Kharza He holoholona nui aʻe ia mai ka genus o ka weasel, no ka ʻohana o ka inoa hoʻokahi. Kapa ʻia ia marten umauma melemele, no ka mea, he ʻōlena melemele melemele kona o ka hapalua o ke kino. ʻO ka wehewehe ʻepekema i hāʻawi ʻia e ka naturalist Dutch ʻO Peter Boddert i 1785.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kharza
ʻO ka wehewehe palapala mua o ka harze i hāʻawi ʻia e ka naturalist Pelekane ʻo Thomas Pennath i ka hana "History of the tetrapods" i ka makahiki 1781. Ma laila i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he wana wana. I nā makahiki he nui ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kā Boddert hana, kahi āna i hāʻawi ai i ka mea ʻaihue i kāna wehewehe a me ka inoa o kēia manawa - ʻo Martes flavigula, ua nīnau ʻia ke ola ʻana o kahi marten me ka umauma melemele mālamalama a hiki i ka wā i lawe mai ai ke kanaka maoli Pelekane ʻo Thomas Hardwig i ka ʻili o ka holoholona mai India no ka hale hōʻikeʻike o East India Company.
ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻano kahiko o marten a i kū paha i ka wā o ka Pliocene. Hōʻoia kēia mana e kona wahi ʻāina a me ke kala atypical. Ua loaʻa nā koena o nā mōneka ma Lūkia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Primorye ma ke ana o ka Geographic Society (Upper Quaternary) a me ka Bat Cave (Holocene). Loaʻa nā ʻike mua loa i ka Late Pliocene ma ka ʻākau o India a me ka Pleistocene mua ma ka hema o Kina.
ʻO ka genus Kharza he ʻelua mau ʻano (ua wehewehe ʻia he ʻeono mau ʻāpana), ʻike ʻia ka ʻano Amur ma Lūkia, a ma India aia kekahi ʻano laha loa - ka Nilgir (noho i nā kuahiwi kiʻekiʻe o Nilgiri massif). ʻO ka mamao aku o ka akau o ka nohona, ʻo ka nui o ka holoholona, he fluffier a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hulu a me ka ʻokoʻa ke kala o ke kino. I ke ʻano o ka ʻōlinolino o ke kala, ʻano like ia me kahi holoholona tropical, ʻo ia ia, akā i loko o nā ululāʻau o Primorye, ʻano ʻē ka mea ʻaihue a ʻano ʻano ʻole paha.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Animal Kharza
He ikaika kēia lunamakaʻāinana, he muscular, elongated kino, a ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole huehue nui ka huelo, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nui ma mua o nā mustelid ʻē aʻe, hoʻonui ʻia ka manaʻo e ka mea ʻaʻole fluffy e like me ka ʻohana pili loa. He pepeiao pepeiao poepoe ko ka waha kihi a he ʻano triangular kona. Nui ka nui o Kharza.
I nā wahine:
- ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 50-65 cm;
- ka nui o ka huelo - 35-42 cm;
- ke kaupaona - 1.2-3.8 kg.
I nā kāne:
- lōʻihi o ke kino - 50-72 cm;
- ka lōʻihi o ka huelo - 35-44 cm;
- ke kaupaona - 1.8-5.8 kg.
ʻO ka hulu o ka holoholona he pōkole, ʻōlinolino, ʻino, ma ka hiʻu i ka uhi o ka lōʻihi o ka like. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke poʻo, nā pepeiao, nā mākia, nā huelo a me nā wāwae o lalo, ʻeleʻele. E iho nā kaula kuʻi ʻia mai nā pepeiao ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka ʻāʻī. Keokeo ka lehelehe lalo a me ka lae. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻōlinolino o ke kupapaʻu. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua o ke kua melemele-ʻeleʻele, e hele ana i mua i ka palaʻele.
Hoʻonui kēia kala i ka hope. Mālamalama nā umauma, nā ʻaoʻao, forelegs i ka waena o ke kino. ʻO ka puʻu a me ka umauma he melemele ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻalani-melemele paha. ʻEleʻele nā mānoanoa, keʻokeʻo ma nā wēlau. I ke kauwela, ʻaʻole aniani ke kala, ʻeleʻele iki a nāwaliwali nā aka melemele. ʻOi aku ka māmā o nā ʻōpio ma mua o ka poʻe mākua.
Ma hea e noho ai ka harza?
