Manu Kiwi pīhoihoi loa: ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke lele, he leʻaleʻa ʻo ia, hulu e like me ka lauoho, nā wāwae ikaika a ʻaʻohe huelo. Nui nā hiʻohiʻona ʻano ʻē a kupaianaha hoʻi o ka manu i hana ʻia ma muli o ke kaʻawale ʻana o Nūhōlani a me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā māmela ma kāna panalāʻau. Manaʻo ʻia ua ulu ʻo Kiwis e lawe i kahi nohona a me ka nohona e hiki ʻole ai i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua ma muli o ke kū mai o nā mea mammalian predators.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi
He manu lele ʻole ʻo Kiwi i loaʻa ma ka genus Apteryx a me ka ʻohana Apterygidae. Ua like ka nui me ka moa home. ʻO ka inoa genus Apteryx mai ka Greek kahiko "ʻaʻohe ʻēheu". ʻO kēia ka mea liʻiliʻi e noho ana ma ka Honua.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kaʻina DNA i alakaʻi ʻia ai i ka hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia e pili loa ana nā kiwi i nā manu ʻelepani malala ma mua o ka moa, a lākou i noho pū ai me Nūhōlani. Hoʻohui, loaʻa iā lākou nā mea like me emus a me nā cassowaries.
Video: Manu Kiwi
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka makahiki 2013 e pili ana i ka genus pupule Proapteryx, i ʻike ʻia mai nā sediment Miocene, ua liʻiliʻi ia a ua hiki nō paha ke lele, e kākoʻo ana i ke kuhiakau i hiki aku ai nā kūpuna o ka manu kiwi i New Zealand kūʻokoʻa i ka moa, a i ka manawa ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kiwi ua nui a manu ʻole hoʻi. Manaʻo nā ʻepekema ua pau nā kūpuna o nā kiwi o kēia au ma Nūhōlani e huakaʻi ana mai Australasia ma kahi o 30 miliona mau makahiki i hala, a i ʻole ma mua paha.
Hoʻonohonoho kekahi mau kākāʻōlelo i ka huaʻōlelo kiwi i ka manu neʻe Numenius tahitiensis, e moe ana ma nā mokupuni o ka Moana Pākīpika. Me kona nuku loloa, ʻōwili a me kona kino brown, ʻano like ia me ke kiwi. No laila, i ka hōʻea ʻana o ka Polenekia mua i Nu Kilani, ua hoʻopili lākou i ka huaʻōlelo kiwi i ka manu i loaʻa hou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻike ʻia ʻo Kiwi ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o Nūhōlani. Ikaika loa kēia hui i hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo Kiwi ma ka honua.
ʻO ka hua kiwi kekahi o nā mea nui e pili ana i ka nui o ke kino (a i 20% o ke kaupaona o ka wahine). ʻO kēia ka helu kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa o nā ʻano manu i ka honua. ʻO nā hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ke kiwi, e like me ko lākou hulu e like me ka hulu, wāwae pōkole a ikaika hoʻi, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā puka ihu e ʻimi ai i ka mea pio ma mua o kona ʻike ʻana, ua kōkua i kēia manu e kaulana i ka honua.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi lele ʻole
Nui kā lākou hoʻololi ʻana: e like me nā ratite ʻē aʻe (emus, rheis, a me nā cassowaries), liʻiliʻi loa ko lākou mau ʻēheu vestigial, no laila ʻike ʻole ʻia lākou ma lalo o ko lākou mau hulu huluhulu. ʻOiai he iwi ko nā poʻe mākua me nā pūpū hollow, he iwi iwi ko kiwi e like me ka mammal e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ke kaumaha e hiki ai ke lele.
Lawe nā kiwi ʻeleʻele wahine a hoʻomoe i hoʻokahi hua manu, i hiki ke kaupaona ʻia a i ka 450 g. He lōʻihi ka nuku, pliable a maʻalahi hoʻi i ka hoʻopā. ʻAʻohe huelo o ke kiwi, a nāwaliwali ka ʻōpū, elongated a me ka haiki ka caecum. Hilinaʻi iki ʻo Kiwis i ka hihiʻo e ola a loaʻa ka meaʻai. Liʻiliʻi loa nā maka o Kiwi e pili ana i ke kaumaha o ke kino, e hopena ana i ka ʻike liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike. Hoʻololi ʻia lākou no kahi nohona pō, akā hilinaʻi nui i nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe (hoʻolohe, ʻala a me kahi ʻōnaehana somatosensory).
