Hina hina He moa punahele no nā mea he nui. Loaʻa iā ia nā mana kūikawā e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai ka hapa nui o kona ʻohana. ʻO ke kala akahai o ka hulu e uku ʻia e ka noʻeau akamai o ka ʻōlelo a ke kanaka a me nā kani a nā manu he nui.
Ua aʻo ʻo Jaco ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli huaʻōlelo a me nā māmalaʻōlelo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka pīpī olakino olakino a hauʻoli hoʻi e hana i kahi nui o nā mea āpau a me nā walaʻau. Aia kekahi hōʻike e mālama ʻia nā hina hina e ka poʻe Helene kahiko, nā Roma waiwai, a ʻo ka Mōʻī Henry Henry a me nā luina Pukikī.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Parrot Zhkao
ʻO ka parrot hina a hina paha (Psittacus) kahi ʻano o nā ʻoka ʻApelika i ka subfamily Psittacinae. Loaʻa i loko o ia mau ʻano ʻelua: ʻo ka ʻulaʻula huelo ʻulaʻula (P. erithacus) a me ka ʻāleo huelo ʻeleʻele (P. timneh).
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: No nā makahiki he nui, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua o ka ʻeleka hina e like me nā subspecies o ka ʻano like. Eia nō naʻe, i ka 2012, ʻo BirdLife International, kahi hui kūwaho no ka pale ʻana o nā manu a me ka mālama ʻana i ko lākou wahi i noho ai, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻauhau ma ke ʻano he ʻokoʻa kaola ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa, ka moʻomeheu a me ka leo.
Loaʻa nā ʻāhinahina hina i nā ululāʻau ulu mua a lua hoʻi o West and Central Africa. ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻano manu akamai loa o ka honua. ʻO ka penchant no ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a me nā leo ʻē aʻe i hana i nā holoholona nui a Greys. He mea nui ka ʻāhinahina hina i ko ʻApelika Yoruba poʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia kona hulu a me kona huelo e hana i nā pale maka i ka wā hoʻomana a me ka hoʻolauleʻa kaiāulu ma Gelede.
Video: Parrot Gray
ʻO ka ʻōlelo i kākau mua ʻia no ka ʻāhinahina hina ʻāpana e nā poʻe Komohana i kū ma 1402, i ka wā i noho ai ʻo Palani i nā mokupuni ʻo Canary, kahi i hoʻolauna ʻia ai kēia ʻano mai ʻApelika. I ka ulu ʻana o ka pilina kalepa ʻana o Pokukala me ʻApelika Komohana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manu i hopu ʻia a mālama ʻia e like me nā holoholona. Hōʻike nā kiʻi o kahi ʻāhinahina hina i nā kiʻi pena na Peter Rubens i 1629/30, Jan Davids de Heem ma 1640-50, a me Jan Steen ma 1663-65.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Kākoʻo hina hina
ʻElua ʻano:
- ʻO Parrot Grey-tailed Grey (P. erithacus): ʻO kēia ka mea nui, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻāleo huelo ʻeleʻele, ma kahi o 33 cm ka lōʻihi. ʻO kahi manu me nā hulu hina hinuhinu, kahi nuku ʻeleʻele a me kahi huelo cherry-ʻulaʻula. He ʻeleʻele hoʻi nā manu ʻōpio, a huelo hoʻi i ka hopena ma mua o kā lākou molt mua, i kū ma 18 mau makahiki o ko lākou mau makahiki. Loaʻa i kēia mau manu kahi iris hina o ka maka, ka mea e hoʻololi i ke kala i ka melemele melemele i ka manawa o hoʻokahi manu i hoʻokahi makahiki;
- ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻelelika huelo ʻeleʻele (P. timneh) ma mua o ka ʻulelelo ʻulaʻula, akā ʻo ka ʻike a me ka hiki ke ʻōlelo e hoʻomau i ka hoʻohālikelike. Hiki iā lākou ke pae mai 22 a 28 cm i ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi a manaʻo ʻia he parrots medium medium. He ʻeleʻele keleʻele keleʻele i ka browntail, kahi huelo burgundy ʻeleʻele a me kahi wahi o ka pepeiaohao māmā i ka iwi ā luna. He hopena ia i kona pae.