Kiʻi: Kharza marten
Noho ka predator ma Primorye, ma ka Peninsula o Korea, ma ka hikina o Kina, Taiwan a me Hainan, ma nā kapuwai o ka Himalayas, komohana a hiki i Kashmir. I ka hema, piʻi ka pae i Indochina, e hoʻolaha ana i Bangladesh, Thailand, ka Peninsula Malay, Kambodia, Laos, Vietnam. Loaʻa ka holoholona ma nā Mokupuni ʻo Greater Sunda (Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra). Aia kekahi pūnaewele ʻokoʻa ma ka hema o India.
Aloha ka marten umauma melemele i nā ululāʻau, akā loaʻa ia ma nā wahi neoneo o nā kuahiwi Pakistan. I Burma, hoʻonoho ka mammal i nā kahawai. I ka mālama kūlohelohe ʻo Nepalese noho ʻo Kanchenjunga i ka wahi o nā kula alpine ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 4.5 tausani mika. Ma Rūsia, ma ka ʻākau, ka holo o ka mahele o ka Ussuri marten mai ka muliwai Amur, ma ke kahakai ʻo Bureinsky a hiki i nā kumu o ka muliwai Urmi.
Video # 1: Kharza
Eia kekahi, pālahalaha aʻe ka ʻāina i ka loko wai. ʻO Gorin, hiki i ka Amur, a laila iho i lalo o ka waha o ka muliwai. ʻO Gorin I ka hema, mai ka ʻaoʻao komohana komo i ka mauna kiʻekiʻe ʻo Sikhote-Alin, hele i ke kahawai ʻo Bikin kokoke i ke kumu, huli i ka ʻākau, a hele i ke kai o Iapana kokoke i ka muliwai Koppi.
Ma kahi i hoʻomohala ʻia e nā kānaka a i ʻole ma nā wahi treeless i ke awāwa o ka Amur, Ussuri, ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa ʻo Khanka, ʻaʻole hiki mai ka mea ʻino. Ma ke kapa hema o ka Amur ʻike ʻia ia ma ke komohana o ka wahi nui, ma ka ʻāpana Skovorodino. Ma Nepal, Pakistan, Laos, noho ka holoholona ma nā ululāʻau a me nā wahi noho e pili ana i kahi ākea. Loaʻa ia i loko o ka ululāʻau lua a me nā ulu lāʻau pāma ma Malaysia; ma ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia, hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia ka helehelena o nā holoholona ma nā māla kahi e ʻohiʻohi ʻia ai nā mea maka no ka ʻaila niu.
He aha ka mea a Kharza e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Ussuriyskaya kharza
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka papaʻai he ungulate liʻiliʻi. Hāʻawi ka predator i ka makemake i nā dia musk: ʻo ka nui o kēia ruminant hornless i ka ʻāpana, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia lunamakaʻāinana o nā mustelids.
Huli ʻo ia i nā keiki:
- maral;
- dia sika;
- moose;
- puaʻa hihiu;
- dia dia;
- goral;
- dia dia hāʻule.
ʻO ke kaupaona prey ʻaʻole ma mua o 12 kg. Hoʻouka ka holoholona i nā pandas liʻiliʻi. ʻO Hares, squirrels, mice, voles a me nā rodents ʻē aʻe o ka papa kuhikuhi. Mai nā manu, nā ʻauwa hazel a i ʻole nā pheasants, hiki i nā hua manu mai nā pūnana mai ke lilo i mau mea make. Hiki i ka holoholona ke hopu i nā salemona ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. ʻAʻole ia e pale aku i nā amphibians a me nā moʻo. I kekahi manawa e ʻimi kekahi kanaka nui i nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā mustelid, no ka laʻana, kahi sable a i ʻole kolamu. ʻO kahi ʻāpana nui ʻole o ka papaʻai, ma ke ʻano he supplement, hana ʻia i loko o nā invertebrates a me nā mea kanu mea kanu, nā hua paina, nā hua, nā huaʻai, nā mea kolo.
Helu wikiō 2: Kharza
He mea ʻai maoli ʻo Kharza. Hiki iā ia ke ʻai i ka palu a i ka meli paha, e hoʻū iho i kāna huelo lōʻihi i loko o ka hive pi, a laila palu iā ia. Ma Manchuria, kapa ʻia nā kamaʻāina i kekahi manawa he marten marten. Ke alualu maikaʻi ʻia nā dia musk e nā pua a Khazrs, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka huli holoholona. Hoʻokomo mua lākou i ka ungulate e iho mai nā kuahiwi i loko o nā awāwa, a laila hoʻokau iā ia ma luna o ka hau paheʻe a i ʻole ka hau hohonu.