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ua loaʻa i hoʻokahi hapakolu o ko New Zealand holoholona holoholona hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau maka. I ka hoʻokolohua like, ua ʻike ʻia ʻekolu mau laʻana kikoʻī i hōʻike i ka makapō piha. Ua ʻike nā ʻepekema aia lākou i ke kūlana kino maikaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma 2018 i nā ʻohana pili loa o nā kiwi, nā manu ʻelepa pau ʻole, i kaʻana like i kēia ʻano me ka nui o ka nui. ʻO ka mahana o Kiwi he 38 ° C, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ko nā manu ʻē aʻe, a ʻoi aku ka like me nā māmela.
Ma hea e noho ai ka manu kiwi?
Kiʻi: Moa manu Kiwi
ʻO Kiwi ka hopena o Nūhōlani. Noho lākou i nā ululāʻau ʻōmaʻomaʻo mau. Kōkua nā manamana wāwae lōʻihi i ka manu e noho ma waho o ka lepo pohō. I nā wahi i noho nui ʻia, he 4-5 mau manu ma 1 km².
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā ʻano Kiwi penei:
- ʻO ke kiwi hina hina (A. haastii a i ʻole Roroa) ka nui o nā laha, ma kahi o 45 knm ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaupaona ʻana ma kahi o 3.3 kg (kāne ma kahi o 2.4 kg). He hina hina kona a me nā kaha māmā. Hoʻokau wale ka wahine i hoʻokahi hua manu, a laila hoʻoulu ʻia e nā mākua ʻelua. Aia nā wahi noho i nā wahi mauna o ke komohana ʻākau o Nelekona, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ke komohana komohana a ma ka hema o nā Alps o Nūhōlani;
- Kiwi ʻike liʻiliʻi (A. owenii) ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau manu ke kū i mua o ka predation e nā puaʻa i lawe ʻia mai, nā ermine a me nā pōpoki, ka mea i alakaʻi i ko lākou make ma ka ʻāina nui. Noho lākou ma ka mokupuni ʻo Kapiti no 1350 mau makahiki. Lawe ʻia i nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe me ka ʻole o nā mea ʻaihue. Manu hoʻolohe 25 cm ke kiʻekiʻe;
- ʻO Rowe a i ʻole Okarito brown kiwi (A. rowi), ʻike mua ʻia he ʻano hou i 1994. Kau palena ʻia ka puʻunaue ʻana i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ma ke kapakai komohana o ka mokupuni ʻo South Zealand. He hina hina. Hoʻomoe nā wahine i ʻekolu mau hua i kēlā me kēia kau, i kēlā me kēia i kahi pūnana ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ke kāne a me ka wahine;
- Hema, ʻeleʻele, a i ʻole maʻamau, kiwi (A. australis) kahi ʻano laha pinepine. ʻAno like kona nui me kahi kiwi i ʻike ʻia. E like me ke kiwi brown, akā me ka plumage māmā. Noho i ke kapakai o ka South Island. Loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻelua;
- ʻAno ʻeleʻele ʻĀkau (A. mantelli). Hoʻolahalaha nui ʻia i ʻelua hapakolu o ka ʻAkau ʻAkau, 35,000 i koe, ʻo ia ka kiwi maʻamau. ʻO nā wahine ma kahi o 40 cm ke kiʻekiʻe a kaupaona ma kahi o 2.8 kg, kāne 2.2 kg. ʻO ke kala ʻeleʻele o ke kiwi ʻākau e hōʻike ana i ka resilience kupaianaha: hoʻololi ia i kahi ākea o nā wahi. ʻO ka plumage e ʻōniʻoniʻo i kaʻulaʻula a me ka prickly. Hoʻomoe ka wahine i ʻelua mau hua, i hoʻoulu ʻia e ka kāne.
He aha ka manu kiwi e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi ma Nūhōlani
ʻO Kiwi nā manu omnivorous. Loaʻa i ko lākou ʻōpū ke one a me nā pōhaku liʻiliʻi e kōkua i ke kaʻina hana digestion. ʻOiai ʻo ke kiwi e noho nei i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole, mai nā pali mauna a i nā ulu lāʻau pine exotic, paʻakikī e wehewehe i kahi papaʻai kiwi maʻamau.
