ʻO ka mea noho hanohano o nā wai anuanu, ke koholā poʻo, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa (ma kahi o 200 mau kānaka) a me nā ʻano palupalu o nā māmela kai ma Rūsia.
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kohola kohola
ʻO Balaena mysticetus (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka kohola polar), kahi lālā o ka subale whale baleen, ʻo ia wale nō ka laha o ka genus Balaena. ʻO ka epithet "bowhead" kohola i ka wanaʻao o ke kenekulia 17. ua hāʻawi ʻia i nā koholā mua nāna i hopu iā ia ma kahakai o Spitsbergen, a laila i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāpana o East Greenland.
Helehelena
Hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa Pelekania ʻo Bowhead whale i ke koholā ma muli o ka iwi nui, ʻano pelekane kūikawā: mahalo iā ia, ua like ke poʻo me 1/3 o ke kino (a i ʻole iki iki paha). I nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kāne. I nā kāne ʻelua, laumania ke poʻo o ke poʻo a ʻaʻohe o nā puʻupuʻu / ulu ulu, a like ke ʻano o ka waha me ke kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 90 °) arc me ka iwi ā lalo ma ke ʻano o ka bākeke. ʻO nā lehelehe lalo, nona ka kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui nui i ka pharynx, uhi i ka iwi ā luna.
Hoihoi. I ka waha nā whisk lōʻihi loa i ke aupuni koholā, e ulu ana a i ka 4.5 m. ʻO ka ʻumiʻumi ʻumiʻumi o ka koholā bowhead he lahilahi, ʻikiʻī, kiʻekiʻe a hoʻonani ʻia me kahi ʻāpana threadlike. ʻO nā lālani ʻākau a me ka hema, i māhele ʻia i mua, nona nā papa 320–400.
Ma hope o ka wehe hā ʻana o ka hanu aia kahi ʻano kaumaha, ākea ka piko o ka ihu, aia ma hope ka pepeiao a ma lalo pono o nā maka liʻiliʻi. Hoʻonoho haʻahaʻa ʻia nā mea hope loa, ma nā kihi o ka waha.
Kino ke kino o ke kohola kīhā, me kahi kua poepoe a me ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī i haʻi ʻia. He pōkole nā peʻa pectoral a like me nā ʻōʻō me nā wili pōʻai. ʻO ka laulā o ka caudal fin me kahi notch hohonu ma ke kikowaena e hoʻokokoke ana iā 1 / 3-2 / 3 o ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Hoʻonani ʻia ka huelo i kekahi palena keʻokeʻo luna.
ʻO ka koholā polar, ma ke ʻano he lālā maʻamau o ka ʻohana o nā koholā lahilahi, ʻaʻohe ona ʻōpū a ʻāhinahina ʻia ia, a i kekahi manawa me ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ka iwi ā lalo / ʻāʻī. Ulu nā lauoho melemele māmā i nā lālani he nui ma luna o ke poʻo. ʻAʻole pinepine nā albinos piha a hapa paha i waena o nā koholā poʻo. ʻO ka momona subcutaneile, e ulu ana a i ka 0.7 m ka mānoanoa, kōkua i ka hoʻololi i ke anuanu polar.
Ana o ka kohola Bowhead
ʻO ka mea nona ka ʻumiʻumi lōʻihi lōʻihi e paʻa i kahi kekona ikaika (ma hope o ke koholā polū) wahi i waena o nā holoholona e pili ana i ka nui. Loaʻa nā koholā makua mai 75 a 150 mau tona me ka awelika o 21 m, me nā kāne, ma ke ʻano he 0.5-1 m ma lalo o ka wahine, a piʻi pinepine i 22 m.
