pono nā pōpoki e alualu i lalo a kali i kā lākou mea pio no ka manawa lōʻihi. Ma muli o ke ʻano paʻakikī o ka huli holoholona i ka hoʻoilo i loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā holoholona i ke kauwela. Mālama ka momona i hōʻuluʻulu iā lākou mai ka hau a mālama i nā ʻohana e hana maʻamau.
Mea hoihoi: I ka hoʻoilo wale nō hiki i nā felines ke hiki i kahi noho kanaka. Maanei lākou e ʻaihue wiwo ʻole ai i nā moa a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe.
Alualu wale nā pōpoki hihiu i ka pō wale nō. ʻO ka manawa kūpono loa e lanakila ai i ka mea pio ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā a me ka wanaʻao (ma waena o kēia mau hanana, hiamoe ka holoholona i kona puʻuhonua). Eia kekahi, inā ua i ka pō, hōʻole ka pōpoki i ka hota.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: pōpoki nahele ʻo Amur
ʻO nā pōpoki nahele he mau holoholona aloha kūʻokoʻa i makemake e noho hoʻokahi a ʻaʻole ʻae i nā mea hoʻokūkū ma kā lākou panalāʻau. He ʻano wary kā lākou a hōʻike pinepine i ka huhū i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe a i ʻole ke hoʻokokoke ʻana i nā poʻe (hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kipa aku i ka zoo).
ʻO ka Hissing i kahi kanaka kahi ʻano maʻamau no kēlā mau pōpoki nahele a lākou i hoʻāʻo ai e kalala. ʻAʻole hāʻawi nā holoholona iā lākou iho i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, mai ʻike i ka poʻe i loko o ka hale ma ke ʻano he poʻo a, i ke kumu, pale i nā hoanoho āpau. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i kahi pipi ma kahi keʻena liʻiliʻi. Pono ʻo ia i kahi ākea - ma ka liʻiliʻi i ka pā hale kauwela. He mea kūpono ia e noʻonoʻo i ka makemake o ka holoholona e piʻi i nā kumulāʻau a nānā i kāna mau waiwai. ʻAʻole ʻoe e kaupalena ʻia i kēia.
Eia nō naʻe, ma ka manawa kūpono mua e holo ka holoholona nui "home" mai kāna mau ʻona aku, e makemake ana i kahi nohona hihiu. Hoʻonani wale nā pōpoki nahele i ka wā o ka moena. I ka manawa kila, hāmau lākou. ʻO nā manawa wale nō mai kā lākou "lehelehe" hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolohe i kā lākou ʻano ʻāwī, hihi a me ka uē. Hana kope ʻia kēia mau leo āpau e nā pōpoki ke hōʻike ʻia ka huhū iā lākou. Hōʻalo wikiwiki nā holoholona. Ma muli paha o ka maka maka maikaʻi loa, hoʻolohe ʻana a me ke ʻano kūikawā.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pōhaku nahele hikina
ʻAʻole like me nā pōpoki kūloko, mālama wale ʻia ka ulu lāʻau ʻana i hoʻokahi manawa wale nō i kēlā me kēia makahiki a ʻo ka nui hoʻi mai Ianuali a Malaki. Hoʻohui ʻia ka wahine a me nā kāne i kahi kuʻikahi wale nō i ka manawa o ka hāpai ʻana o nā keiki. Hoʻowalewale nā pōpoki me kahi ʻala ʻokoʻa e pālahalaha ma hope o ka māka ʻia ʻana o kahi wahi. Hoʻomaka nā kāne e pane ana i ka ʻala i kahi hakakā ikaika i waena o lākou iho.
ʻAe ka wahine i ka mea ikaika iā ia wale nō. Lawe ʻia ke kaʻina hana moʻo i loko o ka lua o kahi kumulāʻau (ma kahi mamao iki mai ka honua) a i ʻole i kahi lua i haʻalele ʻia e kekahi holoholona. I kēia hihia, hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia ka wahi moena no nā keiki ʻōpio. Uhi ʻia ka "papahele" me nā lau, ka mauʻu a hiki i nā hulu manu. Ma hope o ka hāpai ʻana o nā keiki, hoʻokaʻawale hou nā mākua. ʻO ka makuahine e waiho wale ʻia ana a kali i ka helehelena o nā keiki, e mālama mua iā ia. Hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i nā hale i ke ala kūpono loa no ka hānau hānau.