ʻO ka hapa nui o kā lākou meaʻai he invertebrates, me nā ʻenuhe ʻōiwi e ulu a hiki i ka 0.5 mika kahi punahele. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, waiwai ʻo New Zealand i nā ilo, me 178 nā ʻōiwi a me nā lāhui exotic e koho ai.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻai ʻia ke kiwi:
- hua hua;
- na anoano like ole;
- larva;
- nā lau mea kanu: loaʻa nā ʻano me podocarp totara, hinau, a me nā koprosma a me chebe.
Pili pili ka papaʻai kiwi i kā lākou hana hou. Pono nā manu e kūkulu i nā mālama mālama nui i mea e holo pono ai i ka wā hānau. ʻAi pū ʻo Brown kiwi i nā ʻalalā a me nā rana. Kaulana lākou e hopu a ʻai i nā iʻa wai hou. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, ua hopu kekahi kiwi i nā puhi / tuna mai kahi loko iʻa, hoʻoneʻe iā lākou me kekahi mau kaha a ʻai iā lākou.
Hiki i ke Kiwi ke loaʻa ka wai āpau e pono ai ke kino mai ka meaʻai - 85% ka wai ʻenue momona momona. ʻO ke kumu o kēia hoʻololi ʻana hiki iā lākou ke noho i nā wahi maloʻo e like me Kapiti Island. Kōkua ko lākou nohona nocturnal i ka hoʻopili ʻana no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i overheat a i ʻole make wai i ka lā. Ke inu ka manu kiwi, pohō ʻo ia i kona nuku, hoʻolei i kona poʻo a ʻū i loko o ka wai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi Po
ʻO nā Kiwi he manu nocturnal, e like me nā holoholona maoli o Nu Zilani. Pihi ke kani o ko lākou leo i ke ea o ka nahele i ka wanaʻao a wanaʻao. ʻO kā Kiwi mau hana maʻamau i ka pō ke hopena o nā mea ʻaihue, me nā kānaka, e komo ana i ka nohona. I nā wahi pale ʻaole ʻaihue, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kiwi i ke ao. Makemake lākou i nā ululāʻau subtropical a me temperate, akā ke koi nei ke ʻano o ke ola i nā manu e hoʻololi i nā wahi like ʻole e like me nā kumulāʻau subalpine, nā lau nahele a me nā kuahiwi.
He ʻano pilau ko Kiwis, ʻano ʻokoʻa i nā manu, a ʻo ia wale nō nā manu me nā puka ihu i ka hope o nā nuku lōʻihi. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ko lākou mau ihu i ka wēlau o ko lākou nuku lōʻihi, hiki i ke kiwi ke ʻike i nā mea kolo a me nā ilo i lalo o ka honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ko lākou ʻano pilau me ka ʻike ʻole a lohe ʻole paha iā lākou. He teritori nui nā manu, me nā māiʻu ʻoi e hiki ke hōʻeha i ka mea hoʻouka. Wahi a ka mea noiʻi kiwi ʻo Kauka John McLennan, ua kaulana kekahi o nā kiwi i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻĀkau komohana i kapa ʻia ʻo Pete no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o "catapult e paʻi a holo. Pākuʻi ia i kou wāwae, kuʻi aku, a holo i loko o ka ulu. "
He hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi ko Kiwis a hiki iā ia ke hoʻomanaʻo i nā hanana maikaʻi ʻole no ʻelima mau makahiki. I ka lā, peʻe nā manu i kahi lua, kahi lua a ma lalo o nā aʻa. ʻO nā lua o ke kiwi hina hina nui he maze me nā puka he nui. Loaʻa i ka manu he 50 mau hale ma kona pūnaewele. Noho ʻo Kiwi i loko o ka lua i mau pule ma hope, ma hope o ke kali ʻana no ka uhi ʻia o ka puka e ka mauʻu ulu a me ka limu. Hana ʻo ia e hūnā ʻiʻo ʻo kiwi i ka pūnana, e masaki ana i ka puka me nā lālā a me nā lau.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Moa manu Kiwi
Noho ke kāne a me ka wahine Kiwis i ko lāua ola āpau ma ke ʻano he kāne hoʻokahi. I ka wā o ka moena, mai Iune a Malaki, hālāwai ka wahine ma ka lua i kēlā me kēia ʻekolu lā. Hiki ke hoʻomau i kēia pilina i 20 mau makahiki. Kū lākou i waho o nā manu ʻē aʻe i kā lākou hana o nā ovaries. (I nā manu he nui, a i ka platypus, ʻaʻohe oʻo pono o ka ovary kūpono, no laila ʻo ka hana hema wale nō.) Hiki i nā hua Kiwi ke kaupaona i ka hapaha o ke kaupaona o ka wahine. Hoʻokahi wale nō hua manu e kau ʻia i kēlā me kēia kau.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Ke waiho nei ke kiwi i kekahi o nā hua nui loa ma ke kaulike o ka nui o kēlā me kēia manu i ka honua, no laila ʻoiai ke kiwi e like me ka nui o kahi moa palai, hiki iā ia ke kau i nā hua manu eono paha ka nui o ka hua moa.
