Lele Tsetse He pepeke nui ia e noho nei ma ka hapanui o ko ʻApelika tropical. Pau ka parasite i ke koko o nā vertebrates. Ua aʻo nui ʻia ka genus no kāna kuleana i ka lawe ʻana i kahi maʻi weliweli. He hopena waiwai nui kā kēia mau mea kolo i nā ʻāina ʻApelika ma ke ʻano he vector biological o trypanosome e hoʻomaka ai ka maʻi hiamoe i loko o nā kānaka a me nā trypanosomiasis i nā holoholona.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: lele tsetse
ʻO ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo tsetse "lele" i nā ʻōlelo Tswana a me Bantu o ʻApelika hema. Manaʻo ʻia he ʻano kolo kahiko loa ia, ʻoiai ua loaʻa nā nalo tsetse fossilized i nā papa fossil ma Colorado i hoʻomoe ʻia ma kahi o 34 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua wehewehe ʻia kekahi ʻano ma Arabia.
I kēia lā nā lele lele tsetse e ʻaneʻane ʻike wale ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻApelika hema o ka Sahara. Ua ʻike ʻia he 23 mau ʻāpana a me 8 mau ʻāpana o ka nāhelehele, akā he 6 wale nō o lākou i ʻike ʻia he poʻe lawe i ka maʻi hiamoe a hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka lawe ʻana i ʻelua mau pathogenic parasite kanaka.
Video: ʻO Tsetse Fly
Ua hele ʻo Tsetse mai ka hapa nui o ka hema a me ka hikina o ʻApelika a hiki i nā manawa kolone. Akā ma hope o ka maʻi ahulau mai ka maʻi ahulau i luku ʻia ma aneane nā holoholona a pau ma kēia mau ʻāpana o ʻApelika, a ʻo ka hopena o ka wī, ua luku ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kānaka.
ʻO kahi lāʻau ʻoʻoiʻoi, kūpono no nā lele tsetse. Ua ulu aʻe ma kahi o nā wahi hānai no nā holoholona holoholona a ua noho ʻia e nā mea hānai holoholona ʻāhiu. ʻO Tsetse a me nā maʻi hiamoe i kolone koke i ka ʻāina āpau, aneane e kāpae i ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka mahiʻai a me ka mālama holoholona.
He mea hoihoi! Ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ke mahi pono me ka mahiʻai me ka ʻole o nā pono o nā holoholona, ua lilo ka lele tsetse i kumu kumu o ka ilihune ma ʻApelika.
Malia paha me ka ʻole o ka lele tsetse, he ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ko ʻApelika o kēia lā. Ua kapa ʻia ka maʻi hiamoe "ʻo ia ka mea mālama holoholona hihiu ʻoi loa ʻo ʻApelika" e kekahi poʻe mālama mālama. Ua manaʻo lākou he ʻāina hakahaka o nā kānaka, piha i nā holoholona hihiu, ua ʻano like me kēia. Ua kapa ʻo Julian Huxley i nā pāpū o ʻApelika hikina "ʻo ka lālā i koe o ka honua kūlohelohe e like me ia ma mua o ke kanaka o kēia au."
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: lele lele inset
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano lele lele tsetse e nā ʻano maʻamau. E like me nā pepeke ʻē aʻe, he kino makua ko lākou i hana ʻia ʻekolu mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa: poʻo + umauma + ʻōpū. He maka nui ko ke poʻo, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa ʻia ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao, a he akaka ke ʻike maka ʻia, nā alo i mua e hoʻopili ʻia ma lalo.
Nui ka iwi iwi ʻaoʻao, ʻekolu mau ʻāpana i hoʻohui ʻia. Hoʻopili ʻia i ka umauma ʻekolu mau paʻa wāwae, a ʻelua ʻeheu hoʻi. Pōkole ka ʻōpū akā ākea a hoʻololi nui i ka nui i ka wā o ka hānai ʻana. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi he 8-14 mm. ʻO ka anatomy kūloko kahi ʻano maʻamau o nā ʻelala.
