ʻO kēia mau koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi, e like me ke keʻa i waena o ka hamster a me ka ʻiole, e noho ana i ka tundra a me ka ululāʻau o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema. No ko lākou helehelena, ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau leopadi polar. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi kapa komoʻokoʻa me nā stains hina-ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi. Palemona lawelawe ia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai nui no nā holoholona polar he nui, akā ma muli o ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana, hoʻopihapiha koke lākou i ko lākou lehulehu.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Lemming
Pili nā Lemmings i ke kaʻina o nā rodents, ka ʻohana hamsters. Pili loa nā ʻiole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēia mau holoholona liʻiliʻi, no laila, no ka like o waho o nā lemu, kapa ʻia lākou i kekahi manawa he polied pieds. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻepekema o kēia manawa, mahele ʻia nā lemmings āpau i ʻehā hanauna, i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea kekahi mau ʻano. Aia he ʻelima mau ʻano lemema i Lūkia, a e like me kekahi mau kumuwaiwai - ʻehiku ʻano.
ʻO nā mea nui:
- Siberian (aka Ob) lemming;
- Lemahele nahele;
- Ungulate;
- Amursky;
- ʻO Lemming Vinogradov.
He ʻepekema koʻikoʻi kā lākou hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a ʻo nā ʻokoʻa kūwaho kūwaho ma waena o nā holoholona he aneane nui loa. ʻO nā holoholona e noho ana i nā mokupuni, ma ka awelika, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kānaka nui. Eia kekahi e emi iki ana ka nui o nā lemona e noho ana ma Rūsia, ma ke ala mai ke komohana a i ka hikina.
Video: Lemming
Ua ʻike ʻia nā koena fossil o nā kūpuna o nā lemmings o kēia lā mai ka wā i hala ʻo Pliocene. ʻO ia, ma kahi o 3-4 miliona mau makahiki o lākou. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā fossil ʻōpio ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia, a ma ʻEulopa Komohana, ma waho o nā palena o ka laulima hou o nā lemmings, ka mea paha i pili i ka loli nui o ke aniau.
ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ma kahi o 15 tausani mau makahiki i hala aku nei kahi hoʻololi o ke ʻano o nā molara i kēia mau holoholona. Hoʻopili kēia me ka ʻikepili i ka manawa like aia kahi loli nui o nā mea kanu i nā kaona o tundra hou a me ka tundra-tundra.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: holoholona lema
ʻAneʻane i nā lemmings āpau kahi kino kino a mālama pono ʻia, me ka nānā ʻole i kahi a lākou e noho ai a me nā subspecies hea lākou. Hiki i kahi lemming mākua i 10-15 mau kenimika ka lōʻihi a he kino ke kaupaona o 20 a 70 gram. ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, ma kahi o 5-10%. Pōkole loa ka huelo o nā holoholona, i ka lōʻihi ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ʻelua kenimika. Pōkole nō hoʻi nā wāwae. Me ka luhi mau e hoʻopiha ai, ʻike momona ʻia nā holoholona.
He ʻano elongated ko ke poʻo o ka lemming me kahi muuck snub-ih ihu ʻano like, like loa me ka hamster. Aia kekahi molara mua loa. Liʻiliʻi nā maka a like me nā ʻāpana. Pōkole nā pepeiao, hūnā ma lalo o ka hulu mānoanoa. Ma ke ala, palupalu ka hulu o kēia mau holoholona, akā i ka manawa like ka mānoanoa. ʻO nā huluhulu ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi, akā ua hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia, no laila mehana ke kapa o ka rodent polar. ʻO ia ka mea e kōkua i nā lemema e ola i ka North North.
ʻOkoʻa ke kala o ka hulu o nā holoholona a pili i ke kau. I ke kauwela, kala ʻia nā ʻili o nā lemu, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana a me kahi e noho ai, ma kahi beige paʻa a i ʻole ʻāhinahina hina, a i ʻole he ʻeleʻele melemele ʻokoʻa me nā kiko ʻeleʻele ma ka hope, me kahi ʻōpū kala one. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻololi ke kala i ka hina hina, ʻoi iki ka keʻokeʻo loa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka lemu?
Kiʻi: Lemming i ka tundra
ʻOi aku kēia mau koʻokoʻo i ka noho i nā ʻāina tundra a me nā ululāʻau-tundra. Loaʻa ʻaneʻane ma nā wahi āpau o ka Arctic kapakai. Noho lākou i nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika Hema, no ka laʻana, ma Rūsia lākou i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻākau, mai ke Kola Peninsula a i Chukotka.
