Chomga a ʻo ka grebe nui (P. cristatus) he manu ia mai ka grebe kauoha. ʻIke ʻia ia i nā loko a me nā loko i aneane o Eurasia āpau. He manu tricolor ka nui o ka ʻāpō. ʻOiai kona inoa hōʻino, i loaʻa no ka ʻono ʻole me kahi ʻala fetid pungent, he manu ʻokoʻa kēia grebe e kūkulu nei i nā pūnana kupaianaha. Aia ka lehulehu i nā lehulehu ma Rukia.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Chomga
ʻO Grebes kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o nā manu e pili ana i kā lākou anatomy. Ua manaʻo mua ʻia lākou e pili ana i nā pūhaka, a ʻo nā manu pū kekahi e hele ana, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻohana ʻelua i hoʻokahi kauoha. I nā makahiki 1930, ua ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ka evolution evolution i kipaku ʻia e nā manawa kūpono i kū ʻia e nā manu manu pili ʻole e kaʻana like i ka nohona like. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Loons a me Grebes ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa kauoha o Podicipediformes a me Gaviiformes.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo nā noiʻi Molecular a me ka hōʻuluʻulu hoʻonohonoho ʻana ʻaʻole hoʻoholo pono i ka pilina o grebes me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ka noiʻi i kēia mau manu e hana i kahi laina evolution evolution kahiko a i ʻole kaomi ʻana i ka pae mole i ka pae mole, i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia e nā loona.
ʻO ka noiʻi ākea loa o nā peplogenomics manu, i paʻi ʻia ma 2014, ua hōʻike ʻia he mau lālā grebes a me flamingos nā lālā o Columbea, kahi lālā e komo pū ana me nā nūnū, nā hazel a me nā mesites. ʻO nā loiloi molekole hou i ʻike ʻia kahi loulou i nā flamingo. He ʻumikūmākahi lākou mau hiʻohiʻona morphological i loaʻa ʻole i nā manu ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka nui o kēia mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia ma flamingos, akā ʻaʻole ma grebes. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona Fossil mai ka Ice Ice i waena waena ma waena o flamingos a me grebes.
ʻIke ʻia nā grebes maoli i nā fossil ma ka Late Oligocene a i ʻole Miocene. ʻOiai aia kekahi mau moʻomeheu prehistoric i kēia manawa ua pau loa. ʻO Thiornis (Sepania) a me Pliolymbus (USA, Mekiko) e hoʻi i ka manawa i ka wā o ka noho ʻana o nā genera e noho nei. Ma muli o ke kaʻawale ʻana o nā grebes, hoʻomaka lākou e loaʻa i nā koena o ka Hemisphere ʻAkau, akā ua hoʻomaka paha lākou i ka Hemisphere Hema.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu manu nui
ʻO Grebes ka toadstools nui loa ma ʻEulopa. ʻO ka plumage ma ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao he brown motley. ʻEleʻele ka hope o ka ʻāʻī i ke keʻokeʻo o ka ʻāʻī a me ka lalo. He mau ʻāʻī lōʻihi kā lākou a me nā hulu ʻulaʻula-ʻalani me nā kihi ʻeleʻele ma ko lākou mau poʻo. Aia wale kēia mau hulu i ka wā hānau, hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻomohala i ka hoʻoilo a hoʻomohala piha i ka puna. Aia nā manu i nā kualono ʻeleʻele erectile ma ke poʻo o ko lākou poʻo, aia i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. ʻO Crested Grebe he huelo pōkole a me nā wāwae i hoʻonoho hope ʻia i hope no ka ʻauʻau maikaʻi ʻana. He mau kaha ʻeleʻele ko nā manu ʻōpio ma ko lākou pāpālina.
