Moku ʻāpapa, i ka nānā mua ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa iki i ko lākou ʻohana. Akā he nui nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nahesa e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai nā moonihoawa ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa pinepine ka viper steppe i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o nā ʻāina CIS, no laila he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o kēia nahesa ʻona a he aha nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna ʻano.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Steppe viper
ʻO ka viper steppe no ka genus o vipers maoli (vipera) o ka ʻohana viper. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka genus ma aneane o nā ʻāina āpau o ka honua, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa i nā mahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa. He mea kolo ʻo Vipers i hoʻolaha ākea ʻia a puni ka honua.
ʻO ka genus o ka moonihoawa he ʻano ʻokoʻa, kahi mea paʻakikī e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. Maliʻa paha e mahele koke ʻia ka genus i kekahi mau subgenera ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa ikaika ma waena o nā moʻo o ka genus mai kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻohui pū kekahi i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hiki i kekahi genera ke hui pū kekahi me kekahi, e hana ana i keiki hou loa.
Video: Steppe viper
He nahesa liʻiliʻi i hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā moonihoawa liʻiliʻi. I kekahi mau moonihoawa, ʻokoʻa iki ke poʻo mai ke kino: ua uhi ʻia me nā papa e hoʻomalu ai i ka nahesa. Me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia, he poʻe ʻaihuna pō nā nakeke āpau, a i ka lā e makemake lākou e moe i kahi mehameha, wili ʻia i ka pōpō.
ʻAi wale nā Vipers i nā holoholona mehana koko - he mea nui ia na lākou e ʻike i ke kahe o ke koko me ko lākou honi. Alualu alualu lākou i ka mea pio, makemake e noho i kahi hoʻohālua. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā moʻo wahine ma mua o nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka pōkole a me ka lahilahi o ke kino - ʻo ko lākou lōʻihi ma kahi o 66 cm, ʻoiai hiki i nā wahine ke hōʻea i 75 a i ʻole 90 knm. Ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻulaʻula nā maka o ka moonihoawa, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka viper e nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona ma luna ona. unahi, unahi.
ʻĀkena nā moonihoawa āpau, akā i nā kēkelē like ʻole. Hiki ke ola ka nahu o kekahi, akā make ka nahu o kekahi nahesa ʻē aʻe o ka like inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hāʻawi i ke kōkua mua. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, omo ʻia ka lāʻau make mai loko o ka ʻeha inā ʻaʻohe ʻeha ma ka waha - inā ʻaʻole e komo hou ka lāʻau make i ke kahe o ke koko.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Manaʻo ka Pukiki e hāʻawi ʻia kahi kanaka i nahu ʻia e ka viper i ka waiʻona ikaika i hiki ke pale i nā hopena o ka lāʻau make ma ke kino.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Snake Steppe Viper
Hiki i ka wahine o ka viper steppe viper ke hoʻololi i ka lōʻihi mai 55 cm a 63 cm, me ka lōʻihi o ka huelo. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka huelo o ka viper ma ka awelika ma kahi o 7-9 knm. ʻO ke poʻo o ka nahesa he ʻano pālahalaha elongated (kuhikuhi oval), hāpai ʻia ka lihi o ka waha. Hoʻoikaika ka maka o waho o ke poʻo me nā pale liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, a uhi pū ʻia ka puka ihu, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka pale ihu.
Manaʻo ʻia, ma ka awelika, aia ma kahi o ka viper ma kahi o 120-152 mau ʻōpū, 20-30 pai pālua o nā scute sub-caudal a me 19 mau lālani o nā scutes i waenakonu o ke kino. ʻO ke kala o ka nahesa he camouflage: pena ʻia ka hope i brown a hina paha, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka hope o ke kua ma mua o ke koena o ke kino. Holo kahi kahakaha zigzag ma waenakonu o ke kino, i mahele ʻia i kekahi mau mea kōkua i nā wahi liʻiliʻi. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke kino, aia nā kiko kikoʻī e ʻae ai i ka nahesa e noho ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka mauʻu.
Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka poʻo o ka moonihoawa i kahi lauʻeleʻele. Hinahina a waiū waiū kona ʻōpū. ʻUlaʻula a ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele nā maka o ka viper, brown, me kahi haumāna paʻa lahilahi. Pale lākou i nā kuʻemaka. ʻO ke kala holoʻokoʻa o ia ʻano viper e kuhikuhi ʻia i ka camouflaging a me ka huikau o nā mea pio: i ka neʻe ʻana, e hui pū nā kiko a me nā kaha i mea e paʻakikī ai ka mālama ʻana i ka nahesa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma waena o nā moonihoawa, aia he albinos ʻelua a me nā kānaka ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe.