Aia nā heluna nui o nā lemona ma kekahi o nā kumu kai o ka Moana Arctic, keu hoʻi ma nā kahawai o nā muliwai Siberian nui. ʻIke ʻia nā holoholona ma ka mokupuni ʻo Greenland, kahi mamao loa ia mai nā ʻāina, a ma Spitsbergen.
Ma kahi e noho ai ka lemu, aia kahi kokoke i kahi kahi pali a me ka momona. ʻOiai kūpaʻa lākou i ke anuanu, keu nei lākou i ke aniau a weliweli loa ka wela no kēia mau holoholona. Akā lawa lākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā wahi o ka wai liʻiliʻi. Noho pinepine lākou ma nā kuahiwi peat me nā mea kanu lau nahele i waena o nā wahi pohopoho.
ʻAʻohe o nā holoholona neʻe manawa, noho lākou i ko lākou wahi noho. Akā i nā makahiki wī, hiki i nā lememings i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai ke haʻalele i ko lākou wahi maoli a neʻe i kahi mamao. I ka manawa like, he ʻano ia ʻaʻole he hoʻoholo lōkahi ka neʻe ʻana, a hoʻāʻo kēlā me kēia mea e loaʻa hou nā meaʻai nāna wale nō. Akā ma muli o ka nui o nā holoholona i nā manawa o ia neʻe ʻana, ua like lākou me hoʻokahi nui ola nui.
He aha ka ʻai a ka lemming?
Kiʻi: Polar lemming
ʻO nā mea momona nā mea kanu. ʻAi lākou i nā ʻano hua, nā aʻa, nā lālā ʻōpio, nā hua hua. Makemake nui kēia mau holoholona i ka lichen. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā meaʻai o nā rodent polar he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā laikini, i palahalaha ʻia ma loko o ka tundra.
Kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī, hiki i kā lākou papaʻai ke:
- Kalaiwaa;
- ʻO Blueberry a me nā lingonberry;
- ʻO Blueberry a me nā cloudberry;
- Kekahi mau huaalalā.
ʻAi pinepine ʻo Rodents i nā ʻōpuʻu a i ʻole nā lau o nā kumulāʻau dwarf a me nā kumulāʻau maʻamau o ka tundra, a me nā lālā a me ka ʻili. I ka nahele-tundra, ʻahaʻaina nā holoholona i nā wana ʻōpio o ka birch a me ka willow. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi, hiki i nā lemmings ke ʻai i nā ʻelala a i ʻole nā pūpū i hāʻule mai ka pūnana manu. Aia kekahi mau hihia e hoʻāʻo e ʻūlū i nā antlers i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka dia. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻai ʻia nā aʻa o nā mea kanu.
Hanai ʻo Lemming i ka uaki me ka hiamoe hiamoe. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kahi manawa puʻuwai i loko o 24 mau hola, hiki iā ia ke ʻai i kahi nui o nā mea kanu mea kanu i hoʻomaka ka nui e ʻoi aku i ka paona o ka holoholona ma mua o ʻelua mau manawa. Ma muli o kēia hiʻohiʻona, ʻaʻole hiki i nā rodents ke noho i kahi ma nā wahi āpau i nā manawa āpau, a no laila ua koi ʻia lākou e neʻe mau i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā meaʻai hou.
Ma ka awelika, omo kahi lemomi makua e pili ana i 50 kg o nā mea kanu like ʻole i kēlā me kēia makahiki. I ka piko o kā lākou helu, loaʻa ka hopena ikaika o kēia mau holoholona i nā mea kanu i ko lākou mau wahi noho, e luku ana i aneane 70% o ka phytomass.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Northern Lemming
Noho kaʻawale nā Lemmings. ʻAʻole lākou i hana i nā kāne male, a ʻaʻole lawe nā makuakāne i kahi ʻāpana i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana i nā hui liʻiliʻi, akā pili wale ka uniona i ka noho wale ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maʻamau o ka Crowding no ka wā hoʻoilo. Akā ʻaʻole hāʻawi nā holoholona i kahi kōkua kōkua kekahi i kekahi i waena o ke kolone.
I loko o ka wā hau ʻole, lilo ka ʻāina lememings wahine i kūlana maikaʻi. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe o ko lākou ʻāina i nā kāne, akā ʻauana wale i nā wahi āpau e ʻimi ai i ka meaʻai. Hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā me kēia holoholona i kahi noho ma kahi mamao loa mai kahi ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻomanawanui i kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e kokoke ana iā lākou, koe wale nō ka manawa hānau. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pilina o loko o nā lemu e ka hoʻomanawanui ʻole a me ka hakakā.
Noho nā Lemmings i nā lua i ke kauwela a me ke kau. ʻAʻole lākou he lua piha, a ʻoi aku ka pololei o ke kāhea ʻana iā lākou he mau indentations wale nō. Hoʻohana lākou i nā hale kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe - nā ākea ma waena o nā pōhaku, ma lalo o ka limu, ma waena o nā pōhaku, a pēlā aku.