ʻO ka hāpai ʻana o nā pōpoki hihiu ma kahi o 2-4 mau mahina. I hoʻokahi manawa, hiki i ka wahine ke hānau mai ka 1 a i ka 7 kittens. Hānau makapō ʻia nā cubs āpau (epiphany wale nō ma ka lā 9th-12th ma hope o ka hānau ʻana) a kōkua ʻole. Kaupaona lākou he 250 wale nō a paʻakikī ke kū ma ko lākou mau wāwae. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana me ke kōkua ʻole o nā makuahine i nā pule mua o ko lākou ola. Mālama ka makuahine i kāna mau keiki me ke aloha a me ka makaʻu. Hāʻawi ʻo ia iā lākou i ka meaʻai a me ka palekana. I ka mahina wale nō e hoʻomaka ai nā kipi e kolo ikaika. A i kēia manawa ma 2 - hele lākou i ka huli mua me ko lākou makuahine. ʻO nā keiki keiki ma mua o 2 mau mahina e ʻoluʻolu loa. Hiki iā lākou ke hānai a hiki i nā ʻiole 7 i kēlā lā i kēia lā, e hoʻopiha ana i ka papaʻai me ka waiū o ka makuahine.
Pāʻani nui a nīnau aku nā pōpoki pēpē. Neʻe wikiwiki lākou ma waena o ka ʻāina makua a neʻe i waena o nā kumulāʻau me ka makaʻu ʻole. I ka makahiki 5 mau makahiki, hele lākou i ke ʻano makua. Haʻalele nā pōpoki i ka wahi o ko lākou makuahine a hoʻomaka e ʻimi no kā lākou wahi ʻimi holoholona. ʻO nā pōpoki, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, noho i loko o ka wahi o ka makuahine, akā hoʻolako i kā lākou lua. Hiki ke kino o nā holoholona i ka makahiki 10 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā pōpoki nahele
Kiʻi: pōpoki nahele Siberian
He pōpoki loa nā pōpoki ulu a me nā mea agile. He paʻakikī loa e paʻi iā lākou i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. Mahalo i ko lākou hiki ke lele koke mai kahi lālā a kahi lālā (ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lele hiki i 3 mau mika), neʻe i nā mānoanoa a ʻauʻau, hūnā maʻalahi nā ʻelele feline mai nā hoa hakakā kūpono. I ka manawa like, lawa ka ʻenemi o nā holoholona.
ʻO nā mea nui:
- Alopeke (weliweli no ka ʻaneʻane āpau o nā pōpoki ulu lāʻau, ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā ʻalopeke);
- Jackal (hoʻoweliweli i nā felines e noho ana ma ka Hikina Hema o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia);
- Martens (alualu i nā pōpoki nahele ma nā ululāʻau huikau o ʻAsia a me ʻEulopa);
- ʻO Lynx (ʻo ia mau holoholona e hoʻoweliweli nui nei i nā pōpoki e noho ana ma ka hemisphere ʻākau).
ʻO ka predator nui loa no nā pōpoki nahele (ʻano ʻē ke kani ʻia) he martens. ʻOiai ʻo ko lākou nui liʻiliʻi, paʻi koke lākou i nā pōpoki ʻōpio, ke ʻoluʻolu i kā lākou ʻiʻo.
Mea hoihoi: ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻīlio he ʻenemi nā pōpoki ulu lāʻau, makaʻu lākou iā lākou iho i kēia mau holoholona. I ka hui ʻana me kahi pōpoki ahiu, e makemake ka ʻīlio ʻeā e haʻalele i ke kino i loaʻa iā ia, e hoʻi ana i ka ʻai ʻana ma hope wale nō o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka holoholona.
ʻO ke kumu, lilo nā pōpoki i pio ma muli o ka ʻelemakule, maʻi a ʻeha paha e kaohi ai i ka neʻe maʻamau. I nā kūlana maʻamau, paʻakikī loa e alualu i ka holoholona.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka pōpoki nahele
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka helu kikoʻī o nā pōpoki nahele ma ko lākou wahi maoli. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e kona hoʻololi mau.