Video: Chomga
ʻO ka Grebe-crested grebes kahi lōʻihi 46 a 52 cm, kahi ʻēheu o 59 a 73 cm. Kaupaona lākou mai 800 a 1400 g. Hoʻololi iki ʻia ka moekolohe demorphism. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne a loaʻa i kahi kola ākea ākea a me kahi hood lōʻihi i loko o ko lākou lole. ʻUlaʻula ka nuku i loko o nā lole āpau me ka piko pala a me ka piko nani. ʻUlaʻula ʻo Iris me ke apo ʻalani alani e hoʻopuni ana i ka haumāna. Hinahina ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā wāwae a me nā ʻulaʻula lana.
ʻO nā moa chomga hou i pāpale ʻia i ka lole puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu a paʻa hoʻi. Ua pena ʻia ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī i nā laina kala ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo aia ma nā ʻaoʻao longitudinal. ʻIke ʻia nā kiko brown o nā nui like ʻole ma ka ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka hope a me nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino e emi iki ana, brownish-keʻokeʻo a me nā kaha ʻeleʻele. Ke keʻokeʻo ke kino a me ka umauma.
Ma hea kahi e noho ai ka hina?
Kiʻi: Pōhaku ʻōiwi nui ma Lūkia
ʻO nā grebes nui nui nā kamaʻāina o ʻEulopa Komohana a me ʻEulopa Hikina, Pelekane Nui a me ʻIlani, nā ʻāpana o ka hema a me ka hikina o ʻApelika, Australia a me Nūhōlani. Loaʻa nā heluna lāhui i ka ʻEulopa Hikina, ka hema o Lūkia a me Mongolia. Ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana, hiki ke loaʻa nā heluna hoʻoilo i nā kai kahakai i ʻEulopa, ka hema o ʻApelika a me ʻAukekulia, a me nā kino wai ma ka hema o ʻAsia.
ʻO ka Grebe crested nui i hānau ma nā wahi kanu o nā loko wai hou. P. mau ʻāpana me. Loaʻa ʻo Cristatus ma loko o ʻEulopa a me ʻĀkia. Noho ia i ke komohana palupalu o kona laulā, akā neʻe mai nā wahi anuanu i nā wahi mehana. ʻO nā Winters ma nā loko wai kai a me nā waihona wai a i ʻole ke kai. ʻO nā subspecies ʻApelika P. infuscatus a me nā ʻāpana Australasian P. c. he sedentary ka hapa nui o australis.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Hiki ke loaʻa ʻo Grebes Crested nui i loko o nā ʻano wai like ʻole, e like me nā loko, nā waihona wai i hana ʻia, nā kahawai e kahe ana, nā kahawai, nā kai kūʻono, a me nā kai kūʻono. Aia nā pūnaewele hānau o nā wai wai hāpaʻa o ka wai hou a wai ʻole paha. Aia kekahi mau mea ulu ma ke kahakai a i loko o ka wai e hāʻawi i nā wahi pūnana kūpono.
I ka hoʻoilo, neʻe kekahi o kekahi mau heluna i nā kino wai e kū ana i nā aniau. ʻO Lake Geneva, Lake Constance a me Lake Neuchâtel kekahi o nā loko ʻEulopa kahi e noho ai nā Grebes he nui i nā mahina hoʻoilo. ʻO lākou nō ka hoʻoilo ma ke komohana o ʻAkelanika kahakai, kahi a lākou i hōʻea ai i nā helu he nui i ʻOkakopa a me Nowemapa a noho a hiki i ka hopena o Pepeluali a i ʻole Ma mua o Malaki.
ʻO nā wahi hoʻoilo nui ʻē aʻe ke kai Caspian, ke Kai ʻEleʻele a wae ʻia i ka wai kai i loko o ʻAsia Waena. I Asia Hikina, hoʻoilo i ka hikina hikina a me ka hema o Kina, Taiwan, Iapana a me India. Maʻaneʻi lākou e noho nui i ke kahakai kahakai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka ʻomaʻomaʻu crested?
Kiʻi: ʻO Grebe crested nui i ke kūlohelohe
Hopu ʻo Grebes crest nui i kā lākou mea pio ma ka luʻu ʻana ma lalo o ka wai. ʻOhi lākou i ka hapa nui o nā mea āpau i ka wanaʻao a me ke ahiahi, no ka mea paha ʻo ia ka wā e ala kokoke ai kā lākou poʻe i hōʻino ʻia i luna. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia ke ʻike maka ʻana i ka iʻa a hoʻoliʻiliʻi hoʻi i ka mamao luʻu.