Mea nui. ʻOiai me kahi lōʻihi kupaianaha, ke nānā aku nei ke koholā poʻo i ka nui a me ka clumsy, ma muli o ka ʻāpana keʻa nui o kona kino.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu loa, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ketologists ma lalo o ka inoa "bowhead whale" aia paha he 2 mau ʻano e noho ana i nā wai like. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kuhiakau (ka mea e pono ai ka hōʻoia hou aʻe) ma luna o nā ʻokoʻa i mālama ʻia i ke kala o ke kino, ke ʻano a me ka lōʻihi, a me ke ʻano iwi.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Noho nā koholā Bowhead i nā kūlana ʻo Artctic paʻakikī, kahi e pilikia ai ka nānā ʻana iā lākou. ʻIke ʻia i ke kauwela ʻauʻau lākou hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā hui a i 5 mau kānaka i ke kahakai kahakai, me ka ʻole o ka hohonu. I nā kau nui, ʻauana wale nā koholā ke nui ka meaʻai a i ʻole ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana.
Hoʻohuli ʻia ka manawa o nā neʻe kau e ka wahi a me ka manawa o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o nā kaola hau Arctic. Neʻe hema nā koholā Bowhead i ka hāʻule, a i ke kūkulu ʻākau i ka hoʻoilo, e hoʻāʻo nei ʻaʻole e hoʻokokoke i ka lī hau. Ma kahi ʻano ʻē, hoʻohui nā koholā i ke aloha i nā latitude polar a me ke ʻano akahele e pili ana i ka hau.
Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokele pono nā pilikua ma waena o nā pā hau hau, e ʻimi ana i nā puka hoʻopakele a me nā māwae, a me ka ʻole o ia mea, haki wale lākou i ka hau a 22 cm ka mānoanoa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. Hoʻolālā ka koholā bowhead i kahi wikiwiki maʻamau ma kahi o 20 km / h, luʻu i 0.2 km a, inā pono, e mau ana i kahi hohonu a 40 mau minuke (ʻo ka mea ʻeha i ʻelua mau lōʻihi ka lōʻihi).
ʻOiai frolicking, lele ka kohola mai ka wai (e waiho ana i kona hope ma laila), e kī ana i kāna mau lūlū, e hāpai ana i ka huelo, a laila hāʻule i kekahi ʻaoʻao. Noho mau ka kohola ma luna o ka honua a hiki i 1-3 mau minuke, e hoʻokele ana i 4-12 mau punawai ʻelua a hiki i 5 m kiʻekiʻe (hoʻokahi no ka hanu ʻana) a me ke komo ʻana i 5-10 mau minuke. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lele, i kekahi mau ʻano o ke ʻano reconnaissance, hāʻule i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā puna. Hoʻomeʻale ka poʻe ʻōpio iā lākou iho i ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā mea i loaʻa i ke kai.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o ke koholā poʻo?
I ka makahiki 2009, ua aʻo ka honua i ka "lei aliʻi" ʻana o ke koholā polar me ke poʻo inoa o ka mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa loa no ka lōʻihi i waena o nā vertebrates o ko mākou honua. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia mea e nā biologists o Beritania, nāna i kau ka waihona AnAge ma ka Pūnaewele, i hoʻopili ʻia nā palapala hilinaʻi wale nō e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ke ola o 3650 vertebrate species.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo AnAge ma luna o 800 mau kumu ʻepekema (me nā loulou i hoʻopili ʻia). Hoʻohui ʻia, nānā pono nā meaolaola i nā ʻikepili āpau, e kāhi ana i nā mea kānalua. Aia ka waihona pūnaewele hōʻano hou i ka makahiki i ka ʻike ʻaʻole wale i ke ola o ke ola, akā i ka helu o ka ʻōpio / ulu ʻana, hānau hou ʻana, kaupaona a me nā palena ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia no ka loiloi hoʻohālikelike.
