He sālemona hanohano kēia, a nā Pomors i kapa ai he "salemona" ma mua o ka manawa o nā Norewani hana, nāna i paipai i ka inoa o ka inoa like ma ʻEulopa ma kahi pae nui.
Hōʻike o ka salemona
ʻO Salar salar (salmon), i ʻike ʻia i ka poʻe lawaiʻa e like me ʻAkelanika a i ʻole loko salona, kahi lālā o ke ʻano salemona o ka ʻohana salemona a no ka iʻa iʻa ʻia. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka salemona ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa, i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou i mau ʻāpana ʻelua - S. salar americanus a me S. salar salar. Hoʻohui, he mea maʻamau ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i 2 ʻano o ka salmon ʻAkelanika, anadromous a me ka wai hou / lacustrine, kahi i manaʻo ʻia ai ka lua me he lā kūʻokoʻa. I kēia manawa ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka loko loko salona ma ke ʻano he morph kūikawā - Salmo salar morpha sebago.
ʻIke, nā ana
ʻO nā lālā āpau o ka genus Salmo (a he ʻokoʻa ka salemona) he waha nui a me kahi iwi maxillary hoʻonui ʻia e hoʻonui ana ma ʻō aku o ka laina kaulike o ka maka o ka maka. ʻO ka iʻa ka nui, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kona mau niho. ʻO nā kāne kāne moekolohe me ka makau i ʻike ʻia, e noho ana ma ka piko o ka iwi ā lalo a "ʻoiʻoi" ma lalo o ka iwi ā luna.
Hoʻopili iki ʻia ke kino lōʻihi o ka salemona ma nā ʻaoʻao a uhi ʻia me nā unahi silvery waena. Māmā lākou i ka peel a loaʻa i kahi ʻano o nā mea i kāwili ʻia. Aia ka laina ʻaoʻao (kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui o kēlā me kēia) ma kahi o 110-150 unahi. ʻO nā pelvic fins, i helu ʻia ma luna o 6 mau kukuna, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao waena o ke kino, a ʻo nā ʻāpana pectoral aia ma lalo loa o ka midline.
Mea nui. ʻO kahi finipili liʻiliʻi e ulu ana i mua o ka anal a ma hope o nā fin dorsal e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he marker o ka salemona no ka genus o salmon. ʻO ka fin caudal, e like me nā salmonid ʻē aʻe, he notch.
I ke kai, polū a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha ke kua o kahi makua ʻĀkelanika makua, ʻāhinahina nā ʻaoʻao, a keʻokeʻo mau ka ʻōpū. Ma luna aʻe, ua kīkaha ʻia ke kino me nā kiko kīnā ʻole ʻeleʻele e nalo ana i kou hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka waena. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kiko ʻana ma lalo o ka laina ʻaoʻao.
Hōʻike nā ʻōpio o nā salmon ʻAkelanika i kahi waihoʻoluʻu kikoʻī (parr-mark) - kahi pōuliuli me 11-12 mau wahi transverse. E hele ana nā kāne no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i keleawe, e loaʻa i nā ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā ʻalani a me nā ʻino he nui aʻe. I kēia manawa kūlou a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā ʻāʻī o nā kāne, a kū ʻia kahi protrusion hook-i ka mea haʻahaʻa.
Ulu nā mea ulu makua momona ma luna o 1.5 m a kaupaona ma mua o 45 kg, akā ma ka laulā, hoʻoholo ʻia ka lōʻihi / ke kaupaona o salmon e ka laulā a me ka waiwai o ka waihona forage. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Rūsia, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka salmon moana e nā muliwai: i ka muliwai. ʻO Ponoy lāua ʻo R. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 4.2-4.7 kg o nā iʻa ma Varzuga, ʻoiai e ʻohi ʻia ka salemona ma Onega a me Pechora, nona kaupaona 7.5-8.8 kg.
I nā kahawai e kahe ana i ke Kai Keʻokeʻo a me Barents, noho nā mea nui a liʻiliʻi hoʻi (lau a tinda), ma kahi o ka hapalua mika ka lōʻihi a kaupaona ʻia a hiki i 2 kg.