Neʻe ka viper e like me ka nahesa maʻamau, e wili ana me kona kino holoʻokoʻa a hoʻokuke aku i ka honua me nā mākala ikaika. Akā ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala pono ʻia kona mau mākala e piʻi maʻalahi i nā puʻu kiʻekiʻe a piʻi i nā kumulāʻau, a hoʻoholo kēia i ka nohona o ka nahesa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka viper steppe?
Kiʻi: Steppe viper ma ka moku ʻo Rostov
ʻO ka hapanui o kēia ʻano liona e loaʻa i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa hema, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- nā panalāʻau o Yugoslavia ma mua;
- Helene;
- Hunakalia;
- Kelemānia;
- Palani;
- Ikalia;
- Ukelena;
- Romānia;
- Pulukalia;
- Alepania.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia i nā ʻāpana steppe a me nā ululāʻau. Kuhi ʻia kahi helu nui ma ka Ter Teritori, Rostov Region, ma ka panalāʻau o South Siberia. I kekahi manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai i kahi viper steppe ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka hikina o Lūkia - ka moku ʻo Volga-Kama a me Altai.
ʻO nā wahi kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke launa me ka stepper viper pinepine ka ʻāina pālahalaha. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā ʻano he nui i ka steppe viper mai nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka genus of vipers maoli, i makemake e noho ma nā wahi mauna, e peʻe ana i nā lua o nā pōhaku. He unpretentious ka viper steppe ma nā wahi o kahi e noho ai: kau ia i nā kaumaha liʻiliʻi i ka lepo a i ʻole nā kolo ma lalo o nā pōhaku pohihihi.
ʻAʻole maʻamau ka ʻike ʻana i kahi viper steppe kokoke i ke kai, emi pinepine i kahi wahi pōhaku. Makemake ʻo ia e kolo i waho i ke kula ākea a i ʻole steppe i ka pō, kahi e hoʻohuli ʻo ia iā ia iho a kali i kahi mea pio. He weliweli loa kēia viper ke kūkulu ia i kāna mau pūnana ma nā wahi hānai a me nā māla, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke lawe i kahi kanaka e hoʻokokoke ana i kahi hoʻoweliweli, a ʻo kahi hopena e hoʻouka koke ia.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo nā moonihoawaʻa Steppe, ʻaʻole like me nā moonihoawa maʻamau, mai hana i nā pūnana nāhesa nui, e māhele like ʻia ma luna o ka ʻāina, a ʻaʻole e pili ana i nā wahi like ʻole.
Ma nā wahi hema o ka moʻo o ka nahesa, hiki ke loaʻa iā ia i nā wao nahele a me nā wao akua: e ʻoluʻolu ka nahesa i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a inā he wela, hoʻopilikia a hoʻohālua paha, kanu ia iā ia iho i ke one, hui pū me ia me ke kōkua o nā lauana.
He aha ka ʻai a ka viper steppe?
Kiʻi: Crimean steppe viper
ʻOkoʻa ka papaʻai o ka stepper viper, akā ʻai wale lākou i ka meaʻai ola. Ma muli o ke alakaʻi ʻia ʻana o nā moʻo e ka ʻala a me ke kani, koho lākou i kā lākou mea pio e pili ana i ke kahe o ke koko a me ka ʻoluʻolu o ko lākou honi i ka nahesa. Akā ʻo ka mea like ʻole o ka viper steppe ʻoi aku ka makemake o ia e ʻai i nā mea kolo ma mua o nā manu a me nā māmala.
I ke kauwela, hopu ka ʻānō i ka ʻūhini, nā ʻalekini, nā ʻūhini, a me nā hoʻopiha. Hūnā ʻia i waena o ke one, ka honua a i ʻole nā pōhaku, hana ia i ke kīloi wikiwiki, pololei, hopu i ka mea pio a ale koke ia. ʻAʻole like me nā moonihoawa ʻē aʻe, e hānai nei i nā holoholona nui aʻe, pono e ʻai ka viper i nā manawa he nui i ka lā, no laila neʻe pinepine ka moʻo mai kahi ʻē i kahi e ʻimi ai i kahi pio hou.
Mea hoihoi: Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka mea pio, ʻaneʻane hoʻohana ʻole nā ʻāpana steppa i ka lāʻau make, e ale wale i ka mea i loaʻa.