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā Grey tailed Brown e aʻo e ʻōlelo ma mua o nā Grey Tailed Red no ka mea ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka wā oʻo. He kūlana maikaʻi ko kēia mau ʻoka no ka liʻiliʻi o ka makaʻu a maʻalahi hoʻi ma mua o ka huelo ʻula.
Hiki iā Jaco ke aʻo e ʻōlelo i loko o ka makahiki mua, akā ʻaʻole nui ka poʻe e ʻōlelo i kā lākou huaʻōlelo a hiki i ka hala ʻana o 12-18 mau mahina. ʻIke like nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka hiki a me ka maʻamau e hana hou i ka ʻōlelo kanaka, akā hiki ke loli ka hiki i ka leo a me ka ʻūlū ma waena o nā manu. Hoʻohana nā ʻōuli hina e hoʻohana i nā kāhea kikoʻī no nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nūele hina hina kaulana loa ʻo Nkisi, nona ka huaʻōlelo ma luna o 950 mau huaʻōlelo a kaulana pū ʻia nō hoʻi no kāna hoʻohana haku ʻana i ka ʻōlelo.
Mea hoihoi: ʻike kekahi mau kiaʻi manu i ke ʻano ʻekolu a me ka hā, akā paʻakikī lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i ka noiʻi ʻepekema DNA.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nūnū hina?
Kiʻi: Parrot o ka Grey lahi
Uhi ka ʻola o nā ʻāhinahina hina ʻApelika i ke kāʻei ulu lāʻau o ʻApelika Waena a me ʻApelika Komohana, me nā mokupuni moana o Principe a me Bioko (Kolo o Guinea), kahi e noho ai lākou i nā ululāʻau mauna ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1900 m. Ma ʻApelika Komohana, loaʻa lākou i nā ʻāina kahakai.
Loaʻa i ka nohona hina nā ʻāina aʻe:
- Kapona;
- Anagola;
- Gāna;
- Kameruna;
- Ke Kapakai a ka Palaoa;
- Konokō;
- Sielaleone;
- Kenia;
- Ukanada.
ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua i ʻike ʻia o nā ʻoka hina hina ʻApelika i nā pae ʻokoʻa. Noho ʻo Psittacus Erithacus erithicus (Grey Tailed Red) mai ka Kenya mai ka palena hikina o ke Ivory Coast, me nā heluna mokupuni. ʻO Psittacus Erithacus Timneh (Gray-tailed Grey) mai ka palena hikina o Cote dʻIvoire a Guinea Guinea.
ʻO ka wahi noho o nā ʻāhinahina hina ʻūlū he nāhelehele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ʻike ʻia lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i 2200 m ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka pae. Nānā pinepine ʻia lākou ma nā palena o ka ululāʻau, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā ululāʻau, nā mangrove, nā sabana lāʻau, nā wahi kanu a me nā māla.
Hele pinepine nā ʻāhinahina hina i nā ʻāina ākea e pili ana i nā ululāʻau, noho lākou i nā kumulāʻau ma luna aʻe o ka wai a makemake e noho i ka pō ma nā mokupuni muliwai. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā lua lāʻau, i kekahi manawa koho i nā wahi i waiho ʻia e nā manu. Ma ʻApelika Komohana, hana kēia ʻano i nā neʻe kau i ka wā maloʻo.
He aha ka meaʻai a kahi ʻāhinahina hina?
Kiʻi: Parrot Gray mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
ʻO nā manu ʻāhinahina ʻApelika nā manu lau nahele. I ka nahelehele, haku lākou i kahi mākau paʻakikī o ka mākau. E aʻo ka Jaco e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kanu pono mai nā mea ʻawahia, pehea e loaʻa ai ka wai palekana, a pehea e hui hou ai me ko lākou mau ʻohana ke kaʻawale lākou. ʻAi nui lākou i nā hua like ʻole, makemake i ka lāʻau aila (Elaeis guinensis).
I ka nahelehele, hiki i nā Grey ke ʻai i kēia mau meaʻai:
- nā nati;
- huaʻai;
- lau ʻōmaʻomaʻo;
- nahenahe;
- nā mea kolo;
- wana momona;
- na anoano;
- palaoa;
- ʻili;
- pua.
