ʻO ka manuʻāina no nā lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ke kauoha o nā manu e like me ka manu ʻā. He mea kahiko loa ko lākou kumu i hoʻi ai nā aʻa i ke au o ke ola o nā dinosaurs. Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi o nā manu kōkō ma ka pali pōhaku o ka poʻe kahiko. E heluhelu hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia mau manu pohihihi ma hope o ka ʻatikala.
Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka manuahi
Ua manaʻo lōʻihi ʻia e nā archaeologists ua hāʻawi ʻia ka helehelena o ka manu manu ʻāpana i nā panalāʻau o ʻApelika a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, a ma hope ua hāʻawi liʻiliʻi ʻia ma luna o ke koena o ka honua. ʻAʻole e loaʻa iā lākou koe wale nō ma ʻAmelika Hema a me ka nui o Antarctica.
ʻO nā manuahi he manu hanohano i hoihoi i ka poʻe no ka makahiki millennia. Ma Kina, no ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he hōʻailona o ke ola lōʻihi a me ka naʻauao. I ʻAigupita kahiko, ua hoʻomana ʻia nā manuahi ma ke ʻano he "sunbirds" a ua mōhai ʻia na nā akua. Ma Suedena ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo "Manu o ka Pōmaikaʻi" no ka mea hoʻi lākou me ka lā, ka wela a me ka puna. Ma Iapana hoʻi, manaʻo ʻia ka manu ʻā he hōʻailona o ka hauʻoli. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he mea ʻono, a ʻo ia ke kumu i ʻai ʻia ai lākou.
ʻO ka nui o ke kino o ka manuā mai 1 a 1.20 mau mika. Huikau pinepine ʻia me ka herona, akā hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manuahi. ʻO nā lunamaka liʻiliʻi loa - belladonna, hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 80-90 centimetres. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o ko lākou kaupaona ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i 3 kilokilo, ʻo ka ʻūheu o kēia manu ʻoi loa he 1.3-1.6 mika, e hiki ai ke nānā aku me ka hanohano a me ka nani o ka lele ʻana.
ʻO kekahi lunamakaʻāinana nui o ka ʻohana i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka manuahi Australia, nona ke kaumaha a hiki i 6 kilokilo, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 145-165 cm. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka manu ʻāhinahina he pilikua i waena o kēia mau manu, nona ka ʻēheu ma kahi o 2-2.4 mau mika.
Helehelena
ʻO nā manuahi, ma muli o nā mea ʻano ʻē o ko lākou ʻano o ke kino, nani ke nānā aku. Māhele ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi, ke kino a me nā wāwae i 3 mau ʻāpana like, e hana ana i kahi ʻano o ke kaulike kūpono, i hoʻopau ʻia e kahi nuku lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻO ke kala o ka plumage o kahi manu e pili ana i kona ʻano, ʻoiai he ʻano hoʻohui ʻia o nā aka kūlohelohe me ke kala keʻokeʻo hina i ka waihona. ʻO ka pāpale aliʻi o ke poʻo o ka manuʻā kahi kahi e hōʻike ai ke kūlohelohe i kona manaʻo, pena i nā wahi i ka ʻulaʻula a me nā pale ʻē aʻe, hoʻolōʻihi a i ʻole ka hope, hoʻoneʻe maʻamau i nā hulu. Kōkua kēia kaha kiʻi i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka manu mai nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
Maʻalahi ka māmā o nā Crane no kā lākou nui nui: ʻo ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā manu i 6-7 kilo. ʻO ka nui o ke kino manu he hina nui, ʻeleʻele ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī me kahi kaula keʻokeʻo. Ma luna o ke kalaunu kahi pali i hoʻohālikelike ʻia - kahi ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula. Ua like ka loa o kona nuku me kona poʻo. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā manu ʻū e holoholo ana ma waena o nā nāhelehele he mea nui ka huelo huluhulu. Akā ke hoʻopunipuni nei ke kiʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ka fluffiness kaulana i haku ʻia i nā hulu o nā ʻēheu e kū ana. A ʻo nā hulu o ka huelo, i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, pōkole loa. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā manu ʻā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, a like ʻole ke nānā aku. Ua pena ʻia ke kino o ka ʻōpio i nā kani hina hina, me kahi poʻo ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula.