Ka nohona ola, hana
Ua ʻae nā ʻIchthyologists e noʻonoʻo i ka salemona ma ke ʻano he anadromous ma ke ʻano he nui, e kalai ana i ke ʻano o ka wai hou ke noho ana i nā loko nui. I ka wā hānai i nā wai kai, ʻimi ka salmon ʻAkelanika i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi a me nā crustacea, e mālama ana i ka momona no ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻoilo. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻonui nei ʻo ia i ke kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha, e hoʻonui ana ma kahi o 20 cm i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Noho ka iʻa i ke kai mai 1 a 3 mau makahiki, e pili kokoke ana i ke kahakai a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hohonu hohonu ma mua o 120 m a hiki i ko lākou wā momona. Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā ʻōpio, holo i ka wai salmon ʻōpio i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kahawai, e lanakila ana ma kahi o 50 km i kēlā me kēia lā.
Hoihoi. Ma waena o ka salemona, aia nā kāne dwarf e noho mau i ka muliwai a ʻike ʻole i ke kai. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano o "dwarfs" e ka wai anuanu nui a me ka nele o ka meaʻai, kahi e hoʻopaneʻe ai i ka ʻōpio o nā ʻōpio.
ʻ speaklelo pū kekahi ʻo ʻIchthyologists i ke ʻano hoʻoilo a me nā ʻano wai puna o ka salmon ʻAkelanika, kahi ʻokoʻa i ke kēkelē o ke oʻo o kā lākou huahana hānau, no ka mea e hele lākou i nā hua i nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki - i ke kau a i ʻole ka puna. ʻO ka salmon noho ʻāina i noho ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi, akā ʻoi aku ka anadromous spotty, noho ʻo Onega, Ladoga a me nā loko ʻākau ʻē aʻe. Maʻaneʻi momona ʻo ia e ala aʻe e ʻōkuʻu i nā kahawai kokoke.
Ehia mau makahiki e ola ai ka salemona
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā salmon ʻAkelanika ʻaʻole ola ma mua o 5-6 mau makahiki, akā hiki iā lākou (me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea maikaʻi) ke ola i ʻelua mau manawa ke lōʻihi, a hiki i 10-13 mau makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
He ākea ākea ʻo Salmon e uhi ana i ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Moana ʻAkelanika (kahi e noho ai ka anadromous form) a me ke komohana o ka Moana Arctic. Ma ke kapakai o ʻAmelika, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano mai ka muliwai. Connecticut (hema) i Greenland. Ua ulu ʻo salmon ʻAtelanika i nā muliwai he nui o ʻEulopa, mai Pokukala a Sepania a i ke kahawai ʻo Barents. Loaʻa ke ʻano lacustrine i loko o nā kino wai o Suedena, Nolewai, Pinilana a me Lūkia.
I ko mākou ʻāina, noho ka salmon loko i Karelia a ma ke Kola Peninsula:
- Nā loko Kuito (Lalo, Ma waena a ma luna);
- ʻO Segozero lāua ʻo Vygozero;
- ʻO Imandra lāua ʻo Pohaku;
- ʻO Topozero lāua ʻo Pyaozero;
- ʻO Nuke lāua ʻo Sandal;
- ʻO Lovozero, ʻo Pyukozero, ʻo Kimasozero,
- Ladoga lāua ʻo Onega;
- ʻO Janisjärvi.
Ma nā panalāʻau o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, ua ʻeli ʻia ka salemona ma nā kahawai o ka Moana Baletika a me Keʻokeʻo, ka Pechora, a ma kahi kokoke hoʻi i ke kapakai ʻo Murmansk. Wahi a IUCN, ua hoʻolauna ʻia kēia ʻano ma Australia, New Zealand, Argentina a me Chile.
ʻO kaʻai salmon ʻAkelanika
ʻO Salemona kahi predator maʻamau e hānai i ke kai. Kūpono ia ka mea nui o ka protein holoholona ka ola kai (ke kula iʻa a me nā invertebrates liʻiliʻi):
- sprat, herring and herring;
- gerbil a honi;
- echinod germ a me krill;
- nā pāpaʻi a me nā ʻōpae;
- lāʻau-spined stickleback (i ka wai hou).
Hoihoi. Ma nā mahiʻai iʻa, hānai nui ʻia ka salemona me nā ʻōpala, kahi e ʻālohilohi ai ka malu o ka iʻa iʻa.
