Salemona Chinook He iʻa nui no ka ʻohana salemona. Kuhi ʻia kāna ʻiʻo a me ka caviar he mea waiwai, no laila, hānai ʻia ia i kekahi mau ʻāina me kahi ʻano kūpono. Akā i ka nohona, i ka Hikina Hikina, koe ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe hopohopo o ka laha holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai paʻa paʻa ka heluna kanaka ʻAmelika.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Chinook
Ua ʻike ʻia ka iʻa i hoʻopau ʻia ma kahi o 400 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ma hope iho ua hoʻomaka lākou e hohola i ka honua. Akā i ka manawa mua i hana ʻia me ka lohi, a i ka manawa Triassic wale nō i kū mai ai kahi kīwī o nā teleponi, i hoʻopili pū ʻia me nā salmonid.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā Cretaceous, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano like me ka herring - hana lākou ma ke ʻano kumu no nā salmonid. Kūlike ʻole nā ʻepekema e pili ana i ka manawa o ka puka ʻana o ka hope. Wahi a kahi loiloi ākea, ua hele mai lākou i ka wā Cretaceous, i ka wā e ulu ana ka iʻa o nā iʻa teleost.
Video: Chinook
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻike mua ʻike pono ʻia o nā salmonid fossil ua hoʻi ia i kekahi manawa ma hope: i ka hoʻomaka o ka Eocene, kahi iʻa iʻa wai liʻiliʻi o kā lākou helu i noho ma ka honua. No laila, aia ka paʻakikī ma aneʻi wale nō e ʻike inā paha ua lilo kēia kūpuna o ka salemona i ke ʻano mua, a i ʻole aia kekahi ma mua ona.
Minamina, ʻaʻohe loaʻa o nā mōʻalihaku i hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka hoʻomohala hou aʻe i nā makahiki he ʻumi miliona e hiki mai ana. Kohu mea lā, ʻaʻole pālahalaha nā salmonid kahiko a noho i nā ʻano i kōkua ʻole i ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou mau koena mōʻalihaku.
A hoʻomaka wale mai 24 miliona mau makahiki BC aia kahi nui o nā mōʻalihaku, e hōʻike ana i ka puka ʻana o nā ʻano salemona hou, e like me ka salmon chinook. Ma ka liʻuliʻu, nui a nui aku ka nui o lākou, ʻo ka hope loa, i nā papa i 5 miliona mau makahiki, kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā o kēia ʻano ke loaʻa. Ua loaʻa iā Chinook salmon kahi wehewehe ʻepekema i ka makahiki 1792, na J. Walbaum i hana. I ka Lākina, ʻo Oncorhynchus tshawytscha kona inoa.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Iʻa Chinook
ʻO ka salona Chinook ka salona nui loa ma ka Moana Pākīpika. Ke ulu nei nā Lunamakaʻāinana o ka heluna kanaka ʻAmelika a 150 cm, a ma Kamchatka aia kekahi mau kānaka ma mua o 180 knm, ke kaupaona ʻia ma mua o 60 kg. ʻAno kākaʻikahi kēlā mau hihia, akā ulu ka ʻāpana salmon chinook a aneane hoʻokahi mika.
ʻOiai ʻo ka nui ma ke kai, hiki i kēia iʻa ke paʻakikī ke ʻike: kona uliuli ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻopili maikaʻi iā ia i loko o ka wai. Māmā ka ʻōpū, keʻokeʻo. Uhi ʻia ke kino me nā unahi poepoe. Aia nā wēlau ma ka ʻōpū ma kahi mamao aku o ke poʻo ma mua o nā iʻa wai hou. I ka wā o ka spawning, loli nā ʻano o Chinook salmon, e like me nā salemona ʻē aʻe: huli ʻulaʻula ia, a pouli hoʻi ke kua. Akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa i ka ʻōlinolino o ka lole nuptial i ka salona ʻalani a i ʻole chum salmon.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai nā hiʻohiʻona kūwaho o ka iʻa:
- kino lōʻihi;
- kaomi ʻia ka iʻa mai nā ʻaoʻao;
- nā kiko ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi ma ke kino o luna;
- nui ka ʻāpana poʻo i ke koena o ke kino;
- waha nui;
- nā maka liʻiliʻi;
- ʻelua mau hōʻailona kū hoʻokahi i kēia ʻano wale nō - ʻo nā membrane lālā i nā lunamakaʻāinana he 15 pākahi, a ʻeleʻele nā gum o ka iwi ā lalo.