Ka nohona ola, hana
ʻO ka nohona o ka manu ka diurnal. I ka wā neʻe wale nō e ʻauana ai kā lākou leʻa o kēlā me kēia lā. Moe koke ka manuʻa ma hope o ka napoʻo ʻana o ka lā. I ka pō, hiamoe lākou, ʻākoakoa i nā hui (hiki pinepine i nā ʻumi tausani mau kānaka) e kū ana ma ka wāwae hoʻokahi i waenakonu o ka wai pāpaʻu o ka waihona. ʻO kēia mamao mai ke kahakai e ʻae i ka holoholona e pale iā ia iho mai nā hoʻouka ʻana o nā mea ʻai honua, kahi, ma ke ʻano he lula, ke peʻe nei i nā wahi āpau. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā puaʻa hihiu, nā ʻīlio raccoon, nā ʻino a me nā ʻalopeke e hoʻopau i nā pūnana manuā. Hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka ʻaeto a me ka manu koraka i waena o nā ʻenemi o ka lehulehu o kēia manu.
ʻO ka Courtship o nā manuahi kāne no nā wahine i mea e hana ai i kahi pālua e hāʻule i ka mahina o Pepeluali. ʻO ka hapanui, hana ke ʻano hānau ma nā wahi wai mamao. Kūkulu ka wahine i kahi pūnana mai nā ʻōpala mea kanu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai ka lepo, a kau i ka noho ma kahi puʻu.
He pilikanaka ʻo Cranes. Makemake lākou e noho i nā hui nui, e kaʻana like ana i ka ʻāina like no ka hiamoe, nā meaʻai a me nā wahi noho. ʻOiai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka wā i nā wahi mehana, noho pū lākou.
He holoholona makaʻala ka manu ʻalalā a ke hoʻokokoke aku kahi mea naʻaupō ma waho o 300 mau mika, holo ka manu. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i nā loli i ko lākou wahi noho, no ka mea noho mau lākou i nā pūnana like no ke ola. Hele ʻo Cranes i ko lākou wahi hoʻoilo ma nā ala ʻelua: nā manu mai Finelani a me komohana Lūkia e lele i ʻAkau ʻAkau ma o Hungary. Hele nā Crane mai Scandinavia a me Central Europe i Palani a me Sepania, i kekahi manawa a i ʻApelika ʻĀkau. I ka hoʻoilo, mehana o ka hoʻoilo, noho mau kekahi mau lunamakaʻāinana ma Kelemania. I loko o ka pūʻali neʻe, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou ʻano wedge form a me kā lākou uē. I kekahi manawa i ka wā o ka lele, ʻae ka wā i nā manu e kū no 2-3 mau pule no ka hoʻomaha a me nā mālama ikehu mai ka meaʻai.
I ke kauwela, no 2 mau pule, ʻaʻole hiki i nā manuʻaleʻa ke lele, ʻoiai i kēia manawa ua hoʻohou hou ʻia kā lākou hulu.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola ʻana o kahi manu ʻā
Loaʻa ke ola o ka manuā maʻamau ma kahi o 20 mau makahiki. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia manu e ka hana ʻana o kahi pālua no ke ola. I ka manawa like, aia he hōʻike e hōʻike ana i kahi crane pio i loko o nā hanana hana i ola a 42 mau makahiki. I ke kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole lākou i hiki i kahi makahiki kiʻekiʻe: manaʻo nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo kēia manu, ma ka awelika, ola a 25-30 mau makahiki.
Dimorphism moekolohe
ʻO ke kumu, ʻokoʻa ka nui a nā kāne a me nā wahine i nā manuʻoki. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, akā ʻaʻole hōʻike kēia iā ia iho i nā ʻano āpau. ʻO nā manuahi kāne a wahine wahine o ka lā Siberian Crane hiki ke ʻike ʻole ʻia kekahi i kekahi.
Nā ʻano o nā manuʻā
I kēia lā aia ma kahi o 340 tausani mau manuʻā. Akā ma ʻEulopa he 45 kaukani pālua wale nō i hānau, a ma Kelemania ma kahi o 3 tausani mau pālua. Aia ma kahi o 15 mau ʻano manu ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻehā mau hanauna. Pēlā nō hoʻi, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manuā e like me ka nui o ka nui, aia he 3 wale nō o lākou.
ʻO ka mea mua - ʻo ka papa nui loa e pili pū ana me ka ʻInia, Kepanī, ʻAmelika, ʻAukekulelia, a me ka manu ʻāwi. Hoʻohui ka pūʻulu helu 2 i nā holoholona waena, waena o lākou: nā Crane Kanada, nā Crane Siberian, ka hina, Daurian, a me nā Crane ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke kolu o nā manu liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka crane paradaiso, ka manu ʻeleʻele, a ua hāʻule pū ʻo belladonna i loko. Hoʻopili pū ka hui ʻekolu i ka manuahi i kau ʻia ka pāpale aliʻi a me ka oriental.
ʻO ka manuʻā Australia ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka manuʻā. Pili ʻo ia i nā manu omnivorous, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka makemake e ʻai i nā tubers o kekahi mau mea kanu.