ʻO nā wahi hānai kahi mamao loa a aia ma nā pā kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokomo pinepine nā manu i nā māla me nā hua nui i ʻō ʻole i huhū ʻia, nā mea e huhū aku i nā ʻona. Lele lākou mai kahi lāʻau a kahi kumulāʻau, e hoʻāʻo nei e loaʻa hou nā hua pala a me nā hua. Makemake ka Jaco e piʻi i nā lālā ma mua o ka lele.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Hiki i nā manu Captive ke ʻai i nā pellets manu, nā hua like ʻole e like me ka pea, ʻalani, pomegranate, ʻāpala a me ka maiʻa, a me nā mea kanu e like me nā kāloti, nā ʻuala i hoʻolapalapa ʻia, nā kelala, nā kukama, nā kāpena hou, nā pī a me nā pīni ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia hou, pono ka hina i kahi kumu o ka puna.
Hānai hapa nā ʻāhinahina hina i ka honua, no laila aia kekahi mau mākau hana e hana ai nā manu ma mua o ke kanu ʻana a me ka ʻai palekana ʻana. Akoakoa nā pūʻulu ʻōlapa a puni ka lāʻau pā ʻole a piha pono i nā haneli manu e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hulu, piʻi i nā lālā, kani a kamaʻilio. A laila iho nā manu i ka nalu i ka honua. ʻAʻole ka hui holoʻokoʻa ma ka honua i ka manawa like. I ka manawa ma ka honua, makaʻala loa lākou, ke hana nei i kekahi neʻe a kani paha.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ka mea e ʻai ai ka ʻoka hina, e ʻike pehea e ola ai i kāna kūlohelohe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: hina hina home
Hilahila loa nā ʻāhinahina hina ʻāhiu a ʻaʻole ʻae i nā kānaka e hoʻokokoke iā lākou. He manu pili kaiāulu lākou a pūnana i nā hui nui. ʻIke pinepine ʻia lākou i nā hipa walaʻau, e walaʻau nui ana i ke kakahiaka, ahiahi a me ka lele ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā holoholona i nā ʻāhinahina hina, like ʻole me nā ʻano ʻoka ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i nā ʻohana hui. I ke ao, ua hoʻokaʻawale lākou i mau hui liʻiliʻi a lele i kahi mamao e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai.
Noho ʻo Jaco i nā kumulāʻau ma luna aʻe o ka wai a makemake e noho i ka pō ma nā mokupuni muliwai. Noho mau nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ko lākou mau ʻohana no ka manawa lōʻihi, a hala kekahi mau makahiki. Pili lākou me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe o ko lākou mau makahiki i nā kumulāʻau hānai, akā pili i ka ʻeke a ko lākou ʻohana. Mālama ʻia nā manu ʻōpio e nā manu kahiko a hiki i ko lākou aʻo ʻana a oʻo pono ʻana e hoʻomaka i ka noho ʻana iā lākou iho.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Hōʻike nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ka hana mahalo i nā lālā o ka ʻeke. Ua aʻo lākou pehea e hana ai i nā hanana like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻokūkū a me ka pale ʻana i nā pūnaewele pūnana a me ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki. ʻO ka hoʻokūkū no nā pūnana i ka wā o ka moʻa e hoʻonāukiuki loa i ka laha.
Hele nā manu e moe i ka pō i ke ahiahi aʻe e hiki mai ana a i ka pōʻeleʻele hoʻi. Uhi lākou i ko lākou ala ma nā ala i kūkulu ʻia, e hana ana i kahi lele wikiwiki a pololei hoʻi, e lele pinepine ana i ko lākou mau ʻeheu. I ka wā ma mua, he nui nā ʻohana hipa o ka pō, a ʻo ka helu pinepine he 10,000 mau ʻaka. I ke kakahiaka nui, ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka lā, haʻalele ka poʻe liʻiliʻi i kahi hoʻomoana a hele e hānai me ka walaʻau.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Parrot Gray
ʻO nā manu ʻāhinahina ʻApelika nā manu pili kaiaulu. Hana ʻia ka hana hou i nā kolone manuahi, noho kēlā me kēia pālua i kāna kumu ponoʻī. Koho pono ʻia kēlā me kēia kāne i wahine male a loaʻa ka pilina monogamous i ke ola a pau e hoʻomaka i ka wā ʻōpio, ma waena o nā makahiki ʻekolu a ʻelima paha. ʻAʻole ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ka noho aloha ʻana i ka nāhelehele, akā ua nānā a hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā lele e pili ana i nā pūnana.