Mea leʻaleʻa: He ʻano ʻē ka inoa o ka inoa no ka mea ua hāʻawi ʻia e nā Itelmen. I kā lākou ʻōlelo, ua ʻōlelo ʻia "chowuicha". Ma ʻAmelika, ua kapa ʻia kēia iʻa ʻo chinook, ma ke ʻano he ʻohana ʻInia, a i ʻole mōʻī salemona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka salemona mōʻī.
Ma hea e noho ai ka salmon chinook?
Kiʻi: Chinook i Lūkia
ʻIke ʻia ia ma ke kapakai hikina o ka Moana Pākīpika a ma ke kapakai komohana, makemake i nā wai anuanu. Ma ʻAsia, noho nui ia ma Kamchatka - ma ka muliwai ʻo Bolshoi a me nā mea kōkua. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa ʻia ma nā kahawai ʻĀina Hema ʻē aʻe i ka hema a i ka Amur, a i ka ʻākau iā Anadyr.
ʻO ka wahi noho nui ʻelua aia ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā salmon chinook ma kona ʻaoʻao ʻākau: i nā kahawai e kahe ana i Alaska a me Kanada, hele nā shoal nui i nā kahawai o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Wakinekona, aia ma kahi o ka palena ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Akā pālahalaha pū ia hoʻi i ka hema, a hiki i Kaleponi.
Ma waho o kā lākou laulā kūlohelohe, hānai ʻia nā salmon chinook: no ka laʻana, noho ia i nā mahiʻai kūikawā ma nā Lakes Nui, ka wai a me ke aniau e kūpono iā ia. Ua lilo nā muliwai o Nūlani i wahi ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻoulu hana. Ua hoʻolauna maikaʻi ʻia i loko o nā holoholona hihiu ma Patagonia 40 mau makahiki i hala. Mai ia manawa, ua ulu nui ka heluna kanaka, ʻae ʻia e lawaiʻa i Chile a me Argentina.
I nā kahawai, makemake ʻo ia i nā wahi hohonu me kahi pā kaulike ʻole, makemake e noho kokoke i nā ʻano driftwood, hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he puʻuhonua. ʻAʻau pinepine i nāʻauwai muliwai, makemake i nā wahi momona i nā mea kanu. Makemake e frolic i kahi kahe wikiwiki. ʻOiai ʻo ka iʻa chinook he iʻa iʻa hou, ke lilo nei ia i kekahi ʻāpana o kāna pōʻaiapuni ola i ke kai. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou e pili kokoke ana i nā kahawai, i nā kahakai, akā ʻaʻohe hiʻohiʻona i kēia - ʻauʻau mamao kekahi poʻe i loko o ke kai. ʻO nā kino kokoke i ka ʻili - ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka salmon chinook ma lalo o 30 mau mika.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e ola ai ka chinook salmon. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka meaʻai a Chinook salmon e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Chinook ma Kamchatka
Hoʻololi nui ka papaʻai i ka hilinaʻi o ka chinook salmon i loko o ka muliwai a i ʻole i ke kai.
I ka hihia mua, pili pū ia:
- iʻa ʻōpio;
- nā mea kolo;
- larva;
- crustaceans.
ʻAi nui ka salmon chinook ʻōpio i ka plankton, a me nā mea kolo a me kā lākou larvae. Ua ulu aʻe nā kānaka, ʻaʻole e hoʻowahāwahā i nā mea i helu ʻia, akā ke hoʻololi nei i ka hapa nui i ka papaʻai o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi. Makemake nā ʻōpio a me nā mākua makua i ka ʻai caviar - hoʻohana pinepine nā mea lawaiʻa iā ia ma ke ʻano he nouck, a nahu maikaʻi ʻo chinook salmon i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i helu ʻia ma mua.