Akā ʻaʻole nānā ka nahesa i nā kolo liʻiliʻi loa - hoihoi wale ia i nā mākua, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea momona. No laila, i ka pūnāwai, ke ulu ʻole nā mea kolo, ʻimi ka viper i nā rodents, nā moʻo, nā moa (hiki ke kiʻi ʻia me ka piʻi ʻole ʻana o nā kumulāʻau), ʻai i nā hua manu, ʻai i nā spider a me nā rana. I ka wā o ka pūnāwai, hōʻole nā moʻo he nui ʻaʻole e ʻai, ʻo ia ke kumu e ola ʻole ai lākou a hiki i ke kauwela. Hiki ke ʻai i kekahi mea pio nui a ʻehā mau lā, e waiho ana i ka moʻo piha a palaualelo no kēia wā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: viper steppe hikina
Noho ka viper steppe ma ka pālahalaha a kokoke paha iā ia, e hele ana i laila no ka hopu holoholona. Kūkulu ʻo ia i kāna pūnana i loko o nā nāhelehele, ma lalo o nā kualapa pōhaku, nā pōhaku, i waena o nā mānoanoa. Kākaʻikahi, ma muli o ka nele o ka meaʻai, hiki ke piʻi i ka ʻāina puʻu a i 2700 mau mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai.
He nahesa mehameha nā nūpepa steppe, akā hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā puʻupuʻu a hiki i kekahi mau kakini ma ka hectare o ka ʻāina. I nā lā kauwela, hiamoe lākou i loko o kā lākou pūnana, ʻōwili i ka pōpō, a i ka pō hele lākou i ke alualu ʻana i nā mea kolo i ka pō. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, hiki iā ia ke piʻi i nā kumu haʻahaʻa. I ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, kolo ʻo ia i waho e ʻimi pinepine ai, hiki ke loaʻa ʻo ia i ka waena o ka lā.
Penei ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilo: ma ke mele hoʻokahi a i nā hui liʻiliʻi, koho nā ʻāpala i kahi māwae i ka honua, kahi lua a me kahi lua pāpaʻu, kahi e ʻolokaʻa ai i kahi pōpō. ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻomanawanui i nā mahana haʻahaʻa, no laila nui nā moʻo e make i ka wā hoʻoilo. Akā i ka manawa like, pili nui lākou i ka thaws, no laila inā i ka hoʻoilo e piʻi ka mahana i +4 kekelē, kolo nā nahesa i waho.
I kahi kūlana mālie, lohi ka viper, akā ma kahi pālahalaha hiki ke hoʻomohala i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻau maikaʻi ʻo ia a lawa ka paʻakikī e ʻauʻa kūʻē i ke au no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Na lākou iho, ʻaʻole huhū nā ʻupena, a ke alo aku lākou i kahi kanaka a i ʻole kahi predator nui, makemake lākou e heʻe. Eia nō naʻe, weliweli ke komo i ka alualu, ʻoiai hiki i ka nahesa ke huli a kū i kahi kūlana pale, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ana i ke kino kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka honua. Inā pili pono ʻoe iā ia, e ʻōkē ana ʻo ia. Hiki i ka viper ke hoʻopaʻa i nā mākala o ke kino i mea e lawa ai ka lele ʻana a hiki i ka ʻenemi.
Eia kekahi, huhū nā moʻo lipi i ka wā o ka moena a i ka wā o ka paʻa. ʻAʻole make ka ʻawa o ka viper, akā weliweli i ke olakino. Ma ke kahua o ka nahu, aia ka ʻulaʻula, pehu; nausea hiki, ninini, koko i ka mimi. Me kahi nahu, pono ʻoe e omo i ka lāʻau make mai loko o ka ʻeha no 5-7 mau minuke, e hāʻawi i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia i ka wai inu a hāʻawi i ke kikowaena lapaʻau
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Steppe viper ma Crimea
I ka mua a i ʻole ka waena o ʻApelila, hoʻomaka ka wā moʻo no nā moonihoawa - ʻo kēia ka manawa kokoke no ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hibernation. Ma mua o ke kau moʻo, noho hoʻokahi nā moʻo, kākaʻikahi i nā hui nui, akā i ka wā o ka moʻo ʻana, nānā nā kāne i nā wahine i nā hipa liʻiliʻi.
No hoʻokahi wahine moonihoawa he 6-8 kāne e hoʻonohonoho i nā pāʻani moena. Hoʻopili lākou a puni ka wahine a wili i loko o nā kino. ʻAʻohe mea lanakila a mea eo paha i kēia pāʻani - e koho ka wahine i ke kāne āna e makemake nui ai.
I kekahi manawa hoʻonohonoho nā kāne o nā ʻāpana manuahi i nā hoʻokūkū. Kū lākou i nā hakakā me nā poʻo i hāpai ʻia i luna a hilinaʻi i ko lākou huelo, a laila kuʻi kekahi i kekahi me ko lākou kino a me ko lākou poʻo. ʻAʻole kēia he hoʻokūkū koko, ʻoiai ʻaʻole nahu nā nāhesa kekahi i kekahi a ʻaʻole ʻimi e hoʻomake - e luku wale ka nahesa ikaika loa i kāna mea hoʻokūkū a kūlou kona poʻo i ka honua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻo kēlā ʻano ʻelemu moʻomeheu i waena o nā moʻo ka inoa i kapa ʻia he mau hula.