Mālie nā hua a me ka niho ʻelepani a keʻokeʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha. Hoʻokomo ʻia e ka kāne ka hua manu, koe wale nō nā kiwi kiko kiko. A. haastii, kahi i hatching pili nā mākua ʻelua. ʻO ka manawa incubation mau ma kahi o 63-92 mau lā. ʻO ka hana ʻana o kahi hua manu nui e kau i kahi kaumaha physiological koʻikoʻi ma luna o ka wahine. I loko o nā lā he kanakolu e koi ʻia ai e hānai i kahi hua manu i hoʻomohala piha ʻia, pono ka wahine e ʻai i ʻekolu mau manawa i ka nui o ka meaʻai maʻamau. ʻElua a ʻekolu mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomoe hua manu, he wahi liʻiliʻi no ka ʻōpū o loko o ka wahine a koi ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻokē ʻai.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka manu kiwi
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi
He ʻāina manu ʻo Nūhōlani, ma mua o ka noho ʻana o ka poʻe ma kona panalāʻau, ʻaʻohe mea ʻino mammalian koko ʻohana. ʻO kēia ka mea hoʻoweliweli nui i ke ola o ke kiwi, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea ʻino i hoʻolauna ʻia e nā kānaka e kōkua i ka make ʻana o nā hua manu, nā moa a me nā mākua.
ʻO nā mea hewa nui i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka:
- nā ermines a me nā pōpoki, kahi e hoʻopōʻino nui ai i nā pīpī ʻōpio i loko o nā malama mua ʻekolu o ko lākou ola;
- alualu nā ʻīlio i nā manu makua a maikaʻi ʻole kēia i ka lehulehu o nā kiwi, no ka mea inā ʻaʻohe o lākou mau hua a i ʻole nā moa e mālama i ka lehulehu;
- Pepehi pū nā ferrets i nā kiwi makua;
- Pepehi ka opossums i nā kiwi makua a me nā moa, luku i nā hua a ʻaihue i nā pūnana kiwi;
- luku nā boars i nā hua manu a hiki nō hoʻi ke pepehi i nā kiwi makua.
ʻO nā mea ʻino holoholona ʻē aʻe e like me hedgehogs, rodents, a me nā weaels ʻaʻole e pepehi i nā kiwi, akā pilikia pū kekahi i nā pilikia. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻokūkū lākou i ka ʻai like me ke kiwi. ʻO ka lua, pio lākou i nā holoholona like e hoʻouka i ke kiwi, e kōkua ana e mālama i ka nui o nā mea ʻaihue.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Loaʻa i ka hulu Kiwi kahi ʻala kikoʻī, e like me ka mushroom. ʻO kēia ka mea e makaʻu loa ai lākou i nā mea ʻino kū i ka ʻāina i kū mai i Nūhōlani, i ʻike maʻalahi i kēia mau manu e ka honi.
I nā wahi i kaohi nui ʻia nā kiwi predators, hoʻonui ʻia ka huki iwi i 50-60%. No ka mālama ʻana i ka pae heluna kanaka, koi ʻia kahi pae ola manu he 20%, ʻoi aku ka mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o ia. No laila, ʻo ke kaohi ka mea nui loa, keu hoʻi ka mana o nā ʻona ʻīlio.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi i ke kūlohelohe
Aia ma kahi o 70,000 mau kiwi i koe o Nūhōlani āpau. Ma ka awelika, ua pepehi ʻia he 27 mau kiwi e ka poʻe hōkai i kēlā me kēia pule. Hoʻoemi kēia i ka heluna holoholona ma kahi o 1400 kiwi i kēlā me kēia makahiki (a i ʻole 2%). I kēia wikiwiki, hiki ke nalowale ke kiwi i ko mākou ola. I hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki wale nō i hala, aia nā kiwi i loko o nā miliona. Hiki i kahi ʻīlio hele hewa ke holoi i ka lehulehu o nā kiwi i loko o kekahi mau lā.