I ka hoʻoilo, hiki i nā holoholona ke kau pono ma lalo o ka hau i nā hakahaka kūlohelohe, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahu mai ka lepo mahana mau ma hope koke o ka uhi ʻia ʻana me ka hau anuanu mua. ʻO Lemmings kekahi o nā holoholona i hiamoe ʻole. Ma lalo o ka hau, hiki iā lākou ke ʻeli i kā lākou mau tunnels ponoʻī. I loko o ia mau puʻuhonua, ola nā rodents polar i ka hoʻoilo a hiki i ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, alakaʻi lākou i kahi nohona hana holoʻokoʻa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻo nā hoalauna o nā lemu i loko o ko lākou hale noho he polar partridges, kahi e noho paʻa nei i nā wahi haʻahaʻa o ka hau.
ʻO ka hana ʻo Rodent ka lōʻihi o ka uaki a me ka polyphasic. ʻO ke kaʻina o ke ola o nā lemu he kiʻekiʻe loa - ʻo kā lākou papa hana he ʻekolu mau hola, ʻo ia hoʻi, he lā kalena kanaka e like me ʻewalu mau lā ʻekolu mau hola o kēia mau holoholona. Mālama pono lākou i kā lākou hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā. Hoʻokahi hola e hānai ai, a laila hiamoe ʻelua mau hola. Hoʻopaʻa hou ke kalapona me ka nānā ʻole i ke kūlana o ka lā a me nā kukui kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, i nā kūlana o ke ao polar a me ka pō polar, ua nalowale ke ʻano o ka lā 24 mau hola.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Lemming Lāʻau
Noho iki nā Lemmings, hoʻokahi a ʻelua wale nō paha mau makahiki, a ʻaʻole lākou i make mai ka wā ʻelemakule, akā mai ka poʻe hōkai. Akā ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ke kūlohelohe iā lākou no kēia manawa pōkole e lawe mai i nā keiki maikaʻi. Mālama kekahi o lākou i nā keiki he 12 mau manawa i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, akā aia kēia ma nā kūlana maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka pinepine, hana wale ka kope ʻana he 3 a 4 mau manawa wale nō i ka makahiki. I kēlā me kēia manawa hānau ʻelima a ʻeono paha pēpē, a i kekahi manawa a ʻeiwa. Kū koke ka hāpai ʻana, 20-21 mau lā wale nō.
He mea hoihoi ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia mau holoholona e hānau kope - mai ka lua o ka malama o ke ola a hana ia i kēlā me kēia ʻelua mau mahina. Hiki i nā kāne ke hoʻohua i nā wahine i ka wā mua. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe kūlana o ke aniau e kaupalena ai i nā lemu i ka hoʻoulu ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke hana i kēia me ke anilā maikaʻi a me nā hau hau ʻeha, aia ma lalo o ka hau i nā lua. I nā lua hau like, hiki i nā keiki hou aʻe ke kū a kali i ko lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
He mea kūpono ia e nānā aku nei i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe e kiaʻi nei i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā lemona, no ka mea ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai na lākou. ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻoholo paha nā pueo ʻaʻole e hoʻomoe i nā hua inā ʻike lākou he liʻiliʻi ka helu o nā lemu e kiʻi maʻalahi iā lākou iho a me kā lākou mau keiki no ka ʻaina awakea i kēlā me kēia manawa.
ʻOiai, ʻaʻohe makemake o nā lemmings i ke koho ʻana o nā hoa moekolohe, pōkole ko lākou ola, pili lākou me ka mea mua a lākou i ʻike ai a hana ia ma waena o ka ʻai ʻana a me ka holoholo ʻana. No laila, huli mai ko lākou ola i kahi wikiwiki, e like me ka hiki ke lawe mai i keiki a ʻo ke koena o ka manawa e noho ʻia e ka meaʻai a me kahi hoʻomaha. ʻAʻole noho mau nā Cubs me ko lākou makuahine no ka lōʻihi ma kāna ʻāina, akā hikiwawe loa lākou i ka moekolohe iā lākou iho a holo e hoʻokō i kā lākou hana nui.
ʻOiai, he nui ka poʻe e make i ka wā mua o ke ola mai nā mea hōkai, no laila pono lākou i kahi nui o nā keiki i ʻai ʻole ʻia lākou.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā lemu
Kiʻi: Lemming ma Lūkia
He nui nā ʻenemi o nā Lemmings - nā holoholona predatory. No ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina polar predatory, lawelawe lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai nā meaʻai: no nā fox polar, ʻalopeke, ʻelala peregrine, ermines, a no nā manu hoʻi:
- Pueo pueo;
- Skuas;
- ʻO Krechetov.