ʻO nā ʻohana o ka manuahi ʻEulopa ka manuʻa kalaunu, ka manu ʻio keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me ka manu kalaunu ʻulaʻula. Noho ka crane Kanada ma ʻAmelika Hema a me Siberia ʻākau hikina, a noho ka manu ʻino ma Africa.
ʻO ka manuahi Kepani kahi o nā ʻano laha loa, ke kaupaona ʻia a hiki i 9 kilokilo. He ake lōʻihi kēia, hiki i ke pio ke ola i nā makahiki he 60. ʻAʻole i lohi ka manuahi India ma hope o ka nui, a hiki i ke kaumaha o 9 a 12 kilokilo.
ʻO ka manuahi ʻAmelika ka manu kakaʻī loa i waena o nā ʻano 15 āpau, makemake e noho i nā wahi ākea a pale ʻia e ke kānāwai.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona no ka crane cathedral kāna mau hana ʻili lōʻihi 2 i ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻāʻī. ʻO ia nā kāne a kēia ʻano i kaulana loa no kā lākou monogamy.
ʻO ka lua o ka heluna nui o ka manu ʻā hina. ʻO ka manuʻō keʻokeʻo, a i ʻole Siberian Crane, he kamaʻāina ʻōiwi o nā ʻākau o Lūkia. ʻOkoʻa ia mai kona mau hoa i kona plumage keʻokeʻo a me ka nuku ʻulaʻula aniani, ma muli o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona nani o ke kino e nānā nani loa ia.
ʻO Daurian crane, kahi kamaʻāina o Asia hikina, a ʻike ʻia pū kekahi. Kāhiko ʻia kona kino hina-hina a i ka manawa like e hoʻopiha ʻia e kahi ʻāpana keʻokeʻo mai ke poʻo a i nā ʻēheu, a ʻo kahi ʻulaʻula e pili ana i nā maka. Lōʻihi nā wāwae o kēia manu, uhi ʻia i ka ʻili poni.
Kaulana ka manuahi Kanada no kona kino nui, kaulana ka manu ʻāʻī ʻeleʻele i kona kala ʻano. ʻO Belladonna ka ʻelele liʻiliʻi loa o nā crane.
ʻO ka crane paradaiso kekahi ʻano lōkō. ʻOiai ʻo kēia, he poʻo nui kona a me ka ʻāʻī.
ʻO ka manuahi kalaunu ka nani loa o nā lāhui i ʻike ʻia. Ua hoʻonani ʻia kona poʻo me kahi lei hulu nani. ʻO ke ʻano o ka manuā kalaunu hikina e like me ia. ʻO kā lākou ʻokoʻa ka hapa nui i ka hiʻona ʻāina.
ʻO ka manu ʻeleʻele - noho ma ka panalāʻau o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo kona hiʻona hiʻona ʻo ia kona kalaunu ʻōhule i kona poʻo.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO ka manuahi ʻEulopa ka helu o nā manu neʻe, i ke kauwela ma kekahi mau wahi (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Brandenburg) a he ʻumi kaukani mau poʻe e lele aku mai nā wahi anu, e ʻākoakoa pū ana i ka waena o ʻOkakopa ma Palani, Sepania a ʻApelika paha. Ke hele aku nei nā manuʻale i ka hema, lohe ʻia kā lākou uē ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka pua i ka lewa.
Ma mua, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka laulā o nā manuā ma o ka hapanui o ʻEulopa. I kēia manawa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou ma ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau a me ʻEulopa Hikina wale nō, a ma Lūkia a me Siberia Hikina. I ke komohana a me ka hema o ʻEulopa, ua nalo lākou ma kahi o ka kenekulia 19. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi mau holoholona ma ka hikina a me ka ʻākau o Kelemania, a i ʻole inā ʻike ʻia lākou i nā lele i Sepania, ka hema o Palani a me ʻApelika komohana. I ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, ma kahi o 40,000 a 50,000 mau crane i kēia manawa a laila ʻike ʻia i ka lewa ma waena o ʻEulopa ʻEulopa. Hiki i ka poʻe laki ke ʻike iā lākou i nā wahi hoʻomaha waena lele ma ka ʻākau o Kelemania.
Pono nā Crane i nā wahi hāmama me nā kahawai a me nā kula e noho ai, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke nānā no ka meaʻai. I nā wahi hoʻoilo, nānā lākou i nā wahi me nā māla a me nā kumu lāʻau. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā manuahi ma nā wahi haʻahaʻa, akā i nā kuahiwi - i kekahi manawa ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2 tausani mau mika.
ʻAiʻai manuahi
Hiki i nā Cranes ke ʻai i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona. ʻO nā lau nahele, nā mea kanu, nā lau a me nā aʻa i kā lākou makemake. ʻAi pū nā Crane i nā legume, nā hua a me nā cereal. I ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o nā pēpē, hoʻonui ka noi no nā ilo, nā nīnū a me nā mea kolo nui.