ʻO ka papaʻai o Greater Crested Toadstools ka mea nui o:
- iʻa nui;
- punawelewele a me nā mea kolo wai;
- nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi;
- pūpū;
- nā rana makua a me nā larval;
- newts;
- ʻūlū huli ʻole.
ʻO ka iʻa nui loa e hiki ke ʻai ʻia e Grebes he 25 knm. ʻO kā lākou iʻa lawaiʻa iʻa maʻamau e komo pū me: Verkhovka, carp, roach, whitefish, gobies, zander, pike. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi kikoʻī loa he nui nā ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻohui nutritional ma waena o kēlā me kēia hui o ka laha.
ʻO ka makemake o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 200 gram. ʻAi ʻo Chicks i nā pepeke ma mua. I nā wahi hoʻoilo, hānai wale nō ʻo Grecian Crested Grebes i ka iʻa. I loko o ka wai paʻakai goby, loaʻa iā herring, stickleback, cod a me carp, ka mea e hapa nui ai kā lākou iʻa. ʻAi nā mea nui i ka iʻa nui ma luna o ka wai, e ale mua i ko lākou poʻo. ʻAi ʻia nā poʻe liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka wai. Luu lākou ma ka liʻiliʻi he 45 kekona ʻoiai e ʻimi holoholona ana a ʻauʻau i lalo o ka wai i kahi mamao o 2-4 mau mika.ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka luʻu luʻu i hōʻoia ʻia he 40 mika.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻAʻole teritori nā mea nui i nā mahina hoʻoilo, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā manu mehameha. I ka wā hānau, hana nā pālua a maʻa mau ka pili iki ma waena o nā pālua like ʻole. Kūkulu ʻia nā kolone paʻa ʻole, e paʻa ana i kekahi mau pālua. ʻOi aku paha ke ʻano o nā kolone inā aia ka nui o nā wahi noho kūpono a i ʻole inā ʻākoʻakoʻa ʻia nā wahi noho pūnana mua.
Mālama nā pālua hānau i nā wahi pūnana. Hoʻololi ka nui o ka ʻāina i waena o nā pālua a me nā lehulehu. Pale nā kāne a me nā wahine i pālua i ko lāua ʻohana, pūnana a me nā moa. I ka wā hānau, ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻokuʻi pinepine ʻana ma kekahi o nā wahi hānau. Kū ka pale o ka ʻāina ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hana hou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻAi nā Grebes Nui i kā lākou hulu. Hoʻokomo pinepine lākou iā lākou ke haʻahaʻa ka papaʻai i nā mea digestible, a manaʻo ʻia he ala e hana ai i nā pellets i hiki ke hoʻolei ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hiʻona o nā parasites i ka ʻōnaehana gastric.
ʻO nā manu luʻu nui ka poʻe nui a makemake i ka luʻu a ʻauʻau ma mua o ka lele. Aia lākou i waena o nā manu diurnal a nānā i nā meaʻai wale nō i nā hola o ke ao. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka noho aloha ʻana, hiki ke lohe ʻia ko lākou mau leo i ka pō. Hoʻomaha nā manu a hiamoe ma luna o ka wai. I ka wā hoʻoulu holoholona wale nō ke hoʻohana lākou i kekahi manawa i nā papa hana pūnana kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā pūnana i waiho ʻia ma hope o ka hatching. Piʻi lākou mai ka wai ma hope o kahi holo pōkole. Wikiwiki ka lele ʻana me ka hahau wikiwiki ʻana o nā ʻeheu. I ka wā o ka lele, hoʻonui lākou i ko lākou mau wāwae i hope a me ko lākou ʻāʻī i mua.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Chomga chomga
Hiki i nā manu Crbe Grebe ke oʻo i ko lākou moekolohe ma mua o ka hopena o ka makahiki mua o ke ola, akā ʻaʻole hana maʻamau i ka makahiki ʻelua o ke ola. He kau male male kā lāua. I ʻEulopa, hiki lākou i ka wahi hānau ma Malaki / ʻApelila. Hoʻomaka ka wā hānau mai ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ka hopena o Iune, ʻae ʻia ka wā, akā i Malaki hoʻi. Ulu ʻia mai hoʻokahi a i ʻelua mau pua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. E hoʻomaka paha nā pālua e hana ma mua o Ianuali. I ka manawa ma nā wahi hānau, hoʻomaka ka Grebes e hana i nā hana e hānau wale ai ke hiki mai nā kūlana kūpono.