Ma hope o kēlā mau hulahula, makemake nā nahesa e hoʻomaha ma kahi ākea no hoʻokahi a ʻelua mau lā, e hoʻomoe wale ana i ka lā. I kēia manawa, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā moʻo e nā kānaka, akā i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hakakā, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻomaha nei.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona, ʻo ka hāpai ʻana o ka viper steppe mau:
- 90 mau lā ma nā wahi hema;
- 130 mau lā ma Rūsia a me nā wahi ʻākau.
Lawe mai ka wahine i nā keiki ola, i hānau ʻia i loko o ka pūpū palupalu a hatch koke iā ia. I hoʻokahi paʻa, ma ke ʻano he rula, aia wale nō he 5-6 mau cubs, ma kahi o 12-18 cm ka lōʻihi. Ma lalo o ka nānā a ka makuahine, hānai lākou i nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi, a loaʻa koke kahi loli o ka ʻili - molting. I ke kolu o ka makahiki o ke ola, ulu a ka moonihoawa a hiki i ka hānau keiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: I kekahi manawa hiki i ka wahine ke waiho i nā hua he 28 i loko o ka paʻa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā moonihoawa
Kiʻi: Steppe viper ma ka moku ʻo Orenburg
Piha nā steppes i nā mea hōkai, a kū maka nā moonihoawa i nā mea weliweli ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka mea a ke kanaka.
ʻO nā ʻenemi maʻamau o nā ʻāpana steppe:
- pueo, nāna e hoʻouka pinepine i nā moʻo i ka hopu holoholona ʻana i ka pō. Hoʻopilikia nā manu i ka nahesa, ʻike lū koke mai kahi kiʻekiʻe loa, no laila hiki koke ka make;
- ʻaeto ʻaeto - ʻimi pinepine lākou i nā nahesa no ka nele i ka meaʻai ʻē aʻe;
- loonie;
- nā ʻeke ʻeleʻele e neʻe i kēia mau panalāʻau i ke kauwela a me ke kauwela;
- hoʻouka nā lāʻau hedgehogs i nā nahesa ʻōpio a nāwaliwali hoʻi;
- ʻalopeke;
- puaʻa ʻāhiu;
- ʻūlili ʻino;
- ʻalalā steppe.
ʻOiai ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka viper i ka wikiwiki i loko o ka ʻāina ākea, lohi ia i ka pili ʻana i nā predators he nui e hoʻoweliweli iā ia. Ke kū nei i kahi makaʻu, ʻo ka mea mua a ka viper steppe e kolo aku ai, e hoʻāʻo ana e hūnā i kahi māwae i ka honua a i ʻole e ʻike i kahi pōhaku a i lua paha kūpono. Ke kolo nei ʻo ia, wili ikaika nei i kahi ʻano S.
Inā haʻalele ʻole ka viper, huli i ka predator a emi i loko o kahi zigzag paʻa. Ke kokoke kokoke ka ʻenemi, hana ʻo ia i kahi hoʻolei wikiwiki i kāna kuhikuhi. ʻO ka pinepine, aʻo ʻia nā holoholona steppe e alualu i nā moonihoawa, no laila ua eo ka nahesa. Aia kekahi mau manawa, nahu ʻia ka predator, loaʻa mau ʻo ia iā ia no ka meaʻai, akā make koke ʻo ia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Steppe viper ma ka moku ʻo Volgograd
I ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka viper e loaʻa ai ka lāʻau make, akā i kēia manawa ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia hana ma muli o ka make nui o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma hope o nā kaʻina hana. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hāʻule ka nui o nā moonihoawaʻe, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole kokoke nā nahesa. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke kumu anthropogenic: ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻāina no nā mea mahiʻai e alakaʻi i ka luku ʻia ʻana o kēia mau moʻo.
Me ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau panalāʻau, aneane hoʻopau ʻia kēia nahesa ma Ukraine ma muli o ka palau ʻana o ka ʻāina. Ma ʻEulopa, pale ʻia nā ʻaneki steppe e ka Berne Convention ma ke ʻano he ʻano laha i ka luku ʻia. I nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, nalowale ka viper ma muli o ka loli ʻole o ke aniau, a he hopena nō hoʻi ia o ka hana kanaka. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu loa, aia ka viper steppe ma ka Red Book o Ukraine, akā hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka heluna kanaka i nā panalāʻau hema.
I nā wahi e palahalaha ai ka viper steppe, hiki i ka helu o ka poʻe i kēlā me kēia kilomika kilomika ke 15-20. He paʻakikī e inoa i ka helu pono o nā nāhesa i ka honua, akā moonihoawa ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia me ka make a hana kope maikaʻi i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa.
Lā paʻi: 08.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/24/2019 ma 20:57