ʻO nā pīpī ʻōpio, ʻoiaʻiʻo, mai ka lā mua o ke ola, nānā kūʻokoʻa i nā meaʻai na lākou. I ka manawa like, ʻae pū lākou i ka meaʻai mai ko lākou mau mākua. ʻO ka papaʻai o ka pēpē pēpē nā ʻāpana mea kanu, nā kulina, nā ʻuala, nā ilo, nā mea kolo, nā mea hānai liʻiliʻi (e like me nāʻiole) a me nā ʻano hua liʻiliʻi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
I ka puna, wili ke kāne kāne i ka hulahula e ʻoluʻolu i ka lede i wae ʻia. Kūlou ʻo ia, hoʻolōʻihi i kona kino a me kona ʻāʻī i kahi laina pololei, kuʻi i kona mau ʻeheu a lele paha. Hele pū ka hulahula me ka hīmeni ʻana o ka moena kūikawā. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa nā leo mālama mālama manu e like me nā puana a paʻakikī e huikau me kekahi uē ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kani uē aloha e like me "groovy, groovy." Akā i ka manawa like, hiki i nā crane ke ʻokiʻoki a ʻū hoʻi. Hiki ke lohe ʻia ke mele ʻana o kēia manu i nā manawa ʻē aʻe.
I ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ʻole ma mua o Mei, waiho ka wahine i ʻekolu mau hua ʻoliva, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole hina. ʻO ke kala, ka nui a me ke kinona e pili ana i ka ʻano o ka manu ʻā. ʻO ka pinepine, aia wale nā hua manu 2 i ka paʻa, akā waiho kekahi ʻano i 9 mau hua i ka manawa. Kūkulu mau ʻia ka pūnana ma nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o uka, nā kula pulu a i ʻole nā wahi kai, a he mea kanu nā mea kanu.
Huli nā mākua ʻelua i ka hatch egg. Ma hope o 3-4 mau pule, hānau ʻia nā pēpē ʻulaʻula, a pēpē. Pili ka manawa o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka manuʻū.
Hiki i nā moa ke waiho i ka pūnana i loko o hoʻokahi lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. I ka mua, loaʻa iā lākou ka meaʻai mai ko lākou mau mākua mai, a laila hele lākou i kahi huakaʻi noiʻi, hele pū me lākou. Hoʻokomo pinepine ka makuahine i hoʻokahi moa, a ʻo ka makuakāne o ka lua. Ma hope o nā hebedoma he ʻumi, haʻalele ka poʻe mākua makua i ko lākou home makua, a mākaukau lākou no ka hana kūʻokoʻa o nā keiki ma hope o 7 mau makahiki.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
He mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe ko nā crane makua. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka ʻalopeke, nā puaʻa hihiu, nā ʻaeto, nā ʻakaʻaka a me ka marsh harrier ke lilo i mea weliweli i nā holoholona ʻōpio a me ka hoʻomoe hua manu ʻana.
ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻino ʻia ka hapa nui o nā manu ʻe e nā kānaka, akā i ko lākou nohona. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hana ke kanaka i ka hana paʻa ʻana i nā kahawai o ka muliwai, hoʻomaloʻo a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wai wai, nā muliwai a, no laila, luku i ke ola o nā manu ʻino, luku i nā wahi moe a me nā wahi hānau
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Ma waena o nā heluna e neʻe i ka wā o ke kau, aia ka liʻiliʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o nā keiki. Hopohopo nā loea e pili ana i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hāʻawi hapa ʻia kēia ma muli o nā kahawai wai, ʻoiai nā mea kanu i hoʻopau ʻia i nā ʻōpala i waiho i kahi ʻano manu ʻole me ka meaʻai ʻole. Hoʻohui ʻia, nui nā pūnana me nā ʻūlū a i ʻole nā pēpē hānau hou e hōʻino ʻia e nā mea ʻino.
I kēia manawa, aneane makehewa nā 7 o 15 mau ʻano a pale ikaika ʻia e nā kānāwai o ka ʻāina a lākou e noho ai. 2 mau ʻano hou aʻe e kokoke ana i ka hoʻopiha hou ʻana i kēia papa inoa. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana i nā poho a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe, kahi i manaʻo ʻia he wahi kūlohelohe no nā manuʻāina. Pāpā ʻia kēia mau manu mai ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he makemake i ka hapa nui o nā mahiʻai mahiʻai, nā mea kanu e ʻai i ka manu manu.
Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hui manawaleʻa e kōkua i nā limahana hānai e hoʻomākaukau i ka hānai, a me ka hana hale.