ʻO ka salmon ʻAkelanika, ke poʻo nei no ka ʻōnaehana ʻana a komo i ka muliwai, hoʻōki i ka hānai ʻana. ʻO nā ʻōpio frolicking i nā kahawai i kā lākou mau makemake gastronomic ponoʻī - benthos, zooplankton, caddis larvae, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi / crustacea a me nā mea kolo i hāʻule i loko o ka wai.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
ʻO Salmon spawn mai Kepakemapa a Kekemapa, e koho ana i nā rapids / rapids kokoke i ke kahakai no ka lawaiʻa ʻana, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe a i waena paha o nā kahawai. ʻO Salmon e hele ana i kahi hua e like me kahi koa ikaika kūikawā - lele ʻo ia i ke kahawai, kolo i nā ʻalā pōhaku ma kona ʻōpū a ʻino nā wailele, e lele ana a 2-3 m.
Komo ʻo Salemona i ka muliwai me ka ikaika a hānai maikaʻi ʻia, e nalowale ana ka ikaika a me ka momona ke hoʻokokoke aku i kahi e lawaiʻa ai: ʻaʻole lākou e ʻauʻau wikiwiki a lele i waho o ka wai. ʻO ka wahine, a hiki i ka honua e hoʻomoʻa ai, ʻeli i kahi lua nui (2-3 m ka lōʻihi) a moe i lalo, ke kali nei no ke kāne e kipa iā ia i ka napoʻo ʻana o ke kakahiaka a i ʻole ke kakahiaka. Hoʻopulu ʻo ia i ka ʻāpana o nā hua manu a ka wahine pīhoihoi e hoʻokuʻu ai. Mālama ʻo ia iā ia e kahili i nā hua i koe a, ma hope o ka momona, hoʻolei ka lepo iā ia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo. ʻO nā wahine wahine o ka salmon ʻAtelanika i hānau (e like me ko lākou nui) mai 10 a 26 mano mau hua, 5-6 mm ke anawaena. Ua hana hou ʻo Salemona i ka lawai ʻana a ʻekolu a ʻelima mau manawa.
ʻO ka hopu ʻana me ka hana hou ʻana o nā keiki, koi ʻia ka iʻa e pōloli, no laila hoʻi lākou mai ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōpū a ʻeha, pinepine me nā ʻeha i hōʻeha ʻia. ʻO kekahi poʻe, ʻo ka hapanui o nā kāne, make i ka luhi, akā ʻo ka poʻe eʻauʻau i ke kai e ola koke - hoʻomaka lākou e ʻai nui, momona a loaʻa i kā lākou lole silvery maʻamau.
Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana o ka wai (ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 6 ° C) i loko o nā wahi e hānau ai, ua kāohi ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hua manu, a ʻike ʻia nā larva i Mei wale nō. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā ʻōpio i ko lākou mau mākua a maʻa lākou e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūʻokoʻa. I ka ʻākau, ua kapa ʻia ka salemona ʻōpio, a e nānā ana i ko lākou ʻano leʻaleʻa - he ʻeleʻele ko nā iʻa a me nā ʻaoʻao, i hoʻonani ʻia me nā ʻāpana transverse a me nā kiko pōʻai (ʻulaʻula / ʻeleʻele).
Hūnā ka camouflage motley i nā ʻōpio e ulu nei ma waena o nā pōhaku a me nā mea kanu wai, kahi e noho ai ka iʻa no kahi manawa lōʻihi (mai hoʻokahi makahiki a 5 mau makahiki). Hele ka salemona makua i ke kai, e kīʻaha ana i 9-18 knm a hoʻololi i ko lākou kala like ʻole i ke kālā, i kapa ʻia e ichthyologists smoltification.
ʻO Parrs i hele ʻole i loko o ke kai e lilo i kāne kāne dwarf, a ʻoiai ka liʻiliʻi o lākou, e komo nui i ka hana manu ʻana, e hoʻokuʻikuʻi pinepine ana i nā kāne anadromous nui. ʻO ka makana o nā kāne dwarf i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua manu he mea nui ia, he mea hiki ke hoʻomaopopo - makemake nui nā kāne piha i nā hakakā me nā mea hoʻokūkū like a ʻaʻole e nānā i nā mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuni nei.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻOiai nā kāne dwarf o ka ʻano like ʻai i ka caviar salemona. ʻO ka sculpin goby, minnow, whitefish a me ka perch ʻahaʻaina ma nā larvae a me nā ʻai. I ke kauwela, ʻimi ʻo taimen i ka salmon parr. Hoʻohui pū kekahi, hauʻoli ka poʻe ʻohana muliwai ʻē aʻe i ka ʻai ʻana i nā salemona ʻAlelanika ʻōpio.