ʻEhā mau hiʻohiʻona nui e hoʻokaʻawale i ka lele tsetse mākua mai nā ʻano lele ʻē aʻe:
- Proboscis. He kumu ʻokoʻa ko ka mea kolo, me kahi ʻano lōʻihi a lahilahi, hoʻopili ʻia i ka lalo o ke poʻo a kuhikuhi i mua;
- Eheu pelu. I ka maha, pelu loa ka lele i kona mau ʻeheu ma luna o kekahi e like me ka ʻūpala;
- ʻO ka outline o ke koʻi ma nā ʻeheu. ʻO ke kikowaena o ka ʻēheu waena he ʻano koʻi lipi, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ka mallet meat a i ʻole ke koʻi;
- Nā hulu lālā - "antennae". He lauoho ko ka iwi kuamoʻo i ka lālā i hope.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa loa mai nā nalo ʻEulopa ʻo nā ʻēheu pelu ākea a me kahi proboscis ʻoiʻoi e puka ana mai ke poʻo. Nānā ke nānā aku nā lele Tsetse, mai ke ʻano melemele a i ka ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, a he pale iwi ʻāhinahina ko lākou e ʻeleʻele ana nā māka.
Ma hea e noho ai ka tsetse?
Kiʻi: lele ʻo Tsetse i ʻApelika
Māhele ʻia ʻo Glossina ma luna o ka hapa nui o ko ʻApelika sub-Sahara (ma kahi o 107 km2). ʻO kāna mau wahi punahele nā wahi o nā lau nahelehele e pili ana i nā kapa o nā muliwai, nā loko i nā wahi maloʻo, a me nā mānoanoa, nāʻu, a me ka wao nahele.
ʻO ʻApelika i kēia lā, i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā palapala hōʻikeʻike holoholona, ʻano ʻia i ka kenekulia 19 e ka hui pū ʻana o nā maʻi ahulau a me nā lele tsetse. I ka makahiki 1887, ua hoʻolauna hewa ʻole ʻia ka maʻi virus e ka ʻItalia.
Hoʻolahalaha koke ia, hiki i:
- ʻAitiopa e 1888;
- Ke kahakai ʻAkelanika e 1892;
- ʻApelika Hema e 1897
ʻO kahi maʻi ahulau mai Central Asia i luku ʻia ma mua o 90% o nā holoholona a nā kahu hānai e like me Masai ma East Africa. Ua waiho wale ʻia nā kahu hānai me nā holoholona ʻole a me nā kumuwaiwai, a ua hoʻonele ʻia nā mahiʻai i nā holoholona no ka palau ʻana a me ka ʻauwai. Ua kūlike ka maʻi ahulau me kahi kau maloʻo i hoʻomaka i ka wī. Ua make ka heluna kānaka o ʻApelika mai ka maʻi puʻu, cholera, typhoid a me nā maʻi i lawe ʻia mai ʻEulopa. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua make nā hapakolu ʻelua o ka Masai i ka makahiki 1891.
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ʻāina mai nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. ʻO ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā wahi hānai i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o nā laʻalāʻau. I loko o kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mauʻu pōkole e nā lau nahele a me nā laʻalāʻau, kahi kūpono no nā lele tsetse. Ua piʻi wikiwiki nā heluna kanaka o nā mea hānai hihiu, a me lākou ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā lele tsetse. ʻO nā wahi mauna o ka hikina o ʻApelika, kahi ma mua ʻaʻole he pōpilikia weliweli, i noho ʻia e ia, a hele pū ʻia me nā maʻi hiamoe, a hiki i kēia manawa i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Miliona o ka poʻe i make i ka maʻi hiamoe i nā kenekulia 20 i hala.
Mea nui! ʻO ka hele mau ʻana a me ka holomua o ka lele ʻana o ka tsetse i loko o nā wahi mahiʻai hou keakea i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana hana hānai hānai kūpono a maikaʻi hoʻi i aneane 2/3 o nā ʻāina ʻApelika.
He mea nui ka uhi mea kanu kūpono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lele no ka mea hāʻawi ia i nā kahua hānau, kahi e hoʻomoe ai i nā kūlana pōʻino, a me nā wahi hoʻomaha.
He aha ka ʻai a ka lele lele?
