ʻIke ʻia kēia pōpoki hihiu no ka unsociability loa - ʻaʻole i hoʻomāhele ʻia ka manul, e noho kokoke ana i kahi kanaka no nā makahiki he nui. ʻO kā Pallas mau pōpoki pōpoki i hānau ʻia i loko o ke pio ʻana ʻaʻole i lilo i ke ʻano momona.
Hōʻike o ka manul
ʻIke ʻia a hōʻike ʻia i ka honua e ka mea kūlohelohe Kelemania ʻO Peter Palass, nāna i ʻike i ka mea ʻaihue ma 1776 kokoke i ke kai Caspian, mahalo i loaʻa ai i ka holoholona ka inoa waena - Pallas's cat (pallas cat). ʻO nā inoa ʻepekema ʻelua ʻo Felis manul a me Otocolobus manul, ke kānalua nei ka lua, ʻo ia hoʻi "pepeiao ʻino" ma ka ʻōlelo Helene (otos - pepeiao, a me kolobos - ʻino).
Helehelena
ʻIke ʻia ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas ʻo ka pōpoki hihiu liʻiliʻi loa e noho ana ma ka wahi post-Soviet... Me ka lōʻihi o ka hapalua mika a me ke kaupaona o 2-5 kg, e like ia me ka pōpoki maʻamau, inā ʻaʻole no kona ʻano keu a me ka huluhulu lush, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i ka nui nui. Ma ka holoʻokoʻa, ke nānā aku nei ka pōpoki o ka Pallas nui loa: hoʻopili ʻia ka manaʻo e nā lālā mānoanoa pōkole a me kahi volumous, ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka lōʻihi (23-33 cm) huelo. Piʻo ikaika nā manamana wāwae.
Wahi a kekahi o ke kuhiakau, pili loa ka pōpoki o ka Pallas i nā pōpoki Persian, nona nā ʻano pōʻai like, nā lauoho huluhulu a me kahi ʻano poʻo (pālahalaha ʻia) poʻo. Ma nā ʻaoʻao he pepeiao ākea me nā lauoho lōʻihi e holo ana i nā ʻaoʻao.
ʻAʻohe o ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas 30 (e like me ka nui o nā felines), akā he 28 mau niho, kahi ʻekolu mau manawa ka lōʻihi o nā canine ma mua o ko ka popoki kūloko. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā maka me nā membrane nictitating i hoʻomohala ʻia: hana lākou ma ke ʻano he kolu o ka eyelid, ka pale ʻana i ke kola mai ka maloʻo ʻana a me ka ʻeha. Ua lilo ka pōpoki a Pallas i kaulana no ka maka kiaʻi o nā maka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo nui, ma lalo o 2 mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele e hohola ʻia ma nā papalina. ʻO nā wēlau ma ke kumu o ka pepeiao, ʻo nā wēlau ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻāʻī (ma lalo o ka pepeiao).
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka fluffiness maikaʻi o ka pōpoki o Pallas, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ke koena o ka pōpoki, ua wehewehe ʻia e ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lauoho (7 cm) a me ka mānoanoa o kā lākou germination - 9 tausani no 1 sq. knm
ʻOkoʻa nā pōpoki a Pallas i ka nui a me ke kala, kaukaʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana (kahi o ʻekolu) a me kahi e noho ai:
- ʻO Otocolobus manul manul - he kala maʻamau kona (noho i ka hapa nui o ka pae, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻamau ma Mongolia a me ke komohana o Kina);
- ʻO Otocolobus manul ferruginea - kū i waho me ke kala ʻulaʻula me nā kaha ʻulaʻula i ʻike ʻia (ola ma Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan a me Pakistan);
- ʻO Otocolobus manul nigripecta - hōʻike i kahi kala hina, e loaʻa ana i kahi hue hina hina e ka hoʻoilo (noho i Kashmir, Tibet a me Nepal).
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kala anuanu e ka hina hina a me ka malu ocher malu, kahi i keʻokeʻo nā poʻo hina. ʻOi aku ka ʻulaʻula o nā lālā a me ka ʻōpū ma mua o ke kua, ma ʻō aku e ʻoki ʻia ai nā kaha ʻeleʻele he 6-7, e iho ana i nā ʻaoʻao. Hoʻokani ʻia ka huelo me nā laina transverse (a hiki i 7) a hoʻopau me kahi wēlau ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
ʻO Pallas 'popoki, e like me nā felines he nui, noho kaʻawale a noho wale, me ka ʻole o ka neʻe ʻana i kahi neʻe lōʻihi. ʻO ke kāne "nona" nā wahi hahai holoholona a i 4 mau mika kūlike. km., kahi e hoʻolako pono ai ʻo ia i ka lua, e koho ana i nā wahi hūnā ma waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole i nā kahawai. Noho pinepine ia i nā lua o marmots (tarbagans) a me nā ʻalopeke, a i ʻole ʻeli i kāna iho, i nā awāwa mamao a ma lalo o nā pali. Noho ka hapa o ka pō i ka lua, e lawe ana i ka manawa pōuli o ke ao no ka ʻimi holoholona.
Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma hope o ka napoo ʻana o ka lā, i ke kakahiaka nui, a i ke awakea inā kū i ke kauwela. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, haʻalele ka pōpoki a Pallas i ka lua ma mua o 0.1-1 km, e nānā ana i nā mahinaʻai kokoke loa, ka ʻāpana steppe a me nā pōhaku. ʻO ke ala o ka neʻe ʻana e like me ka alopeke, i kahi laina pololei a me kahi ala i kahi ala, akā me kahi wā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ala pōʻai (12-15 cm).
Hoihoi ia! I loko o ka arsenal o nā hōʻailona kani o ka manul - kahi ʻūlū ʻoi loa a me ke kani ʻana o ka leo. Pallas popoki, ʻokoʻa nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo i ke ʻano o kāna ʻāʻī.
ʻAʻole ʻae ka mea ʻaihue i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka hakahaka pilikino - i kēia hihia, lilo ia i mea ʻoi loa a hoʻohana i nā ʻāʻī lōʻihi lōʻihi.
Ehia mau manul e noho nei
Wahi a nā koho kolohe, ma ka nāhelehele, ʻaʻole noho mau ka pōpoki a Pallas a hiki i ka 11-12 mau makahiki, akā loaʻa kahi manawa no kahi noho lōʻihi inā komo ia i ka paka zoological. No laila, ma ka Zoo ʻo Moscow, ua ola kekahi o nā pōpoki pallas i 18 mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, he hōʻailona ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas o ka zoo kapikala mai 1987 a 2014, a ua hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi o ka pōpoki ma ka puka nui. Akā ʻo ka mōʻaukala o nā lāhui i ka zoo i hoʻomaka ma mua ma mua, mai 1949, i ka wā i puka mai ai ka pōpoki a Pallas mua ma aneʻi.
Mai ka makahiki 1957, hōʻike mau ʻia nā holoholona, a mai ka manawa o ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe mea ʻaihue e hana pinepine pinepine. Mai ia manawa mai, ua hānau ʻia he 140 mau keiki keiki i loko o ka zoo, ʻaʻole i ola nā poʻe āpau a hiki i ke oʻo ʻana, akā ʻo ka pōpoki ʻo "Moscow" Pallas i hoʻohui i nā hōʻiliʻili o nā zoo ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa. ʻO ka Zoo ʻo Moscow ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i ka nui o nā pōpoki a Pallas i hānau ʻia, ʻoiai nā paʻakikī o ka hānau hou ʻana a mālama iā lākou i ka pio.
Mea nui! Ke loli ka nohona, ke ʻike nei ka pōpoki o ka Pallas i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale a me ke olakino maʻamau. Nui nā kānaka, ke komo ʻana i kahi nohona ʻole, make ma muli o nā maʻi make.
ʻAʻole hiki wawe ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hana paʻa hou ʻana o ka pōpoki a Pallas i nā zoo, ʻoiai kahi mamao o kekahi o lākou mai ka hanauna mua o nā mea ʻaihue i hānau ʻia i ka pio. Aia kekahi poʻe ʻaʻa e hoʻāʻo e mālama i ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas i nā hale ponoʻī a me nā keʻena, hoʻopunipuni ʻia e kona ʻano kūwaho me ka pōpoki. Akā he nui nā kumu i hiki ʻole i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka home ke hiki ʻole:
- ke ahonui ʻole i nā mahana wela (hoʻolālā ʻia ka huluhulu manoanoa no nā hau hau ʻino, a hōʻemi ʻia i nā kekelē 50);
- hōʻole ʻana i ka meaʻai kamaʻāina ʻole;
- he hōʻemi nui loa i ka pale a me ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi.
A ʻo ka mea nui loa, paʻakikī ka manul a lawa pono iā ia iho. ʻAʻole ia e huli i ke ʻano tame a ʻaʻole e launa me nā poʻe ʻoiai ma hope o nā makahiki.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua lawa ka palahalaha ʻo Pallas cat - ma Central a me Central Asia, ma ka hema o Siberia (mai ke kapakai o ke kai Caspian a i Transbaikalia). Noho ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas iā Transcaucasia, Mongolia, Kina Komohana a me Tibet, a me Afghanistan, ʻIrana a me Pakistan.