ʻAi ma ke kai:
- iʻa;
- ʻōpae;
- krill;
- heʻe;
- plankton.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka iʻa o ka chinook salmon: i waena o nā ʻōpio, ʻo ka papa kuhikuhi me mesoplankton a me macroplankton, ʻo ia hoʻi, heʻuʻuku nā holoholona. Akā naʻe, ʻai pinepine nā salmonid o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma luna ona. ʻOiai ʻo kahi salmon ʻōpio Chinook e hānai hou aku i ka iʻa a i ʻole nā ʻōpala. A lilo ke kanaka makua i mea ʻaihue, weliweli a hiki i nā iʻa waena e like me ka herring a sardine, ʻoiai ʻo ia e hoʻomau nei i ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea liʻiliʻi pū kekahi. Huli ikaika ʻo ia a hoʻonui i ka hoʻonui i kāna nui i kona wā e noho ai i ke kai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: Ma waena o nā iʻa make e pili ana aia kekahi mea kupaianaha e like me ka salmon niho ʻoki. Nui loa ia - a i 3 mau mika ka lōʻihi, a me ke kaupaona ʻana a hiki i 220 kg, a he ʻāʻī hoʻoweliweli. Akā i ka manawa like, e like me ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i alakaʻi i kahi nohona predatory, akā ua kānana wale ʻia ka wai no ka meaʻai - lawelawe ʻia nā ʻiʻo i mea hoʻonaninani i ke kau moʻo.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Chinook salmon
ʻO ka nohona o kahi salmon chinook e hilinaʻi nui i ke ʻano o ia - ʻo ka mea mua, hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nui, a me kahi e noho ai, i ka muliwai a i ʻole ke kai.
Nui a hewahewa nā kaʻina, i kēlā me kēia o ke ʻano o ke ola o kēia iʻa.
- hānau i loko o kahi kahawai, ulu a ulu i nā mahina mua a i ʻole mau makahiki;
- ke hele nei i ka wai paʻakai a me ke ola i loko o lākou;
- hoʻi i ka muliwai no ka hanau keiki ʻana.
Inā pōkole ke kolu o ka pae a ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka iʻa, a laila pono e kālailai ʻia nā mea ʻelua a me kā lākou ʻokoʻa i ke kikoʻī. Hōʻike ka palai i nā kahawai kahe wikiwiki, kahi i ʻoi aku ai ka poʻe ʻaihue e makemake e ʻai iā lākou, akā ʻaʻohe nui nā meaʻai na lākou kekahi. I loko o kēia mau wai ʻino e ʻaila fry frolic i nā kula no ka manawa mua o ke ola, maʻamau i mau mahina.
I ka mua, ʻo kēia kahi ʻoi loa ka maikaʻi no lākou, akā ke ulu lākou i kahi liʻiliʻi, ʻauʻau lākou mai ka muliwai i kahi muliwai nui, a i ʻole i kahawai. Pono lākou i ka ʻai hou aʻe, a i loko o ka wai mālie e loaʻa ai iā lākou, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻino i loko o lākou. I nā kahawai nui, hiki i ka salmon chinook ke hoʻolōʻihi i kahi manawa - i kekahi mau mahina, a i ʻole i mau makahiki ʻelua.
ʻO ka manawa pinepine, i ka manawa like, neʻe iki ka iʻa a kokoke i ka waha, akā ʻo nā kānaka i ulu a mākaukau e hele i loko o ka wai paʻakai he liʻiliʻi ia - loaʻa iā lākou ka hapa nui o kā lākou nui i ke kai, kahi o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no lākou. Noho lākou ma laila mai hoʻokahi makahiki a 8 mau makahiki, a i kēia manawa āpau ulu lākou a wikiwiki a hiki i ka manawa e hoʻi ai i ka muliwai no ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka manawa hānai, aia kekahi ʻokoʻa nui i ke kaupaona o nā iʻa i hopu ʻia: ma kahi like e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hopu i kekahi salemona Chinook e kaupaona ana he kilokilo, a me kahi iʻa nui loa e huki ai i nā mea āpau he 30. ka makahiki mua, a noho ka lua ma laila no 7-9 mau makahiki.
Ma mua, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ʻo nā kāne liʻiliʻi loa, i kapa ʻia he mushers, ʻaʻole hele i kai, akā ʻike ka poʻe noiʻi ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia, noho lākou ma laila no kahi manawa pōkole a haʻalele ʻole i ke kahakai. Hiki i nā iʻa nui ke hana i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi loa, e ʻau ana i ka hohonu o ka ʻĀkau Pakipika, neʻe aku lākou mai kahakai a kahi mamao a 3-4 tausani mau kilomita.