Kiʻi: holoholona lele tsetse
Loaʻa ka kolo i loko o nā ululāʻau, ʻoiai hiki iā ia ke lele i kahi mamao iki i nā kula ākea ke ʻume ʻia lākou e kahi holoholona pumehana. Hānai nā kāne ʻelua i ke koko kokoke i kēlā me kēia lā, akā ʻokoʻa ka hana o kēlā me kēia lā e pili ana i nā laha a me nā ʻano kaiapuni (e like me ka mahana).
Hoʻoikaika kekahi ʻano i ke kakahiaka, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka hana o kekahi i ke awakea. Ma ka laulaha, hoʻemi ka hana o ka lele tsetse ma hope iki o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. I ka nahele o ka nahele, ʻo nā lele lele ke kumu o ka nui o ka hōʻeha i ke kanaka. ʻAi pinepine nā wahine i nā holoholona nui. Me kahi proboscis lahilahi, hou lākou i ka ʻili, hoʻopili i ka lawai a māʻona.
Ma kahi leka! Pepelu
Nā Arthropods Diptera ʻO Glossinidae ʻO Tsetse Hūnā ia i loko o nā nāhelehele a hoʻomaka e alualu i kahi pahuhopu neʻe, ke pane nei i ka hāpai ʻana i ka lepo. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i holoholona nui a kaʻa paha. No laila, i nā wahi e lele ai ke kai eʻe, ʻaʻole pono ia e holo i loko o ke kino kaʻa a i ʻole me nā puka aniani hāmama.
ʻAi nui ma nā holoholona i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i nā poʻo (antelope, buffaloes). Eia pū nā moa, nā manu, nā lizards monitor, nā hares a me nā kānaka. Nui kona ʻōpū e kū i ka hoʻonui i ka nui i ka wā o ke kahe ʻana o ke koko i kona lawe ʻana i ka wai kō e like me kona kaupaona.
Kuhi ʻia nā lele Tsetse a hoʻonohonoho ʻōnaehana i ʻekolu mau hui:
- Fusca a i ʻole pūʻulu ulu lāʻau (subgenus Austenina);
- Morsitans, a i ʻole savannah, hui (genus Glossina);
- Palpalis, a i ʻole ka hui kahawai (subgenus Nemorhina).
No nā kahawai a me nā pūʻulu uhi nā mea nui a me nā mea kōkua lāʻau. ʻO nā vector nui ʻelua o ka maʻi hiamoe ʻo Glossina palpalis, kahi mea nui i nā mea kanu kahakai ākea, a me G. morsitans, e hānai nei i nā ulu lāʻau ākea.
ʻO G. palpalis ka pūʻali kumu mua o ka parasite gambanense ʻo Trypanosoma, ka mea e hoʻomaka ai ka maʻi hiamoe ma waena o West and Central Africa. ʻO G. morsitans ka mea lawe nui o T. brucei rhodesiense, ka mea e hoʻomaka ai ka maʻi hiamoe ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe o ka hikina o ʻApelika. Hāpai pū kekahi ʻo morsitans i nā trypanosome e kumu ai i ka maʻi.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: lele tsetse ʻApelika
Ua kāhea pololei ʻia ka lele tsetse ʻo "killer killer" no ka mea lele wikiwiki ia, akā hāmau. Lawelawe ia ma ke 'ano he waihona wai no nā meaolaola he nui. Hiki i nā kāne makua o ka laha ke ola i ʻelua a ʻekolu mau pule, a ʻo nā wahine no hoʻokahi a ʻehā mau mahina.
He mea hoihoi! ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lele tsetse paʻakikī loa. Pepehi maʻalahi ʻia lākou e kahi lele lele, akā he hana nui ka hana e wāwahi iā lākou.
Mai ka Sahara a hiki i ka Kalahari, ua luhi ka lele tsetse i nā mahiʻai ʻApelika no nā kenekulia. ʻOiai i ka wā kahiko, ua pale kēia ʻenemi liʻiliʻi i nā mahiʻai mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā holoholona kūloko no ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻāina, ka palena ʻana i ka hana, nā hua a me ka loaʻa kālā. ʻO ka hopena waiwai o ka lele tsetse ma ʻApelika i koho ʻia ma $ 4.5 biliona.