- brown trout (ʻano wai hou);
- ma o char;
- pike;
- burbot.
Ma nā kahua hoʻoulu, hāʻule pinepine ka salemona i nā otters, a me nā manu lele - osprey, dipper, merganser nui a me nā ʻaeto keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. I ke kai, aia ka salmon ʻAkelanika ma ka papa kuhikuhi no nā kohola koholā, nā koholā beluga a me nā pinniped e like me nā sila kuʻi a me nā sila ʻumiʻumi.
Waiwai kālepa
ʻO nā mea kālepa Lūkini ia, i mau kenekulia i hala aku nei, i haku i ka ʻelele salmon kaulana (me ke kō), e hoʻolilo nei i ka iʻa i mea ʻono kupaianaha. Ua hopu ʻia ʻo Salemona ma ke Kola Peninsula a hāʻawi ʻia, ma hope o ka paʻakai ʻana a me ka puhipaka ʻana, i ke kapitala nui - no ka ʻai ʻana o nā mōʻī a me nā aliʻi ʻē aʻe, e like me nā kāhuna pule.
ʻAʻole i nalo ka waiwai o ke kalepa ʻAkelanika me kāna ʻono momona a maikaʻi ʻole, akā ʻo ke kikowaena o kāna hana hou ʻana (ʻaʻole i hana ʻia) ʻaʻole ma Rūsia, akā ma Nolewai a me Chile. Eia kekahi, hana ʻia ka mahi ʻana ʻo salmon i Sekotia, nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe, ʻo USA (ʻoi aku) a ʻo Iapana (ʻoi aku). Ma kahi mahi iʻa, ulu ka ʻai i ka helu astronomical, e loaʻa ana he 5 kg o ka nui i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
Nānā. ʻO nā ʻano salemona Lūkia ma kā mākou wahi e kū mai ana mai ka Hikina Hikina a hōʻike i ka genus Oncorhynchus - chum salmon, ʻākoʻoma salmon, sockeye salmon a me coho salmon.
Hōʻike ʻia ka nele o ka salemona kūloko e ka ʻokoʻa mahana ma Norewai, no ka laʻana, a me ke kai Barents. Mahalo i ke kahawai ʻo Kawai, hoʻomehana ʻia nā wai Norewai e ʻelua kekelē: lilo kēia hoʻololi iki i mea nui i ka wā e hānau ana i ka salemona ʻAkelanika. I Lūkia, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia ka nui e pono ai me ka hoʻokō pono ʻana o nā hana Norewai.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Manaʻo ka International Union for Conservation of Nature he mea nui ka hopohopo ʻole o ka mokuʻāina o ko ʻAlelanika heluna kānaka heluna (ma ka hopena o ka makahiki 2018). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻokomo ʻia ka loko salona noho (ʻo Salar m. Sebago) i loko o ka puke ʻula o ka Russian Federation ma ka mahele 2, no ka mea ke emi nei ka helu. Ka hoʻēmi ʻana o ka salemona wai hou ma kahi. Ladozhsky a ma kahi o. ʻO Onega, kahi i ʻike mua ʻia ai nā kiʻi i hopu mua ʻole ʻia, hoʻomaka ʻia mai ke kenekulia ma mua o ka hope a hoʻomau a hiki i kēia lā. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka salemona i loaʻa, ma ke kahawai. ʻO Pechora.
Mea nui. ʻO nā kumu i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka heluna salemona ma Lūkia ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i nā kino wai, ka ʻaihue ʻana i ke ʻano wai o nā muliwai a me ka lawaiʻa ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi i nā makahiki i hala iho nei).
I kēia manawa, pale ʻia nā ʻano wai hou o ka salmon ʻAkelanika i ka Kostomuksha Nature Reserve (ke kai kūʻono ʻo Kamennoe). Hāʻawi nā ʻIchthyologists i kekahi mau hana e pale aku ai i nā salmon i pae ʻia i ka ʻāina - hoʻoulu hānai, mālama ʻana i nā genome, ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana i nā kahua e hoʻouluulu ʻana, ka hakakā ʻana i ka lawaiʻa kū kānāwai ʻole a me ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻoka
