ʻO Kitoglav He manu wai nui ia e hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻole ʻia i kona nuku "like kāmaʻa" like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i kahi hiʻohiʻona prehistoric, e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ke kumu o nā manu mai nā dinosaur. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano i nā ʻāina ʻeiwa o ʻApelika a he nui ka nui, akā loaʻa ia i nā kaiāulu liʻiliʻi, e pili ana i nā kahawai a me nā wahi wai.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kitoglav
Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Kitoglav e ko ʻAigupita kahiko a me ko ʻAlapia, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a hiki i ka kenekulia 19, i ka manawa i lawe ʻia mai ai nā mea ola i ʻEulopa. Ua wehewehe ʻo John Gould i ka laha i ka makahiki 1850 e like me Balaeniceps rex. ʻO ka inoa genus mai nā huaʻōlelo Latina ʻo balaena "whale" a me caput "poʻo", pōkole -ceps i nā huaʻōlelo hoʻohui. Kāhea ka poʻe ʻArabia i kēia manu ʻo Abu Markub, ʻo ia hoʻi "kāmaʻa".
Video: Kitoglav
Hoʻopili maʻamau me nā stiger (Ciconiiformes), mālama ʻia ia i loko o ka taxonomy Sibley-Ahlquist, kahi i hoʻohui i kahi helu nui o nā ʻauhau pili ʻole i Ciconiiformes. I kēia mau lā, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka whav glav e pili kokoke ana i nā pelicans (e pili ana i nā hoʻohālikelike anatomical) a i ʻole nā herons (e pili ana i ka ʻike biochemical).
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻO ka nānā ʻana me ka mikroskopa o ke ʻano o ka egghell i ka makahiki 1995, ua ʻae ʻo Konstantin Mikhailov e ʻike i ka iwi o ke poʻo kohola i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka iwi o ka pelican.
ʻO ka uhi ponoʻī he mea microglobulin mānoanoa ma luna aʻe o nā ʻāpana crystalline. Hōʻoia ka noiʻi DNA hou nei i ko lākou pilina me nā Pelecaniformes.
I kēia manawa, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻelua mau mōʻī o nā ʻohana kohola.
- ʻO Goliathia mai ka Oligocene Early mai ʻAigupita mai;
- ʻO Paludavis mai ka Miocene Early.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka manu puʻupuʻu ʻApelika pohihihi ʻo Eremopezus, he ʻohana nō hoʻi ia o ka whaleworm, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia nā hōʻike. ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia e pili ana iā Eremopesis he manu nui loa ia, he manu lele ʻole paha me nā wāwae maʻalahi e ʻae iā ia e kū i nā lau nahele a me nā mea pio.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: manu kohola
ʻO Shoebills wale nō ka lālā o ka hanauna Balaeniceps a ʻo ka lālā ola wale nō o ka ʻohana Balaenicipitidae. ʻO kēia mau manu kiʻekiʻe, ʻano makaʻu hoʻi me kahi kiʻekiʻe o 110 a 140 cm, a ʻo kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona i hiki i 152 cm. ʻO ka lōʻihi mai ka huelo a ka nuku e hiki ke 100 mai ka 1401 cm, ʻo ka ʻūheu mai 230 a 260 cm. He nui nā nuku elongated o nā kāne. ... ʻO ke kaumaha i hōʻike ʻia mai 4 a 7 kg. E kaupaona ke kāne ma ka awelika ma kahi o 5.6 kg a ʻoi aku, ʻo ke kaulike o ka wahine ma 4.9 kg.
Hinahina hina ka plumage me kahi poʻo hina hina. ʻO nā kala ʻeleʻele i nā ʻōlelo ʻeleʻele, ʻoiai nā kala ʻeleʻele i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ke kino o ka malu o ka hina. Ma ke kua o kahi poʻo kahi hulu liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hāpai ʻia i kahi waihona. Ua uhi ʻia ka moa poʻo kohola hou i ka silky silky i lalo, a he ʻeleʻele iki ke kala o ka hina ma mua o nā mākua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Wahi a nā ornithologists, ʻo kēia ʻano kekahi o nā manu ʻelima maikaʻi loa i ʻApelika. Aia kekahi mau kiʻi Aigupita o kahi poʻo kohola.
ʻO ka nuku ʻōhumu ka hiʻohiʻona nui loa o ka manu a ʻano like me kahi kīpoki lāʻau kala-ʻalani me nā kahakaha hina hina. He hale nunui ia, e pau ana i ka lou oi a me ka lou. ʻO nā Mandibles (mandibles) he mau kihi ʻoiʻoi e kōkua i ka hopu a ʻai i ka mea pio. Liʻiliʻi a mānoanoa hoʻi ka ʻāʻī ma mua o ko nā manu wading wāwae ʻē aʻe e like me nā manu puaʻa a me nā heona. Nui a maka melemele a hina keʻokeʻo paha i nā maka. Lōʻihi a ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā wāwae. Lōʻihi loa nā manamana wāwae a hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia me ka ʻole pūnaewele pūnaewele ma waena o lākou.
Ma hea e noho ai ke poʻo kohola?
Kiʻi: Kitoglav ma Zambia
ʻO ka laha ka hopena o ʻApelika a noho i ka ʻaoʻao hikina-waena o ka ʻāina nui.
ʻO nā hui nui o nā manu:
- ma ka hema o Sudan (ma ka Nile Keʻokeʻo ka hapanui);
- nā wahi wai ma ka ʻākau o Uganda;
- ma ke komohana o Tanzania;
- ma nā ʻāpana o Koko hikina;
- ma ka hikina hikina o Zambia ma ke kaona ʻo Bangweulu;
- Loaʻa nā heluna liʻiliʻi ma ka hikina ʻo Zaire a me Rwanda.
ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia laha i ka subregion o Nile Komohana a me nā wahi e pili ana o ka hema o Sudan. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hihia kaʻawale o ka noho ʻana o nā poʻo kohola ma Kenya, ma ka ʻĀkau o Cameroon, ma ka hema komohana o ʻAitiopa a me Malawi. Ua ʻike ʻia nā poʻe holoholo i loko o nā kīʻaha ʻo Okavango, Botswana a me ka muliwai ʻo Kongo kiʻekiʻe. He manu neʻeu ʻole ʻo Shoebill me ka neʻe palena iki o ka neʻe ʻana ma ka nohona, loaʻa ka meaʻai a me ka haunaele o ke kanaka.
Ua koho ʻia nā poʻo kohola i nā puʻu wai hou a me nā wahi kai ākea a paʻa hoʻi. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou i nā wahi kahawai i hoʻopili ʻia me nā papyrus paʻa a me nā ʻohe. Ke kū nei ke kikola kohola i loko o kahi hohonu o ka wai, pono ia i nā mea kanu lana. Makemake pū lākou i nā kino o ka wai me ka wai oxygenated maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka iʻa e noho ana ma kahi e piʻi pinepine ai, e hoʻonui ana i ka hopu ʻia ʻana.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka manu kohola. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ke poʻo kohola?
Kiʻi: Kitoglav a i ʻole herona aliʻi
Lilo nā poʻo koholā i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa e mahi ʻai ana i ke kai. ʻO ka hapa nui o kā lākou papaʻai karnivorous me nā vertebrates o ka wai.
Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano waiwai e makemake ʻia e hoʻopili:
- prototype marble (P. aethiopicus);
- Polypiper Senegalese (P. senegalus);
- nā ʻano like ʻole o nā tilapias;
- iʻa hihi (Silurus).
ʻO nā mea pio ʻē aʻe i hoʻopau ʻia e kēia ʻanoʻano:
- rana;
- nahesa wai;
- Nā moʻo nile monitor (V. niloticus);
- nā koka liʻiliʻi;
- manu kuhukukū liʻiliʻi;
- nahenahe;
- kiwi;
- moa moa liʻiliʻi.
Me kona nuku nui, ʻoiʻoi kona ʻiʻo a me kona waha ākea, hiki i ka glider whale ke ʻimi i nā holoholona i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā manu ʻauʻau ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka iʻa e ʻai ʻia e kēia ʻano he 15 a 50 cm paha ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ma kahi o 500 g. ʻO nā moʻo e alualu ʻia he 50 a 60 knm ka lōʻihi. naheie lika a me ka wai.
ʻO nā hana nui i hoʻohana ʻia e nā nuku kohola ʻo "kū a kali" a "auwana mālie." Ke loaʻa kahi mea pio, hāʻule koke ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī o ka manu i loko o ka wai, a lilo ka manu i ke kaulike a hāʻule. Ma hope o kēlā, pono e hoʻihoʻi ke poʻo kohola i ke kaulike a hoʻomaka hou mai kahi kū.
Me nā mea pio, hāʻule nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu i ka nuku. I mea e hoʻopau ai i ka nui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, hoʻoluliluli ke poʻo o ke koholā i ko lākou mau poʻo mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a kēia ʻaoʻao, e paʻa ana i ka mea pio. Hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia ka mea pio ma mua o ka ale ʻana. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia kahi nuku nui e huki i ka lepo ma lalo o ka loko iʻa e huki i nā iʻa i hūnā ʻia i nā lua.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Heron Kitoglav
ʻAʻole hui ʻo Kitheads i nā hui i ka hānai ʻana. Ke ʻike wale ʻia ka hemahema o ka meaʻai, e hānai ana kēia mau manu i kekahi me kekahi. Loaʻa pinepine nā kāne a me nā wahine o ka pā hānau i nā meaʻai ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o kā lākou teritori. ʻAʻole neʻe nā manu i ka wā e kū nei nā kūlana hānai maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau wahi o kā lākou laulā, e neʻe lākou i nā kau ma waena o nā wahi pūnana a me nā wahi hānai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: makaʻu ʻole ʻo Kitoglavs i ka poʻe. Ua hiki i nā kānaka noiʻi ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kēia mau manu ke hoʻokokoke aku ma mua o 2 m i ko lākou pūnana. ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli nā manu i ka poʻe, akā nānā pono iā lākou.
Ke kolo nei ʻo Kitheads i nā thermals (kahi nui o ka ea e piʻi nei), a ʻike pinepine ʻia e lele ana ma luna o kā lākou panalāʻau i ka lā. I ka lele ʻana, hoʻi ka ʻāʻī o ka manu. ʻO ka hulu, ma ke ʻano he kūmau, hāmau, akā ʻū pinepine me ko lākou nuku. Hoʻokipa ʻoluʻolu nā mākua i kekahi i kekahi i ka pūnana, a kani wale nā keiki i ko lākou nuku i ke pāʻani ʻana. E kani ana ka poʻe mākua i ka walaʻau a i ʻole ka "mooing", a e hana nā keiki hic i nā hiccup, keu hoʻi ke noi lākou no ka meaʻai.
ʻO nā manaʻo nui a nā poʻo kohola e hoʻohana ai i ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana he ʻike a he lohe. I mea e hoʻomaʻalahi ai i ka ʻike maka binocular, paʻa nā manu i ko lākou poʻo a nuku i lalo i ko lākou umauma. Paʻa ka kitoglav i kona mau ʻeheu i ka wā e hemo ai, a lele e like me nā pelicans me kona ʻāʻī i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. ʻO ke alapine pinepine ma kahi o 150 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia minuke. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā wikiwiki wikiwiki loa o kēlā me kēia manu, koe wale nō ka nui o ke kikonia. ʻO ke ʻano hoʻohālike lele o ke kāwili ʻana a me ke kaapuni ʻana o ka holo ʻana ma kahi o ʻehiku kekona. Ua noho nā manu i ka nāhelehele no kahi o 36 mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Kitoglav i ka lele
Kitoglavs - loaʻa kahi ʻaneʻane ma kahi o 3 km². I ka wā hānau, he teritori nui kēia mau manu a pale i ka pūnana mai nā mea ʻaihue a mea hoʻokūkū paha. Hoʻololi nā manawa hānau ma o ka wahi, akā kūlike me ka hoʻomaka o ke kau maloʻo. Noho ka pōʻaiapuni i 6 a 7 mau mahina. ʻO kahi kihi me ke anawaena o 3 mika e hehi ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia no kahi pūnana.