Mea nui! I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua lilo ka ʻāpana o ka pōpoki a Pallas, ʻaneʻane pau loa ʻia i ka steppes ākea, a lilo i mau ʻāpana kaʻawale.
I ko mākou ʻāina, aia ʻekolu mau ʻano peʻa (hikina, trans-Baikal a me Tuva-Altai), a ʻaʻohe puka ma waena o ka lua a me ke kolu.
- hikina - nā steppe o ka moku Chita (ma waena o Shilka a me Argun) a Onon i ke komohana;
- Transbaikal - ma loko o nā palena o nā wahi ululāʻau a me nā ʻāpana steppe o Buryatia (Dzhida, Selenginsky a me Ivolginsky) a i ka latitude o Ulan-Ude;
- Tuva-Altai - ka hema hema o Tyva a me Altai.
Ke ʻimi nei ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas i nā puka pōhaku a me nā wahi ākea me nā kumulāʻau, kahi e hiki ai iā ia ke peʻe i ke ao, ʻo ia ke kumu i nakinaki ʻia ʻo ia i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ʻāina - nā puʻu liʻiliʻi, nā mauna (me nā pāpū e pili ana) a me nā pae mauna, nā kuʻina a me nā pali o nā kualono. Ma nā wahi a ka pōpoki a Pallas e noho ai, aia kahi aniela Continental me ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻoilo (a hiki i -50 ° C) a me ka hau papakū.
Papaʻai a Pallas
ʻAʻole kāhāhā ka papa kuhikuhi o nā pōpoki pallas me kāna ʻano - he mau koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi kēia a he mau manu liʻiliʻi kekahi. ʻO ka palau ʻana i ka steppes no ka ʻāina mahiʻai (ma ke ʻano o ka hopu ʻana i nā holoholona) e nānā ʻelua: ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, hoʻāʻo nā ʻōpena e haʻalele i kēia mau wahi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻomaka lākou e hōʻiliʻili kokoke i nā kahua holoholona a ʻike koke ʻia e ka pōpoki a Pallas.
ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi Pallas kuʻuna e like me nā holoholona e like me:
- voles a me nā lau nahele;
- nā hamsters a me nā gophers;
- tolai hares;
- marmots (ʻōpio);
- pikas;
- nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana;
- nā ʻeke a me nā manu ʻē aʻe e kau ana i ko lākou mau pūnana ma ka honua;
- nā mea kolo (i ke kauwela).
Ke kali nei ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas no ka mea i hōʻino ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā lua a i ʻole nā pōhaku: inā pāpaʻu ka lua, ʻānai ʻo ia i ka mea pōʻino me kāna ʻūpā.
Hoihoi ia! Ma ke kauwela (i ʻOkakopa - Nowemapa), ulu ka makemake o ka pōpoki a Pallas. ʻAi lākou i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua manawa a loaʻa ka kaupaona me ka kaohi ʻole. I ka hoʻoilo (Kekemapa - Ianuali), nalo ka hoihoi i ka meaʻai, a ʻai nā holoholona i kēlā me kēia lā.
I nā zoo, hāʻawi ʻia nā pōpoki i kaʻiʻo i hui pū ʻia me nā cereala ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka ʻai ʻana o ka iwi, akā ʻo nā kupapaʻu rodent / quail, hānai ʻia no kēia kumu, lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he puna punahele. Hānai ʻia ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas i ke ahiahi.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Hāpai kā Pallas 'pōpoki hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki... Hāʻule ka rut i Pepeluali - Malaki. ʻO ke kāhea male o ke kāne e like me ke keʻa ma waena o kahi ʻili mālie a me ka uē ʻana o ka pueo. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka estrus i ka wahine, ma kahi o 42 mau hola. I ka hoʻomaka o ka rut, hōʻike kekahi mau hoa i ka hoihoi i ka wahine e mākaukau, e hoʻomaka ana i nā hakakā kolohe. Lawe ʻo Gestation i ka 66 a 75 mau lā (60 ma ka awelika), a hānau ʻia nā keiki i ʻike ʻia i ʻApelila-Mei a i ʻole ka hopena o Mei-Iune. ʻO ka manawa maʻamau he 3-5 mau ʻāpana makapō i loko o kahi pua, akā aia paha he hoʻokahi a ʻehiku paha.