He ikaika ka hopena o ke aniau i ka lōʻihi o ka hānai ʻana. I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, hoʻomehana ka salmon chinook i ko lākou wahi noho, a ʻo ka hopena, ʻaʻole lākou e neʻe a mamao i ke kau anuanu. No laila, hoʻi ka nui o nā iʻa i ka spawn i kēlā me kēia makahiki - a ʻoi ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou awelika, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka lako o ka meaʻai.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Iʻa Chinook
Noho lākou i ke kai hoʻokahi a ʻākoakoa pū wale nō ke hiki i ka manawa e kupu ai. Na nā shoal lākou e komo i nā kahawai, ʻo ia ke kumu kūpono loa e hopu iā lākou no nā bea a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. I ka heluna Asia, hiki mai ka wā hoʻoulu hua i nā pule hope o Mei a Iune paha, a hiki paha i ka hopena o ke kauwela. I ka hihia ʻAmelika, hiki i nā mahina hope o ka makahiki.
Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ka muliwai no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻai hou ka iʻa, akā neʻe wale i luna. I kekahi mau hihia, ʻaʻole pono e ʻauʻau i kahi mamao loa, a piʻi wale ʻoe i kahi mau haneli mau kilomita. I nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, lōʻihi loa ke ala o ka salemona Chinook - no ka laʻana, ma ke kahawai ʻo Amur i kekahi manawa he pono e lanakila ma luna o 4,000 km. I ka heluna lehulehu o ʻAsia, hānai ka hapa nui o nā iʻa i ka muliwai Bolshoi a me konaʻauwai ma Kamchatka. Aia i kēia manawa ke kakali nei nā holoholona ʻelua a me nā kānaka nona. Maʻalahi ke ʻike i kahi eʻauʻau ai ka iʻa e houpo: he nui ka nui o lākou e like me he mea lā ua hana ʻia ka muliwai ponoʻī me nā iʻa, ʻoiai e lele pinepine ka salmon Chinook mai ka wai e lanakila i nā pilikia.
I ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi pūnaewele, hoʻohana nā wahine i ko lākou huelo e kīkēkē i nā lua, kahi a lākou e hua ai. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomomona nā kāne iā ia - mālama lākou i 5-10 kokoke i kēlā me kēia wahine, a like kēia mau mea me ka nui, aia nā puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi loa. I ka wā ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka mea hope loa e hōʻino i ka iʻa - nā hua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i lawe ʻia mai nā hua i hoʻouluulu ʻia e lākou. Akā hewa kēia: ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻokūpaʻa i ka nui o nā keiki i ka nui o nā kāne.
Nui nā hua, ʻono. Ma kahi o 10,000 e waiho koke ʻia e kēlā me kēia wahine: ʻike kekahi o lākou iā lākou iho i nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole, ʻai ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe e nā holoholona, a he manawa paʻakikī ka fry - no laila ua kūpono loa kēlā ʻano lako. Akā hoʻolilo nā mākua iā lākou i ka nui loa o ka ikaika i ka wā o ka hānau ʻana, ʻo ia ke kumu e make ai lākou ma waena o 7-15 mau lā ma hope o ia.
ʻO Chinook salmon nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe
Kiʻi: Chinook salmon i ka wai
ʻO nā hua moa a me nā ʻai ka mea weliweli loa. ʻOiai ke ʻano o ka hele ʻana o ka salmon chinook e huki ai i nā wahi ʻoi aku o ka maluhia, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i ka iʻa iʻa ʻia, ʻaʻole nui wale nō, akā liʻiliʻi pū kekahi. Huli ʻia lākou e nā limu a me nā manu manu ʻio ʻē aʻe e ʻai i ka iʻa.
ʻAʻole ʻino nā ʻano wai mammal like ʻole e like me nā otters i ka pāʻina ʻana iā lākou. Hiki i ka hope ke hopu i nā iʻa i ulu aʻe, inā ʻaʻole e lilo i nui no ia. Hiki i ka otter ke kāohi me ka salemona chinook i hele i ka ʻōpū, inā ʻaʻole lōʻihi i ke kai a kaupaona i loko o ʻelua kilokika. ʻO ka iʻa e like me nā palena like like hoihoi pū kekahi i nā manu nui o nā mea pio, e like me ka merganser nui - kahi nui loa ma mua o kā lākou mana. Akā hiki i nā bea ke mālama i kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea nui loa: ke hele ka salemona i spawn, kali pinepine kēia mau mea ʻino iā lākou i loko o ka wai a kāʻili lima iā lākou mai loko mai.