Mea nui. ʻO ka vertebrate ola lōʻihi loa ma ka Honua ka koholā poʻo. Ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hopena ma hope o ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i kahi specimen nona ka makahiki i koho ʻia ma 211 makahiki.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻekolu mau koholā hou i hopu ʻia i ka makahiki o 100 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka lōʻihi o ke ola (a ʻo ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o ke ola) ʻaʻole paha i ʻoi aku i nā makahiki 40. Eia kekahi, ulu mālie kēia mau koholā, akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka wahine ma mua o nā kāne. I ka makahiki 40-50, lohi ka ulu ʻana me ka lohi.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
He kupa o ka koholā poʻo o nā latitude Arctic, e neʻe pū ana me ka hau lana. I waena o nā koholā baleen, ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i lilo i kona ola i loko o nā wai polar. Uhi ka laulā o ke koholā i ka Moana Strait, Baffin Bay, nā kahawai o ka Archipelago Kanada, Hudson Bay, a me nā kai:
- Ōlelo 'Āina' Ōmaʻomaʻo;
- Barents;
- Karskoe;
- M. Laptev lāua ʻo M. Beaufort;
- Siberian Hikina;
- Chukotka;
- Beringovo;
- ʻO Okhotsk.
Ua noho ma mua ka pae o ka circumpolar e 5 mau holoholona i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia (geographic, not taxonomically), ʻekolu o lākou (Bering-Chukchi, Svalbard a me Okhotsk) i neʻe i loko o nā palena o nā kai Lūkia.
ʻIke ʻia ke koholā poʻo i loko o nā wai anuanu o ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau, a ua ʻike ʻia ka pūʻulu hema ma ke Kai o Okhotsk (54 degere latitude ʻākau). I loko o kā mākou kai, e nalo iki ana ke kohola, e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka lehulehu ma kahi kokoke i ka Chukchi Peninsula, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ka wahi ma waena o nā kai Barents a me East Siberian.
ʻAi kohola Bowhead
ʻImi nā holoholona i nā meaʻai ma nā lihi o ka hau a ma waena o nā ʻauheʻe hau e heʻe ana, i kekahi manawa e hana ana i nā hui. ʻAi lākou ma lalo pono o ka ʻili a hohonu paha, e hāmama ana ka waha a waiho i ka wai ma o nā pā o ka ʻohola.
Lahilahi ka whker o ke koholā poʻo hiki iā ia ke hei i nā crustacea e paheʻe ana ma hope o ka waha o nā koholā ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ka koholā i nā crustacea i kau ma luna o nā pā o ka ʻumiʻumi me kona alelo a hoʻouna iā lākou i lalo i ka puʻu.
ʻO ka ʻai a ka kohola koholā nā plankton:
- calanus (Calanus finmarchicus Gunn);
- pteropods (Limacina helicina);
- krill.
Hāʻule ka manaʻo nui i ka meaʻai i nā crustacea liʻiliʻi / medium (ka nui o nā copepods), hoʻopau ʻia a hiki i ka 1.8 tone i kēlā me kēia lā.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hoa nā koholā Arctic i ka wā kauwela a me ke kauwela kau. Lawe ka lawe ʻana, ma kahi o 13 mau mahina, hoʻopau me ke ʻano o nā keiki i loko o ʻApelila - Iune i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. He 3.54.5 m kaupaona o kahi keiki hānau hou a hoʻolako ʻia me kahi papa momona o ka momona e pono ai no ka thermoregulation.
I kahi keiki hānau hou, ʻike ʻia nā papa hina o kahi whalebone (10-11 cm ke kiʻekiʻe), i kahi mea hānai ua ʻoi aku ia kiʻekiʻe - mai 30 a 95 cm.
Kū ka makuahine i ka hānai ʻana i ka pēpē me ka waiū ma hope o ʻeono mau mahina, ke ulu a 7-8.5 m. I ka manawa like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hānai kūʻokoʻa, ua lele nui nā koholā ulu i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻili. Hōʻike ka ʻōpala o ka wahine ma mua o 3 mau makahiki ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. He momona nā hana a ke koholā poʻo ma kahi o 20-25 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻohe o lākou i ke koholā poʻo, koe wale no nā kohola kohola e hōʻeuʻeu ana iā ia i nā ʻohana hipa a, mahalo i ke kiʻekiʻe helu, e puka mai ana mai ka hakakā me nā mea lanakila. Ma muli o kāna hoʻowalewaleʻai meaʻai, ʻaʻole hoʻokūkū ka kohola polar me nā koholā ʻē aʻe, akā hoʻokūkū me nā holoholona i makemake i ka plankton a me nā benthos.