ʻO ka mea nui e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻomaka o ka hana hou ʻana:
- ka nui o nā wahi i uhi ʻia i loaʻa no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūnana i hoʻomalu ʻia;
- nā kūlana maikaʻi maikaʻi;
- pae wai i loko o nā waihona wai;
- ke kūʻana o kahi meaʻai kūpono.
Inā kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai, e kahe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu a puni. Hāʻawi kēia i nā uhi hou aʻe no nā pūnana i pale ʻia. ʻO nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā meaʻai momona hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hānau mua. Kūkulu ʻia nā pūnana mai nā nāhelehele wai, nā ʻohe, nā mānoanoa a me nā lau limu. Ulana ʻia kēia mau mea i loko o nā mea kanu wai. Hoʻomaha ʻia nā pūnana i loko o ka wai, kahi e pale ai i ka lālau mai nā mea hoʻoiho honua.
ʻO ka "pūnana maoli" kahi i hoʻomoe ʻia ai nā hua e piʻi aʻe ana mai ka wai a ʻokoʻa i nā anuu ʻelua e pili ana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi o ia mau mea no ka hoʻopili ʻana a ʻo kekahi no ka hoʻomaha ʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻoweliweli a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana. Hoʻololi ka nui o ka paʻa mai 1 a 9 mau hua, akā ma ka awelika 3 - 4. He 27 - 29 mau lā ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana. Hoʻokomo like nā kāne a me nā wahine i ke ala like. Wahi a ka ʻike o nā noiʻi Lūkini, haʻalele wale ʻo Grebes i ko lākou pūnana no kahi manawa o 0.5 a 28 mau minuke.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: hoʻomaka ka hoʻopili ʻana ma hope o ka waiho ʻana o ka hua mua, kahi e hoʻomohala ai i nā embryos a me kā lākou hatching asynchronous. Lawe kēia i kahi hierarchy o nā hoahānau ke hānai ʻia nā keiki moa.
Haʻalele ʻia ka pūnana ma hope o ka huhū ʻana o ka moa hope loa. ʻO ka nui o ka moa mai 1 a 4 mau moa. ʻOkoʻa kēia helu mai ka nui o ka paʻa ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū kaikaina, ka wā maikaʻi ʻole, a i ʻole ke keakea ʻia i ka hatching. Holo nā keiki ʻōpio ma waena o 71 a me 79 mau lā o ko lāua mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o grebe
Uhi nā mākua i nā hua me nā mea mai ka pūnana mai ma mua o ka haʻalele. Pale pono kēia hana i nā mea ʻino nui, nā coots (Fulica atra), kahi e ʻai ai i nā hua manu. Ke kū mai ka makaʻu, pani ka makua i nā hua, luʻu i loko o ka wai a ʻau i waho ma kahi mamao loa mai ka pūnana. ʻO kekahi hana anti-predator e kōkua i nā grebes e hūnā i kā lākou mau hua ke ʻano o nā pūnana, i kāpae ʻia a i ʻole hapa ʻia i ka wai. Pale kēia i nā hua mai nā mea ʻaihue ʻāina.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: I mea e pale ai i ka predation, lawe nā mākua i nā moa ma ko lākou kua i nā pule he 3 ma hope o ka hatching.