Ma kahi o 20% o ka lehulehu kiwi i loaʻa i nā wahi i pale ʻia. Ma nā wahi e kaohi ʻia ai nā mea ʻino, 50-60% o nā moa e ola. Ma kahi e kaohi ʻole ʻia nā wahi, 95% o nā kiwi e make ma mua o ko lākou makahiki hānau. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka heluna kanaka, ʻo 20% wale nō ke ola o nā moa i lawa. ʻO ka hōʻoia o ka kūleʻa ka heluna kanaka ma Coromandel, kahi i mālama ʻia e ka predator kahi e pālua ai ka helu i kēlā me kēia mau makahiki he ʻumi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: nā pōʻino i ka lehulehu o nā kiwi liʻiliʻi e pili ana i ka nalo ʻana o nā ʻano genetika, ka inbreeding, a me ka palupalu i nā hanana kūloko kūloko e like me ke ahi, nā maʻi, a i ʻole ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā predator.
Ke hoʻemi nei i nā manawa o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hoa i ka holoholo ʻana, hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o ka heluna kanaka ke alakaʻi i kahi hōʻemi o ka hana hānau. Manaʻo nā kānaka Maori ma lalo o ka pale o ke akua o ka ululāʻau ke kiwi. Ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā manu no ka meaʻai, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hulu e hana i nā ʻahu ʻula. I kēia manawa, ʻoiai nā hulu kiwi e hoʻohana mau ʻia nei e ka lehulehu kūloko, ʻohiʻohi ʻia lākou mai nā manu e make kūlohelohe, mai nā ulia kalaka a i ʻole nā mea ʻaihue. ʻAʻole e alualu hou ʻia nā Kiwi, a manaʻo kekahi poʻe Maori he kiaʻi lākou no nā manu.
Pale manu Kiwi
Kiʻi: Manu Kiwi mai ka puke ʻula
Aia he ʻelima mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia o kēia holoholona, ʻehā o lākou i helu ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo Vulnerable, a hoʻoweliweli ʻia kekahi o lākou e make. Hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā ʻano laha āpau e ka wao nahele o ka wā kahiko, akā ʻo nā wahi nui i koe o ko lākou wahi nahele ulu e pale maikaʻi ʻia i nā mālama kūlohelohe a me nā pāka aupuni. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli nui loa i ko lākou ola ʻana ʻo ia ka predation mai nā mammals invasive.
ʻEkolu mau lālani i helu ʻia i loko o ka International Book Red a loaʻa iā lākou ke kūlana o Vulnerable (palupalu), a he ʻano hou o Rowe a i ʻole Okarito brown kiwi e ʻaneʻane hoʻoweliweli ʻia. I ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻokumu ka 'Oihana Hoʻomalu i ʻelima mau kiwi mālama me ka nānā i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻina e pale aku i nā kiwi a hoʻonui i kā lākou helu. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ke kiwi ʻeleʻele i Hawk Bay ma waena o 2008 a me 2011, a ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kā lākou ulu lāʻau Maungatani.
ʻO ka Operation Nest Egg kahi papahana no ka hemo ʻana i nā hua kiwi a me nā moa mai ka nāhelehele a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana a hānai ʻana paha iā lākou i ka pio a hiki i ka nui o nā moa e mālama iā lākou iho - ʻo ka maʻamau ke hiki ke kaumaha i 1200 gram. Mahope iho Manu Kiwi hoʻi i ka hihiu. He 65% ka manawa kūpono o kēlā mau moa e ola i ka wā makua. Ua holomua nā hana e pale aku i nā moa kiwi i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, me nā ʻano ʻelua i wehe ʻia mai ka papa inoa ʻino a palupalu i ka makahiki e ka IUCN.
Lā hoʻopuka: 04.06.2019
Lā hou: 20.09.2019 ma 22:41