ʻAʻole wale kēia o nā cetaceans (whale beluga) a me nā pinnipeds (nā sila kuʻi a, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau, nā walrus), akā ʻo kekahi iʻa a me nā manu ʻo Artctic. ʻIke ʻia, no ka laʻana, e like me ke kohola bowhead, hōʻike pū ka cod Arctic i ka hoihoi gastronomic i nā copepods, akā ʻimi ʻo ia no kā lākou mau liʻiliʻi (ʻano iki ʻole i ka waha o ka kohola).
Hoihoi. Hoʻopilikia ʻia ka kohola polar e nā parasite kūwaho e like me Cyamus mysticetus. ʻO kēia nā makika kohola e noho ana ma ka ʻili, pinepine ma ke poʻo, kokoke i ka genital a me ka anus, a me nā fector pectoral.
Hoʻohui ʻia, he 6 mau ʻano helminths o ke koholā poʻo (a ʻo kekahi mau cetaceans ʻē aʻe), e like me:
- ka trematode Lecithodesmus goliath van Beneden, i loaʻa i ke akepaʻa;
- trematode Ogmogaster plicatus Creplin, e ola nei i ka esophagus a me nā ʻōpū;
- ka cestode Phillobothrium delphini Bosc a me Cysticercus sp., parasitizing i ka ʻili a me nā mea kino subcutaneus;
- ka nematode Crassicauda crassicauda Creplin, i komo i loko o ke ao urogenital;
- ʻo ka ilo kohu Bolbosoma balaenae Gmelin, e noho nei i loko o nā ʻōpū.
Ua aʻo maikaʻi loa ʻia ka make maoli o nā koholā polar. No laila, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia kaʻawale no ko lākou make ma waena o ka hau i ka ʻAkelanika ʻAkau a ma ka ʻākau o ka Moana Pākīpika.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo International Union for Conservation of Nature e pili ana iā 4 subgroups o Balaena mysticetus, ʻelua o lākou (East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Barents Sea a me ke kai o Okhotsk) i loaʻa i nā loiloi kūikawā ma ka IUCN Red List.
Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe mālama mālama i ka nui o ka nui o ke kohola kohola honua ma muli o ka ulu ʻana (ma kahi o 25,000) subpopulation o ka Beaufort, Chukchi a me Bering Seas. I ka makahiki 2011, ua kokoke ka nui o nā koholā i kēia subpopulation i 16.9-19 tausani.
Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana ma ke kai ʻo Bering, Chukchi a me Beaufort, hōʻike ka poʻe loea i ka nui o nā koholā kīʻaha i kahi ākea ākea, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 25 tausani mau kānaka. ʻO ke kūlana weliweli loa i ka subpopulation o ke Kai o Okhotsk, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 kohola, a me ka subpopulation o East Greenland - Spitsbergen - Barents Sea kekahi mau haneli.
Mea nui. Ua mālama ʻia nā koholā Bowhead ma lalo o ka palekana e ka Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (1930) a laila e ka ICRW (International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling), i komo i ka mana i 1948.
ʻO nā ʻāina āpau kahi e loaʻa ai ke koholā poʻo i lilo i poʻe komo i ka ICRW. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Kanada i kau inoa i ka palapala. Eia nō naʻe, ma kēia ʻāina, a ma ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, aia kekahi mau kānāwai aupuni ma nā mea hoʻoweliweli e pale aku i ke kohola kīkala.
I kēia lā, ʻae ʻia ka kohola kohola i ke kai Beaufort, Bering, Chukchi a me Greenland. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke koholā polar i loko o ka Appendix I o ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Spies (1975) a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Wild Animals.