Mea leʻaleʻa: hānai nā kāne i kā lāua hoa (hānai male ʻana) a hana ʻelua i nā leo monotonous. I kēia manawa, e hiamoe ka wahine i ka pūnana, a pale ka kāne iā ia. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, hānai nā kāne i nā wahine ma hope o ke kope ʻana, a komo nā kāne ʻelua i ka hulina moena a lākou e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i ko lākou mau ʻeheu.
Hoʻololi ka wā hānau ma o ka wahi, akā like ke kūlike me ke kau maloʻo. ʻO nā kākā hina hina ʻApelika hānai hoʻokahi i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki. Hoʻomoe nā wahine wahine i ʻekolu a ʻelima mau hua āpau, hoʻokahi i ka manawa o 2 a 5 mau lā. Hoʻokomo nā wahine i nā hua manu a hānai piha i ka meaʻai i lawe ʻia mai e ke kāne. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻouluulu ma kahi o kanakolu mau lā. Haʻalele nā Chicks i ka pūnana ma ka lōʻihi he ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki.
Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā keiki ʻōpio i ka pūnana, hoʻomau nā mākua ʻelua i ka hānai, hānai a pale iā lākou. Mālama lākou i kā lākou keiki i nā makahiki he nui a hiki i ke kūʻokoʻa ʻana. He 40 a 50 paha mau makahiki ke ola. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, he ʻawelike ke ola ʻana o nā ʻāhinahina hina o 45 mau makahiki, akā hiki ke ola i 60 mau makahiki. I ka nahelehele - 22.7 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻoka
Kiʻi: Parrot Gray
I ke kūlohelohe, he mau ʻenemi nā kākā hina. Loaʻa iā lākou ka poino nui mai nā kānaka. Ma mua, ua luku nā ʻohana kūloko i nā manu no kaʻiʻo. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ka poʻe kamaʻāina o ʻApelika Komohana i nā mea hoʻokalakupua o ka hulu ʻulaʻula, no laila ua luku ʻia ka hina no ka hulu. Ma hope, ua hopu ʻia nā ʻoka no ke kūʻai aku. He hūnā ʻo Jaco, he manu akahele, no laila paʻakikī e hopu i ke kanaka makua. Ua hopu ʻoluʻolu nā ʻōiwi i nā moa hou i ka ʻupena no ka loaʻa kālā.
ʻO ka ʻenemi o ka hina ka ʻaeto a me ka manu lele (Gypohierax angolensis). ʻO ka papaʻai o kēia predator ka mea nui i nā hua o ka ʻaila. Hiki paha i ka hana kolohe a ka ʻaeto i ka hina ke loaʻa ka waiwai hoʻokūkū ma muli o ka meaʻai. Hiki i kekahi ke nānā i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāhinahina hina i ka weliweli i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa, i hoʻouka ʻia e ka ʻaeto. Maliʻa paha, na ka ʻaeto ia e hoʻomalu nei i ka wahi hānai.