ʻO ka lawe ʻana o trypanosomiasis e pili ana i nā meaola ʻehā e launa pū ana: ka mea hoʻokipa, ka mea lawe pepeke, ka parasite pathogenic, a me ka waihona. ʻO nā Glossins nā véktor pono a kuleana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o kēia mau meaola, a ʻo ka hōʻemi ʻana i kā lākou helu e hopena i kahi hōʻemi nui o ka lawe ʻana a no laila e kōkua i ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka HAT a me ka hoʻomau o nā hana kaohi.
Ke nahu ʻia e kahi lele tsetse, nā parasite i lawe ʻia (trypanosome) ke kumu o ka hiamoe o nā kānaka a me ka nagana (nā holoholona holoholona ʻApelika) i nā holoholona - ka nui o nā bipi, nā lio, nā hoki a me nā puaʻa. Hoʻokumu ka parasites i ka huikau, nā haunaele sensory a me ka hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻana i nā kānaka, a me ke kuni, nāwaliwali, a me nā anemia i nā holoholona. Hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke make inā haʻalele ʻole ʻia.
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa mua ʻĀina o ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka lele tsetse i lawe ʻia i nā makahiki 1970. I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻomākaukau nā palapala ʻāina no ka FAO e hōʻike ana i nā wahi wānana i kūpono no nā lele tsetse.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Tsetse Fly Madagascar
Tsetse - hana i nā hua he 8-10 i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻokahi wale nō manawa o ka wahine tsetse. Ma hope o 7 a 9 mau lā, hoʻopuka ʻo ia i hoʻokahi hua manu momona, a mālama ʻia i loko o kāna kōpū. Hoʻonui a ulu ka larva i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea momona makuahine ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
Pono ka wahine i ʻekolu mau laʻana koko no ka ulu intrauterine o ka larva. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ʻai koko ke alakaʻi i ka hāpai keiki. Ma hope o ʻeiwa mau lā, hoʻopuka ka wahine i kahi larva, kanu koke ʻia i ka lepo, kahi e pupates ai. Hoʻokumu ka larva hatched i kahi papa o waho paʻakikī - ka pupule. A hoʻomau ka wahine i ka hana ʻana i hoʻokahi larva ma kahi o ʻeiwa mau lā i loko o kona ola.
Noho ka pae pupal ma kahi o 3 mau pule. ʻO waho, ʻo ka ʻili molara (exuvium) o nā pupa ke nānā aku e like me ka liʻiliʻi, me kahi pūpū paʻakikī, oblong me ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi o nā petal ʻeleʻele i ka caudal (hanu) hopena o kahi mea ola. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pupa ma mua o 1.0 cm ka lōʻihi. I ka pūpū pupal, hoʻopau ka lele i nā pae hope loa ʻelua. Puka mai kahi lele makua mai ka pupa i ka lepo ma hope o 30 mau lā.
Ma waena o 12-14 mau lā, lele ka ʻōpio hānau hou, a laila nā pā a inā he wahine ia, e hoʻomoe i kāna larva mua. No laila, 50 mau lā i hala ma waena o ka hiʻohiʻona o hoʻokahi wahine a me ka hiʻohiʻona hope o kāna hānau mua.
Mea nui! ʻO kēia pōʻaiapuni ola me ka hiki ke hoʻohua haʻahaʻa a me ka hana nui a nā mākua he laʻa ʻokoʻa loa ia no kēlā ʻano ʻelala.
ʻO nā lele lele nui nā mākua, 0.5-1.5 cm ka lōʻihi, me kahi ʻano i ʻike ʻia e hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia ai mai nā nalo ʻē aʻe.
Lele nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka tsetse
Kiʻi: lele tsetse
ʻAʻohe ʻenemi o ke tsetse ma kona wahi maoli. Hiki i kekahi mau manu liʻiliʻi ke hopu iā lākou no ka meaʻai, akā ʻaʻole ma ka ʻōnaehana. ʻO kaʻenemi nui o kahi lele kahi kanaka e hoʻoikaika ikaika e luku iā ia no nā kumu maopopo. Hoʻopili ka pepelu i ke kaulahao hoʻoili kūlohelohe o nā trypanosome pathogenic ʻApelika, ʻo ia ka mea hana o ka maʻi hiamoe i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona.