Hoʻohui pololei kēia mau mea ʻaihue i ko lākou ola a me ka meaʻai me ka mokuʻāina o ka helu o nā lemona. Eia kekahi, inā hāʻule ka rodent heluna kanaka, a laila hiki i nā mea ʻino ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi kūpono i kā lākou momona inā ʻike lākou i ka nele o nā lemu i kekahi manawa. No laila, kaulike kaulike ke kaiaolaola holoʻokoʻa.
Ma waho aʻe o ka make i ka waha o kahi mea ʻino, hiki i kahi koʻokoʻo ke make i kahi ala ʻē aʻe. Ke neʻe nā lemmings, lilo i kā lākou hana i mea luku e pili ana iā lākou iho: lele lākou i loko o ka wai a make loa, e waiho ana iā lākou iho i kahi makaʻu. Holo mau lākou i nā ākea ākea me ka uhi ʻole. Ma hope o kēlā neʻe ʻana, lawelawe pinepine nā kino o nā lemu i make i ka ʻai no ka iʻa, nā holoholona kai, nā limu, a me nā mea ʻokiʻoki like ʻole. Hoʻoikaika lākou āpau e hoʻopiha i nā waihona ikehu no kēlā me kēia wahi hoʻomāinoino nui.
Ma waho aʻe o nā predators maʻamau, kahi a nā lemmings e hoʻokumu ai i ke kumu o ka papaʻai, i kekahi mau manawa, hiki i nā lau nahele maluhia ke hōʻike i ka hoihoi o ka meaʻai iā lākou. No laila, ua kaulana ia, no ka laʻana, ʻai paha nā dia i nā lemona e hoʻonui ai i ka protein i loko o ke kino. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he mau hanana kakaikahi kēia, akā naʻe naʻe. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā geese e ʻai nei i kēia mau koʻokoʻo, a ʻai lākou iā lākou no ke kumu like - mai ka nele o ka protein.
ʻAlio pū ʻia nā Lemmings e nā ʻīlio lūlū. Inā i ke kaʻina hana o kā lākou hana ʻike lākou i kahi manawa e hopu i ka holoholona a loaʻa ka meaʻai māmā, a laila e hoʻohana lākou i kēia manawa kūpono. He kūpono loa kēia no lākou, no ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ikehu o kā lākou hana.
He mea hoihoi ia i ka hui ʻana i kekahi kanaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole holo nui nā lememings he nui, akā lele pinepine i ko lākou ala, a laila e ala aʻe i ko lākou mau wāwae hope, e pīhoihoi ana, e hoʻoweliweli nei i ka ʻenemi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: lemu holoholona
ʻO Lemmings, ʻoiai ke ola pōkole o kēlā me kēia kanaka, ma muli o kā lākou fecundity, he ʻohana paʻa paʻa loa o nā rodents. ʻO ka helu o nā mea ʻaihue, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka heluna o nā lemona, hoʻoponopono maʻamau ʻia ia mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki. No laila, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou me ka make.
Ma muli o ka hūnā o nā holoholona a me kā lākou neʻe pinepine ʻana i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, paʻakikī ka helu ʻana i nā lemema, akā e like me nā kuhi pololei ʻole, hoʻonui ia i kēlā me kēia mau makahiki. ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa wale nō ke kau o nā makahiki i hala iho nei, i ka wā e hiki mai ana ka piko hou o ka heluna kanaka, inā aia, he mea nui ʻole ia.
Manaʻo ʻia he hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi e ke anilā mahana i nā latitu ʻākau, ka mea i kōkua i kahi hoʻololi o ke ʻano o ka uhi hau. Ma kahi o ka hau palupalu maʻamau, ua hoʻomaka ka hau e hana ma ka honua o ka honua, a he mea maʻamau ʻole ia no nā lemona. Hāʻawi kēia i kā lākou hōʻemi.
Akā ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau manawa o ka emi ʻana o ka helu lemmings ma ka mōʻaukala, e like me ke ola hou ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. Ma ka awelika, he pōʻaiapuni mau ka loli o ka nui, a ma hope o ka piko aia kahi hāʻule e pili ana me ka hōʻemi o ka lako o ka meaʻai. No 1-2 mau makahiki, ua hoʻi mau ka helu i ka maʻamau, a ʻike ʻia nā maʻi ahulau i kēlā me kēia 3-5 mau makahiki. Palemona manaʻo ʻo ia i ka hilinaʻi i ka nāhelehele, no laila ʻaʻole pono e manaʻo kekahi i nā hopena hopena.
Lā o ka paʻi ʻia: 17.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 21:35