No nā bea, ʻo kēia ka manawa ʻoi loa, ʻoiai no ka hele ʻana o nā ʻano mea like ʻole i hoʻokahi aʻe a ʻo ka manawa no ka nui o ka lawaiʻa ʻana iʻa hiki ke hala i mau mahina, a ma kekahi mau kahawai no ka hapa nui o ka makahiki. Ma muli o ke kakali wale ʻana o nā mea ʻino i ka ʻau ʻana o ka iʻa i ka iʻa, weliweli loa kēia manawa no ka salemona chinook - aia kahi pilikia nui o ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kahawai kiʻekiʻe o nā kahawai.
ʻOi aku ka weliweli o ke kai no lākou, no ka mea, he iʻa nui ka salemona chinook, a paʻakikī loa ia no ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino kai. Akā naʻe, beluga, orca, a me kekahi pinnipeds hiki ke ʻimi no ia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ʻaʻole hoʻi ka salemona Chinook i nā wahi like me nā wahi i hānau ʻia ai - ʻauʻau i kahi like loa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Iʻa Chinook ʻula
Ua emi nui ka heluna o ka Chinook salmon ma Rukia ma ke kenekulia 20, a ʻo ke kumu nui o kēia ka lawaiʻa ikaika ʻana. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia kona ʻono, hoʻolilo ʻia ia i nā ʻāina ʻē, a ākea ka lawaiʻa ʻana, kahi mea paʻakikī e kaohi i ka helu. ʻEha ʻo Chinook salmon i nā poachers ma mua o nā salmonid ʻē aʻe, no ka nui o lākou a no ka mea ʻo lākou ka mea mua i hua. A ʻo kahi hopena, i kekahi mau kahawai o ka Hikina Hikina, ua nalowale loa nā iʻa ʻulaʻula, a ʻo chinook salmon kekahi.
No laila, ma Kamchatka, kahi e hua mai ai ka nui o kēia iʻa, hiki i ka ʻoihana ke hopu wale iā ia ma ke ʻano he iʻa wale nō, a laila ma waho wale nō o ke kapakai hikina o ka peni. ʻO ka i ʻae ʻia o ka chinook salmon 40-50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma kahi o 5,000 mau tona, akā ua emi haʻahaʻa i 200 mau tona. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o kēia iʻa i hopu ʻia e nā mea ʻaihue - i kēlā me kēia hihia, ua emi ka nui o ka lawaiʻa kū kānāwai ʻole ma muli o ka ʻoi aku o ka chinook salmon ponoʻī, a no ka palekana o ka pale. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻomau nei ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka - ma waho o Kamchatka ma ʻAsia, kākaʻikahi loa ka chinook salmon.
I ka manawa like, reproduces pono ka iʻa, a me ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o kona heluna kanaka, inā hoʻonā ʻia ka pilikia me nā kahu ʻai, hiki ke hana ʻia i loko o nā makahiki he 10 wale nō: i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo 850,000 fry mai ka hale iʻa iʻa ʻo Malkinsky wale nō, a i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā poachers, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou i hiki ke ola. Hōʻike ʻia kēia e ka lehulehu o ʻAmelika: aia ia i kahi pae paʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻae ʻia e ʻae ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma ʻAmelika a me Kanada a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā salmon chinook i hopu ʻia. ʻO ia wale nō ʻaʻole pilikia ka pilikia me nā poachers ma laila, no laila ke kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻana o ka iʻa.
ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka salemona chinook, a me ka iʻa ʻulaʻula ma ka laulā, kahi hoʻoweliweli nui i ka Hikina Hikina, nona nā waiwai kūlohelohe e ulu wikiwiki nei. Noho nā lehulehu o nā laha he nui ma ke kaʻe o ke ola ma muli o ke kāʻili ʻana, no laila pono ia e hoʻohua i kekahi kuʻuna. Salemona Chinook iʻa kupaianaha, he mea nui ʻaʻole e hoʻokuʻu e nalowale.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: 07/19/2019
Lā hou: 09/25/2019 ma 21:35