ʻAʻole pili ka lele tsetse i ka maʻi i ka wā hānau. Loaʻa ka maʻi me nā parasite weliweli ma hope o ka inu ʻana o kekahi kanaka i ke koko o kahi holoholona hihiu maʻi. No nā makahiki he 80 a ʻoi, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka hana ʻana me nā mea kolo weliweli loa ma ka Honua. ʻO ka nui o nā holomua o nā maunu maunu i loaʻa mai ka ʻike maikaʻi o ka lawena lele.
ʻO ka mea nui o nā mea ʻike i ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i nā lele lele tsetse i nā mea mālamalama i ʻike lōʻihi ʻia. Eia naʻe, ua lōʻihi ka lōʻihi e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui maoli o ka pilau i nā ʻano hoihoi. Hana ʻia nā maunu tsetse ʻimi hoʻopunipuni e ke mimike ʻana i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kūlohelohe o ke kino, a hoʻohana ʻia nā pipi e like me ke kumu hoʻohālikelike "kūpono" no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
Ma kahi leka! I nā wahi kahi e hoʻohana ai i nā maunu e pale ai i nā lehulehu kūloko a i ʻole nā holoholona a lākou mai ka hoʻouka ʻia e nā lele tsetse, pono e kau i nā pahele ma nā kauhale a me nā māla e pono.
ʻO ke ala kūpono e kāpae i ke tsetse ma o ka neutering ʻana i ke kāne. Aia ia i ka radiation radioactive kuhikuhi. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā kāne kāne i nalowale i kā lākou hana momona i nā wahi kahi e hoʻonui ʻia ai ka heluna nui o nā wahine maikaʻi. Ma hope o ka male ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hānau hou.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia meli i nā wahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka wai. I nā wahi ʻē aʻe, hua pū kekahi i ka hua, akā hoʻoliʻiliʻi wale i ka manawa kope o nā kolo.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Inset lele lele
Noho ka lele tsetse ma kahi o 10,000,000 km2 ka hapanui i loko o nā wao nahele wela, a he nui nā ʻāpana o kēia wahi nui he ʻāina momona e noho mahi ʻole ʻia - ka wao akua i kapa ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka hapanui o nā ʻāina 39 i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka lele tsetse he ʻilihune, hoʻolimalima ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia.
Ke kū nei o nā lele tsetse a me nā trypanosomiasis pale:
- Ke hoʻohana nei i nā mea exotic a me nā bipi i ʻoi aʻe ka hana;
- Kāohi i ka ulu a hoʻopili i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā holoholona;
- Hoʻoemi i ka hiki no nā holoholona a me nā hoʻohuaina.
Lawe nā lele Tsetse i kahi maʻi like i nā kānaka, i kapa ʻia ʻo ʻApelika trypanosomiasis, a i ʻole ka maʻi hiamoe. Kuhi ʻia he 70 miliona mau kānaka ma nā ʻāina he 20 i nā pae like ʻole o ka makaʻu, a he 3-4 mau miliona wale nō ka mea e kiaʻi ʻia nei. Ma muli o ka loli ʻana o ka maʻi i nā mākua hana, he nui nā ʻohana i noho ma lalo o ka laina ilihune.
He mea nui ia! Ke hoʻonui nei i ka ʻike kumu o ka launa ʻana o ka lele tsetse me kāna microbiota e hiki ai i nā hoʻolālā mana hou a hoʻomohala e hoʻomohala e hōʻemi i nā lehulehu tsetse.
No kekahi mau makahiki he nui, ke hoʻomohala nei ka Polokalamu Hoʻohui iā SIT e kūʻē i nā ʻano lele lele nui loa. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ia ma kahi e hoʻemi ʻia ai nā lehulehu kūlohelohe e nā pahele, nā pahuhopu insecticide-impregnated, nā mālama holoholona, a me nā kaʻina aerosol sequential aerial.
ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā kāne kāne make ma waena o kahi a ma nā hanauna he nui o nā nalo e hiki ke holoi i nā poʻe noho kaʻawale o nā lele tsetse.
Ka lā paʻi: 10.04.2019
Lā hou: 19.09.2019 ma 16:11