I ke kauwela alualu lākou i ka ruminant a kau lākou ma nā wahi pōhaku i kapa ʻia he sludge. Hoʻouka like lākou āpau iā ia a hoʻomaka koke e ʻai. I kahi kupapaʻu o kahi holoholona nui, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me lākou, hiki i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau kānaka ke hoʻomau i ka ʻahaʻaina ma kahi o ʻekolu mau lā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Harza holoholona
Makemake ka holoholona i nā lau ākea, nā lāʻau kedera a me nā ulu lāʻau i loko o nā awāwa a me nā pali mauna, i kekahi manawa hiki ke loaʻa i nā conifers ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka manawa pinepine e noho ma kahi e loaʻa ai ka dia musk - ke kumu nui o kāna ʻimi, akā hiki nō ke noho ma kahi o kāna artiodactyl punahele. I nā wahi mauna, piʻi aʻe ia i ka palena kiʻekiʻe o nā ululāʻau, nā panalāʻau ʻole a me nā hale o nā poʻe i hala.
Piʻi maikaʻi ka mea ʻimi holoholona i nā kumulāʻau, akā makemake ʻo ia e noho ma luna o ka honua i ka hapanui o ka manawa. ʻIke ʻo ia i ka lele mamao ʻana mai kahi lālā a kahi lālā, akā makemake ʻo ia e iho i lalo ke kumu i lalo. Hiki ke ʻauʻau maikaʻi. ʻO ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka harz mai nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o nā mustelid e ʻimi lākou i nā hui. I ke kaʻina o ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi mea i hōʻino ʻia, hele wāwae kēlā me kēia kanaka i kahi mamao, ke kāhili nei i ka nahele. I kekahi manawa loli nā hana a kūlani lākou. ʻAʻole ʻo Kharza e hāhai i kāna alahele, ʻā mau ʻo ia i kahi ala hou.
Nui a maʻalahi ka hana a ka holoholona me ka nānā ʻole i ke ao a me ka pō a hiki ke holo iā 20 km i kēlā me kēia lā. Ke hau paʻa nei i waho, peʻe ia i kahi pale no kekahi mau lā. Piʻi ka holoholona i ʻelua manawa i ka makahiki: i ka puna - i Malaki-ʻAukake, i ka hāʻule - i ʻOkakopa. Hiki i hoʻokahi kanaka ke ʻimi i kahi o 2 a 12 m2. Hoʻokumu ia iā ia iho ma ka ʻāina mahalo i ka hoʻolohe ʻana, honi, hihiʻo. No ke kamaʻilio ʻana, kani ke kani ʻana o nā leo, a ʻo nā pēpē e hana i nā leo lahilahi e like me ka ʻūlū ʻana.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Kharza
ʻO kēia marten, ʻokoʻa i kona ʻohana pili loa, noho i nā hui o kekahi mau kānaka a me nā hunts, e ʻākoakoa nei i nā pua o 2-4 pcs. I ke kauwela, hemo pinepine kēlā mau hui a ʻimi wale nā holoholona. ʻAʻole alakaʻi ka holoholona i kahi ola sedentary a hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i hoʻokahi pūnaewele, akā hana nā wahine i nā pūnana no ka manawa o ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i nā keiki, hoʻonohonoho iā lākou i nā lua a i nā wahi mehameha ʻē aʻe. Hiki i kēia mau ʻelele o nā mustelid ke oʻo i ka wahine i ka makahiki ʻelua. ʻO ka predator he monogamous paha ia, no ka mea he ʻano paʻa paʻa ia. Hana ʻia ka male ma kekahi o nā manawa: Pepeluali-Malaki a Iune-ʻAukake. I kekahi manawa mau ka rut a hiki i ʻOkakopa.
ʻO ka manawa hānau he 200 mau lā a ʻoi paha, me ka wā latency ke ulu ʻole ka embryo. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano i ka manawa i ka hiʻohiʻona o nā keiki hānau i nā kūlana maikaʻi. Hānau ʻia nā pēpē i ʻApelila, ʻoi aku ka nui o 3-4 mau ʻīlio pēpē i kēlā me kēia ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i ka manawa mua 5. I ka mua ua makapō a kuli hoʻi lākou, a aneane hiki ʻole ke kaumaha i 60 g. Mālama ka makuahine i nā keiki, aʻo ʻo ia iā lākou i nā mākaukau ʻimi holoholona Ma hope o ka ulu ʻana o nā keiki a haʻalele i ka pūnana, hoʻomau lākou i kahi kokoke i ko lākou makuahine a alualu pū me ia a hiki i ka puna, akā hiki iā lākou iho ke ola, ʻai i nā ʻelala a me nā invertebrates i nā wā mua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka harza
Kiʻi: Animal Kharza
ʻAʻohe ʻenemi o ka marten umauma melemele i kona ʻano maoli. Ua lawa lākou no nā poʻe noho nahele ʻē aʻe a dexterous. ʻO ko lākou hiki ke piʻi i nā kumulāʻau a lele i kēlā me kēia ʻē aʻe e kōkua i ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā hoʻouka nui ʻana o nā māmala kaumaha e like me ka lynx a i ʻole wolverine. ʻO ka makahiki awelika o kahi holoholona i ka nahelehele he 7.5 mau makahiki, akā ke mālama ʻia i ka noho pio ʻana, noho lākou no 15-16 mau makahiki.