Hoʻouka ʻo Carrion i nā ʻalalā a me nā muries i nā grebes liʻiliʻi ke waiho ʻia e nā mākua. ʻO nā loli i nā pae wai kahi kumu o ka nalo ʻana o nā keiki. Wahi a nā ʻano noiʻi like ʻole ma UK, ʻEulopa ʻĀulika a me Lūkia, aia ma waena o 2.1 a me 2.6 pups no ka paʻa. Make kekahi mau moa i ka pōloli, no ka mea ua lilo ka pilina me ka manu makua. Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā kūlana maikaʻi ʻole i ka helu o nā keiki e ola nei.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻo ka pale ʻana o Greyhound i ka 19 kenekulia i lilo i pahuhopu nui o ka British Animal Welfare Association. ʻO ka momona, ka silky plumage o ka umauma a me ka ʻōpū i hoʻohana ākea ma ka ʻoihana. Hana nā mea hoʻolālā kiʻi i nā ʻāpana huluhulu o nā koleka, nā pāpale a me nā muffs mai loko mai. Mahalo i nā hana e pale aku i ka RSPB, ua mālama ʻia ka laha ma UK.
ʻOiai ʻo ka iʻa ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai no ka Grebe, ua alualu mau ka poʻe iā ia. ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa mai nā lawaiʻa, nā ʻimi holoholona a me nā poʻe leʻaleʻa wai, ka mea e kipa nui aku i nā wahi wai liʻiliʻi a me ko lākou wahi kai, no laila ʻo nā manu, ʻoiai ka mālama ʻana i nā wahi kūlohelohe, e lilo i mea maʻamau ʻole.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pīpī lawaiʻa maikaʻi
Ma hope o ka emi ʻana o ka helu o Grebes ma muli o ka hopena o ka hopu holoholona ʻana a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka nohona, ua hana ʻia nā mea e hōʻemi ai i ka huli holoholona no lākou, a mai ka hopena o ka makahiki 1960, ua nui ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka poʻe. Eia hou, ua hoʻonui nui ka laha i kona wahi. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka heluna kanaka a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻāina ma muli o ka eutrophication o ka wai ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka momona a, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai, ʻo ka iʻa keʻokeʻo paha. Hāʻawi pū ka hana ʻana i nā loko iʻa a me nā waihona wai.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka helu o nā kānaka ma ʻEulopa mai 300,000 a i 450,000 mau pā hānau. Aia ka heluna nui loa ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia, kahi mai 90,000 a 150,000 pālua hānau. ʻO nā ʻāina me 15,000 mau pā hānau hānau ʻo Finilana, Lituania, Polani, Rumania, Suedena a me Ukraine. Ma Central Europe, hānai ʻia nā 63,000 a 90,000 mau pā hānau.
Ua ʻimi ʻia ʻo Crest Grebe i ka mōʻaukala no ka meaʻai ma Nūhōlani a me nā plumage ma Pelekane. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻoweliweli hou ʻia e ka ʻimi holoholona, akā hiki ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia e nā hopena anthropogenic, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā loko, ke hoʻomohala kūlanakauhale, nā hoʻokūkū, nā mea ʻānai, nā ʻupena lawaiʻa, nā ninini aila a me nā maʻi flu. Eia nō naʻe, he kūlana mālama ko lākou i kēia manawa me ka hopohopo ʻole e like me IUCN.
Chomga kekahi o nā laha e loli loa i ka hoʻololi i ke aniau. ʻO ka pūʻulu noiʻi, e hoʻopaʻa nei i ka mahele e hiki mai ana o nā manu hānau ʻEulopa e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona aniau, kuhi ʻia e loli ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻano i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 21. E like me kēia wānana, e hoʻēmi ka ʻāpana o ka puʻunaue ʻana ma kahi o ka hapakolu a e neʻe like i ka ʻākau hikina ʻākau. ʻO nā wahi hoʻoili e hiki mai ana e pili ana i ka Kola Peninsula, ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke komohana o Lūkia.
Lā paʻi: 11.07.2019
Lā hou: 07/05/2020 ma 11:24