Ke kaupaona nei kēlā me kēia keiki hānau hou mai 0.3 a 0.4 kg me ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 12 knm. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā keiki i ko lākou mau maka ma hope o 10-12 mau lā a hoʻololi i ko lākou lauoho i 2 mau makahiki o ka makahiki, ke kaupaona lākou i ka 0.5-0.6 kg. I ka hōʻea ʻana i 3-4 mau mahina, hoʻomaka nā holoholona ʻōpio i ka hopu holoholona. ʻAʻole ola nā pōpoki ʻōpio Pallas āpau i nā makahiki hānau, e hoʻomaka ana ma 10 mau mahina. Nui nā keiki keiki i make i ka wā kamaliʻi mai nā maʻi infectious maʻi.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
Nui nā mea makemake ʻole o ka pōpoki a Pallas, ʻenemi hāmama a me nā mea hoʻokūkū meaʻai. Hoʻopili ka mea hope i nā manu o nā pio, corsac, polecat māmā, a me ka ʻalopeke maʻamau.
ʻO kahi hoʻomoana o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka manul:
- ʻīlio hihiu (hānau hou ʻia);
- nā ʻīlio (ʻauwana a kahu hipa), ke kali nei no ka pōpoki a Pallas ma kahi kokoke i nā peni no nā holoholona;
- manu falcon;
- pueo;
- poʻe ʻai holoholona.
He kaumaha ka pōpoki a Pallas a ʻaʻole lawa wikiwiki e haʻalele i ka ʻimi alualu ʻana. Hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e holo i mea e hiki ai i ka lua hoʻopakele a hūnā paha ma waena o nā pōhaku, akā inā ʻaʻole holo ka manuahi, huli ʻo ia i kāna waha i ka ʻenemi (noho i lalo a moe paha i lalo). I kēia kūlana, lilo ka mea ʻaihue i mea pio maʻalahi no ka ʻīlio nui a i ʻole ka mea hahai holoholona. Hiki i ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas ke kāhāhā i ke aumoe, ua makapō ʻia e nā kukui o ke kaʻa: ʻaʻole holo ka pōpoki, akā hoʻāʻo e hūnā, ka mea e uku pinepine ai i kona ola.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO Pallas 'popoki kahi haku maoli o ka ʻūlū a ʻimi a camouflage ma ka honua. Ke ʻike nei i kahi kanaka, paʻa a noho ʻo ia no nā hola me ka neʻe ʻole ʻana, ka launa ʻana i ke kala me ka ʻāina a puni.
Mea nui! ʻO ka hiki ke huli i ka ʻike maka ʻole i lawelawe i ka pōpoki a ka Pallas a me kahi disservice, e hana ana i ke aʻo / pale ʻana o nā laha i kahi hana paʻakikī loa. ʻAʻole aʻo ʻia ka pōpoki ʻo Pallas, a ʻike ʻole ʻia ka helu kikoʻī o nā laha.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia, e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā mea kālaimeaola, ʻo ka nui o nā pōpoki a Pallas i ko mākou ʻāina mai 3 a 3.65 tausani mau kānaka. Ke hoʻomau nei ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā pōpoki, me nā wahi i pale ʻia: i kekahi mau wahi ua aneane nalowale loa ia.
I kekahi mau wahi, ʻo ka nui o nā holoholona predators he 2.5-3 mau holoholona makua no 10 km ². Hoʻohuli ʻia ka hāʻule o ka heluna kanaka e nā anthropogenic a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe:
- ʻaihue ʻana i ka hulu;
- hoʻohana nui o nā lou lou / pahele no ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻalopeke a me nā hare;
- mālama pono ʻole ʻana i nā ʻīlio;
- ho'ēmi i ka lako o ka meaʻai (ma muli o ka hoʻemi ʻia o nā mea kanu, me nā marmots);
- ka hoʻoilo hau a me ka hau lōʻihi;
- make mai nā maʻi maʻi.
I ʻelima mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa i kahi mālama mālama honua maoli "Daursky" i kahi kālā mai ka Russian Geographic Society, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka papahana "Pallas 'cat cat conservation in Transbaikalia. ʻO ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike hou e pili ana i nā wahi noho a me nā neʻe ʻana o ka pōpoki o Pallas, e nānā ai i ke ʻano o ke ola o nā holoholona ʻōpio a me nā mākua.
Hoihoi ia! ʻAʻole i hiki i ke kanaka nā wahi punahele a ka pōpoki pallas, nā mea o waho a me nā steppes pōhaku, kahi mea e hāʻawi ai i ka manaʻolana no ka mālama ʻana i nā lāhui.
I kēia manawa, aia ʻo Felis manul i loko o ka Buke ʻIkepili Ulaula o ka Lūkia Hui Pū ʻIa, a ua komo pū ʻia i loko o ka Appendix II o ka CITES Convention (1995) a me ka IUCN Red List ma ke kūlana "kokoke i ka hoʻoweliweli". Kapu ʻia ka ʻimi manu manul ma nā wahi āpau.