He kākaʻikahi ka marten, akā hiki ke lilo i ka ʻaeto ʻaeto, ka tiger Ussuri, Himalayan a me nā ʻano bear ʻē aʻe. Akā pale nā mea ʻalo i ka hopu holoholona ʻana i ka marten umauma melemele, ʻoiai he ʻala kikoʻī ka ʻiʻo e hūnā ʻia e nā gland. ʻOiai hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia kēia mammal e kahi Tiga, akā mālama mau ka harza i kēia kamaʻāina o nā ululāʻau Ussuri, i mea e hui pū ai me ka ʻai ʻana i ka mea i koe ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea e ka mea ʻoka kahakai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Kharza
Wahi a nā kuhi pololei ʻole, ʻo ka helu ma Rūkia ma kahi o 3.5 tausani mau poʻo. ʻAʻole hoʻokō ʻia ka lawaiʻa nona, ʻoiai he hulu a hulu liʻiliʻi ka hulu o ka holoholona. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo Harza ma ke ʻano liʻiliʻi loa e nā ana IUCN. He wahi ākea ko ka holoholona a noho i nā wahi he nui i nā wahi pale. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i kēia ʻano, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe ʻaʻohe ʻenemi maopopo. ʻAʻole pili ka mea ʻaihue i ka lawaiʻa. Wale i kekahi mau wahi hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i nā subspecies endemik me ka make.
I loko o nā mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua alakaʻi ka neoneo ʻana i ka ulu lāʻau i kekahi o ka heluna lehulehu o ka lehulehu. Akā no nā laha i maʻa mau i nā ululāʻau mauʻu mau loa, nui nā wahi nui no ka noho ʻana. No laila, ʻo ka hōʻemi iki ʻana i ka heluna kanaka ʻaʻole ia e hoʻoweliweli i ka laha.
Ola maikaʻi ka holoholona i nā ululāʻau i koe a me nā māla hana no nā kumu he nui:
- hoʻohana ka hapa nui o nā predators i ka harza liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano he meaʻai;
- ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole e alualu ʻia iā ia;
- kona ʻano a me kāna hana e hōʻemi i ka manawa o ka hāʻule ʻana i nā pahele;
- holo maʻalahi ʻo ia mai nā ʻīlio kūloko a me nā ʻīlio hihiu.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ka heluna kanaka ma Hikina Hema ʻo Asia, e ʻimi ʻia ka nani umauma melemele ma Laos, Vietnam, Korea, Pakistan a me Afghanistan. ʻO Nuristan ka mea hoʻolako nui i ka hulu i nā mākeke ʻo Kabul. Aia ka holoholona i lalo o ka pale o ke kānāwai i kekahi mau wahi o kona laulā, ʻo kēia mau mea: Manyama, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia. Ua helu ʻia ma India ma ka Appendix III o CITES, ma ka mahele II o ke kānāwai no ka pale ʻana i ke ʻano o Kina, i kēia ʻāina ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Red Book.
ʻO ka pahuhopu nui o ka mālama kūlohelohe ka nānā hou ʻana i ka heluna kanaka Harz i mea e hiki ai ke hana i nā manawa kūpono inā hoʻomaka kekahi o nā mokupuni mokupuni kaʻawale e hoʻemi i ka helu. Kharza - ʻaʻohe waiwai waiwai o ka predator nani a me ka mālamalama ma Rūsia, akā ʻano laha ʻole ia. ʻAʻole pono e hoʻonui i ka ʻeha a ka holoholona ke ʻimi holoholona musk a i ʻole sable. Kūpono ʻo ia e mālama ʻia me ka mālama a me ka pale.
Lā paʻi: 09.02.2019
Lā hou: 16.09.2019 ma 15:46