Aia ka pūnana ma kahi mokupuni liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā lau nahele e lana ana. Ulana pū nā mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e like me ka mauʻu, ulana pū ma ka honua e hana i kahi hanana nui ma kahi o 1 mika ke anawaena. Hoʻokahi i ʻekolu, maʻamau ʻelua, hoʻomoe ʻia nā hua keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, akā i ka pau ʻana o ka pōʻai hānau hoʻokahi wale nō keiki i koe. He 30 mau lā ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana. Hānai ʻo Kitheads i kā lākou mau moa me ka regurgitating ʻai ma kahi o 1-3 mau manawa i ka lā, 5-6 mau manawa ke ulu a makua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā poʻo kohola kahi hana lohi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻolālā nā hulu a puni 60 mau lā, a haʻalele nā moa i ka pūnana ma ka lā 95 wale nō. Akā e hiki i nā moa ke lele ma kahi o 105-112 mau lā. Hoʻomau ka makua e hānai i nā keiki ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka holo.
ʻO nā poʻo koholā he mau manu monogamous. Pili nā mākua ʻelua i nā ʻano āpau o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pūnana, ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana i ka moa. I mea e hōʻoluʻolu ai i nā hua, lawe ka makua i kahi nuku o ka wai a ninini iā ia i ka punana. Hoʻomoe pū lākou i nā mauʻu mauʻu a puni ka hua a huli nā hua me kā lākou mau wāwae a nuku paha.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā poʻo kohola
Kiʻi: manu kohola
Nui nā mea ʻaihue i nā poʻo koholā makua. ʻO kēia nā manu nui o ka ʻio (hawk, falcon, kite) e hoʻouka kaua ana i ka wā o ka lele lohi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā ʻenemi weliweli loa he mau crocodiles, kahi e noho ai ma nā wahi wai ʻApelika i ka nui. Hiki ke lawe ʻia nā chicks a me nā hua manu e nā mea ʻaihue he nui, akā liʻiliʻi iki kēia, ʻoiai pale mau kēia mau manu i kā lākou ʻōpio a kūkulu i nā pūnana i nā wahi hiki ʻole i ka poʻe makemake e ʻai iā lākou.
ʻO nā ʻenemi weliweli o ke poʻo o ke koholā ka poʻe hopu manu a kūʻai aku iā lākou no ka meaʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻōiwi ke kālā he nui mai ke kūʻai aku ʻana o kēia mau manu i nā zoo. Hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka kitoglav e nā poʻe ʻimi holoholona, ka luku ʻia ʻana o ko lākou wahi e nā kānaka a me nā kapu moʻomeheu i hiki ai ke ʻimi ʻimi ʻia a hopu ʻia e nā lālā o nā ʻohana kūloko.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: I nā moʻomeheu ʻApelika he nui, manaʻo ʻia nā poʻo kohola he kapu a pōʻino ʻole. Koi ʻia kekahi o nā ʻohana kūloko i ko lākou lālā e pepehi i kēia mau manu no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ko lākou ʻāina i nā hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka luku ʻia o nā laha i nā ʻāpana o ʻApelika.
ʻO ke kūʻai ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka e nā zoo, i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke ola o kēia laha, ua alakaʻi ʻia i kahi hōʻemi nui o nā lehulehu. Lawe ʻia nā manu he nui mai ko lākou wahi maoli a kau ʻia i nā zoo e hōʻole. ʻO kēia no ka mea he hūnā loa nā poʻo kohola a me nā holoholona mehameha, a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka hele, nā wahi kamaʻāina ʻole, a me ke alo o ka poʻe ma nā zoo ke ʻike ʻia e luku i kēia mau manu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Kitoglav i ke kūlohelohe
Nui nā kuhi o ka nui o nā poʻo kohola, akā ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa he 11,000-15,000 mau manu ma ke kaha holoʻokoʻa. Ma muli o ka hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻana o nā lehulehu ma nā wahi nui a hiki ʻole i ka hapa nui o nā kānaka i ka hapa nui o ka makahiki, paʻakikī e loaʻa kahi helu hilinaʻi.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli e ka luku a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā wahi noho, ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana a me ka hei ʻana no ke kālepa manu. Ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nei kahi nohona kūpono no ka hānai ʻana a hānai holoholona ʻana. A e like me kou ʻike, hehi ka pipi i nā pūnana. Ma Uganda, hiki i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka aila ke hoʻololi i nā lehulehu o kēia laha ma o nā loli noho a me ka hoʻohaumia aila. Hiki i ka hoʻohaumia ke lilo i mea nui kahi e kahe ai nā ʻōpala agrochemical a me nā tannery i loko o ka loko Victoria.
Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano no ke kālepa zoo, kahi pilikia, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Tanzania kahi e kū kānāwai ai ke kālepa ʻana i nā laha. Kūʻai aku nā poʻo koholā no $ 10,000- $ 20,000, e hoʻolilo ana iā lākou i nā manu makamae loa ma ka zoo. Kuhi ka poʻe loea i ka Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia e lawe ʻia nā hua manu a me nā moa e nā poʻe kūloko no ka ʻai ʻana a me ke kūʻai aku.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka 10% i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ma muli o nā kumu kanaka. Ma ka wā hānau hānau 2011-2013. He 10 wale nō o 25 mau moa i hulu maikaʻi ʻia: ʻehā mau moa i make i ke ahi, make hoʻokahi, a 10 i lawe ʻia e nā kānaka.
Hoʻoweliweli ʻia nā wahi noho e ke ahi a me ka maloʻo ma Zambia. Aia kekahi mau hōʻike no ka hopu a me ka hoʻopiʻi. ʻO ka hakakā ma Rwanda a me Kongo ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hana hewa i nā wahi i pale ʻia, a ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea kaua i maʻalahi ai ka huli holoholona. Ma Malagarasi, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā wahi nui o ka ulu lāʻau miombo e pili ana i nā wahi kai no ka paka a me ka mahiʻai, a ʻo ka heluna kanaka, e like me nā lawaiʻa, nā mahiʻai a me nā kahu hānai semi-nomadic, ua ulu wikiwiki i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. I nā makahiki ʻehā, he 7 wale nō o nā pūnana 13 i kūleʻa.
Ka pale ʻana i nā poʻo kohola
Kiʻi: Kitoglav mai ka Red Book
Minamina, aia kēia ʻano ma kahi o ka make a ke hakakā nei no kona ola. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā poʻo koholā Shoebill me he mea lā e aneane pau wale i ka IUCN. Ua helu ʻia nā manu ma ka Manaʻo II o CITES a pale ʻia e ke kānāwai ma Sudan, Central African Republic, Uganda, Rwanda, Zaire a me Zambia e ka ʻApelika Hui Pū ʻIa e pili ana i nā kūlohelohe a me nā kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe. Pale pū ka poʻe kamaʻāina kūloko i nā poʻo o kohola, a aʻo ʻia nā kamaʻāina e mahalo a makaʻu hoʻi i kēia mau manu.
Ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano laha a kūloko ʻia e like me Vulnerable no ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia he hoʻokahi poʻe liʻiliʻi me ka hāʻawi ākea. Ke hoʻokō nei ʻo Bangweulu Wetland Management Council i kahi hoʻolālā mālama. Ma Sudan Hema, ke lawe ʻia nei nā ʻanuʻu e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ai i ka laha a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana o nā wahi pale.
ʻO Kitoglav lawe kālā ma o ka mākaʻikaʻi. Hele ka hapa nui o nā huakaʻi i ʻApelika ma nā huakaʻi muliwai e ʻike i nā holoholona lōhiu. Ua koho ʻia nā pūnaewele nui e like me ka ʻāina kohola ma South Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania a me Zambia. Ma nā ʻāina wai ʻo Bangweulu, hoʻolimalima ʻia nā lawaiʻa kūloko i mau kiaʻi no ka pale ʻana i nā pūnana, e hoʻāla ana i ka ʻike kūloko a me ka holomua holomua.
Lā paʻi: 05.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/24/2019 ma 18:24