Ke emi nei ka heluna o nā holoholona no nā kumu he nui:
- Puhi i nā ululāʻau (kahi e hana ʻia ma muli o nā hana kanaka mālama ʻole);
- Kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpala (ma muli o ia, nā holoholona liʻiliʻi, ʻai ʻia nā pōpoki, make hou);
- Ke ʻimi ʻana (nui ka poʻe ʻimi ʻimi e loaʻa i kahi pōpoki hihiu ola i mea e mālama ai iā ia).
Ke hana nei nō hoʻi ka emi o ka nui o nā holoholona ma muli o nā kahe wai, a me nā hoʻololi o ka honua i ke aniau, no ka mākaukau ʻole o nā holoholona. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma kekahi mau panalāʻau e hoʻopau ʻia ka heluna pōpoki hihiu. A hiki i ka makahiki 1927, hiki ke loaʻa ʻelua mau lunamakaʻāinana o ka papa feline ma Belarus: lynxes a me nā pōpoki nahele. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole i waiho ka hope i kēia panalāʻau. Manaʻo nā Zoologists ʻo ke kumu nui o ka luku ʻia o nā holoholona ka hana a ke kanaka. ʻO ka makemake o ke kanaka e lilo i mea nona kahi ʻano pōpoki kūʻokoʻa a i ʻole e waiwai iā lākou iho ma ke kūʻai aku ʻana ua alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i ka helu o nā ʻelele o kēia hui i ka nohona kūlohelohe.
Mea hoihoi: No ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ka heluna kanaka o nā pōpoki nahele ma ka panalāʻau o Belarus, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e kūʻai i nā holoholona ma Moldova no ko lākou noho hou ʻana i ka waihona ʻāina ʻo Polessky.
Inā ʻaʻole no nā hana kū kānāwai ʻole o ka poʻe (haumia o ke kūlohelohe, puhi ahi), ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā holoholona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i lalo ka weliweli i nā pōpoki nahele. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia i kahi ʻokoʻa hoʻokahi wale nō o nā ʻano 22 e kū nei. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka pōpoki nahele Caucasian (Felis silvestris caucasica), i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book ma Lūkia.
Ka pale ʻana i nā pōpoki nahele
Kiʻi: Pōpoki nahele mai ka puke Red
Ua helu inoa inoa ʻia nā pōpoki nahele ululāʻau o Caucasian i ka Red Book o Lūkia ma ka mahele o "rare". ʻO ke kūlana holoholona kahi ʻano i hoʻomalu nui ʻia, ʻike ʻia e kahi helu hoʻemi a noho i kahi wahi palena. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ʻia ka pale kūikawā loea i nā lunamakaʻāinana. Lawe wale ʻia ia i kekahi mau mālama o Caucasus (Teberdinsky a me Sochi).
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kahi hāʻule kikoʻī o ka helu o nā pōpoki ma hope o ka lōʻihi a me ka hoʻoilo. Pili kekahi hoʻololi i ka helu me ka hōʻemi / hoʻonui o ka lako o ka meaʻai (nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi, kahi e hānai ai nā pōpoki). He kakaikahi ka ʻimi ʻana i nā holoholona no ka holoholona, no laila ʻaʻole ia i manaʻo ʻia ke kumu nui no ka luku ʻia o kēlā me kēia kanaka.
ʻO ka pilikia o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o nā pōpoki nahele o Caucasian a me ka mālama ʻana i nā laha e pili pono ana i ka pono o ka streamline o nā hana lohi i kēia wahi. ʻOiai ka nele o nā hana palekana kūikawā, mālama nā holoholona i helu ʻia i ka Red Book i kā lākou helu o kēia manawa. Hoʻoemi ia i ka hoʻoilo a hoʻonui hoʻonui i ka puna a me ke kauwela me ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki hou. ʻAʻole e hoʻolālā ʻia nā hana mālama radical i kēia wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻaoʻao i waho pōpoki nahele ʻokoʻa hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā home, hiki ʻole ke nānā ʻole i nā peculiarities i kā lākou lawena, ʻano, hānau hou. ʻAʻole makaʻu kēia mau holoholona aloha manuahi i nā pilikia a hōʻeha wiwo ʻole i nā holoholona i ʻoi aku ka nui i ka nui. Makaʻu wale lākou i nā loli climatic a me nā hana kū ʻole i ke kānāwai e hoʻoweliweli maoli i kā lākou helu ...
Lā paʻi: 07/24/2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 19:54