ʻO nā mea ʻona kūlohelohe no kēia ʻano ʻano:
- ʻekueʻa;
- aeto pāma;
- nā moʻo;
- ʻalā.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā manu makua i kā lākou keiki pehea e pale aku ai i ko lākou ʻāina, pehea e ʻike ai a pale aku ai i nā mea ʻino. ʻO ka hānai ʻana i ka ʻāina, ʻākeʻakeʻa nā ʻāhinahina hina ʻApelika i nā mea hoʻomake ʻāina. ʻImi nā Monkey i nā hua manu a me nā keiki keiki i ka pūnana. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o ka hawk kekahi i hopu ʻia i nā moa a me nā mākua. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻāhinahina hina i ka paʻa pio ʻana i nā maʻi fungal, nā maʻi koʻohune, nā maʻi ʻinoʻino, nā maʻi o ka nuku a me nā hulu, a hiki ke maʻi ʻia me nā tapeworms a me nā ilo.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Parrot Gray
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi heluna hou o ka lehulehu hina hina i ka manu i ka nahelehele. Aia a 21% o ka heluna o ka honua i hopu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Minamina, ʻaʻohe kānāwai e pāpā ana i ka hopu a me ke kālepa ʻana o nā ʻoka. Hoʻohui pū, ka luku ʻana i ka nohona, hoʻohana pono ʻole i nā pesticides a me ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana e nā kamaʻāina kūloko e hoʻopili i ka helu o kēia mau manu. ʻO ka pahele manu ʻāhiu kahi mea kōkua nui i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka lāhui ʻāhiu hina hina o ʻAmelika.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi: ʻO nā kuhi o ka heluna hihiu heluna o ka hina i ka mua o 21 mau kenekulia i 13 miliona, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā anamanaʻo pololei ke noho nā ʻoka i nā wahi kaʻawale, pinepine ʻole i ka politika.
Kūleʻa nā hina i nā ululāʻau tropical a me nā kula kiʻekiʻe o West and Central Africa. Pili kēia mau ʻoka i nā kumulāʻau kahiko nunui me nā lua kūlohelohe no ka pūnana ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi ma Guinea a me Guinea-Bissau i ka pilina ma waena o ke kūlana o nā ʻano laha a me ka mokuʻāina o ka ululāʻau mua i kūpono, kahi e emi ai nā ululāʻau, a pēlā pū me ka nui o nā ʻāhiwi hina.
Hoʻohui, ʻo ka hina kekahi o nā manu manu hypermarketable i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma CITES. I ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka heluna o nā helu, overcatching a unsustainable a kū ʻole i ke kālepa, ua hoʻokomo ʻo CITES i ka ʻāhinahina hina i ka pae VI o ka CITES Substantial Trade Survey i ka makahiki 2004. Ua alakaʻi kēia loiloi i nā quota hoʻolilo zero i ʻōlelo ʻia no kekahi mau ʻāina ākea a me ka hoʻoholo e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele species species.
Ka pale ʻana i nā ʻoka
Kiʻi: Parrot Gray mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi o ka Hui Pū ʻIa Hui Pū ʻIa ʻo United Nations 2003 ma waena o 1982 a me 2001, ua kūʻai ʻia kekahi mau ʻelele ʻeleʻele 660,000 ma ka mākeke kūwaho. Ua hōʻike ʻo Extrapolation ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 300,000 mau manu i make i ka wā i hopu ʻia a lawe ʻia paha.
Ua pāpā ʻia ka lawe ʻana mai o nā mea i hopu ʻia ʻāhiu i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1992 ma lalo o ke Kānāwai Kuleana Meaola. Ua pāpā aku ka European Union i ka lawe ʻana mai o nā manu i hopu wale ʻia i ka makahiki 2007. Eia nō naʻe, nui nā mākeke no ka kālepa ʻAmelike Grey i ka Middle East, East Asia a me ʻApelika ponoʻī.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ua helu ʻia ka ʻāhinahina hina i ka Appendix II o ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Koi ʻia ka mea hoʻolilo e ka palapala ʻae i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka mana aupuni a pono e hoʻoholo ʻia ʻaʻole e hōʻeha ka mea hoʻolilo i nā holoholona i ka nāhelehele.
Hina hina ʻoi aku ka kakaikahi ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia mai ka papa inoa o nā lālani ʻaneʻane weliweli loa i ka papa inoa o nā lālani ʻaneʻane i ka 2007 IUCN Papa inoa. Kuhi ʻia kahi loiloi hou a hiki i ka 21% o ka heluna manu i wehe ʻia mai ka nāhelehele i kēlā me kēia makahiki, ʻo ka mea nui no ke kālepa holoholona. I ka 2012, ua hoʻonui hou ka International Union for Conservation of Nature i ke kūlana o ka hina hina i nā holoholona nāwaliwali.
Lā paʻi: 09.06.2019
Lā hou: 22.09.2019 ma 23:46
