ʻO ka manu, i hoʻohanohano ʻia e Mayakovsky, ʻo ia ka grouse hazel legendary, nona nā kino he haneli he tausani o nā kupapaʻu a ko mākou ʻāina i hoʻolako ai i nā ʻāina ʻē a hiki i nā 70 o ke kenekulia i hala. Mahalo ʻo Gourmets i kāna ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo ʻono me ka ʻonoʻawaʻawa a me ka ʻala resin.
Hōʻike o ka hazel grouse
ʻO Bonasa bonasia (hazel grouse) kahi o ka ʻohana grouse o ke kauoha o nā moa a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia paha ka manu kaulana loa e noho nei i nā ululāʻau o ʻEulopa. Hoʻohālikelike ka nui o ka hazel grouse i kahi nūnū a i ʻole jackdaw, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāne makua ma mua o 0.4-0.5 kg o ke kaupaona e ka hoʻoilo (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine)... I ka puna, haʻalele nā kaumaha hazel i ka kaumaha.
Helehelena
Mai kahi mamao ka uahi o ka hazel grouse me he mea lā he hina hina (i kekahi manawa me kahi keleawe keleawe), ʻoiai ka lauwili ʻana o nā hulu, kahi ʻeleʻele, keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻulaʻula e kūlike ana. I ka lele ʻana, ʻike ʻia kahi kaha ʻeleʻele kokoke i ke kumu o ka huelo. Holo ka palena ʻulaʻula ma luna o ka maka, ka nuku a pena ʻia nā maka i ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele hina nā wāwae. Ma ke anuanu, e ākea ana ka hina hina ma nā kihi o nā ʻeheu, ʻo ia ke kumu i ʻoi aku ai ka māmā o ka manu ma mua o ke kauwela.
Hoʻomaopopo mau ka mea hahai holoholona i ka grouse hazel mai nā pāʻani nahele ʻē aʻe ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka variegation. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o ka wahine a me kahi kāne - hiki wale nō kēia i ka nānā ʻana i kahi manu kī.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine a uhi ʻia me ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa i hoʻomohala ʻole ʻia. ʻAʻohe o lākou mau mālamalama e pili ana i ko lākou mau maka e like me nā kāne a me ka ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo / ʻāhinahina. I nā kāne, ʻeleʻele ka lalo o ke poʻo a me ka puʻu. Kūʻē i ke kāʻei kua o kahi kino lahilahi, ke poʻo o ka hazel grouse ke nānā aku nei i ka liʻiliʻi, ua piʻo ka nuku, ikaika, akā pōkole (ma kahi o 1.5 cm). Hoʻololi ʻia kona mau kihi koi no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā lālā a me nā lālā. I mea e pale aku ai i nā wāwae mai ka heʻe ʻana o nā lālā hau i ka hoʻoilo, he manamana horny kūikawā kā ka manu e kōkua ai e noho ma ke kumulāʻau no ka manawa lōʻihi.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki, noho kahi brood o nā hazel ma kahi hoʻokahi, e waiho ana ma ka hāʻule wale nō, kahi e hoʻololi ai i ka meaʻai. I ka manawa e hau ai, neʻe nā manu i nā kahawai / kahawai kahi e ulu ai ka birch a me ka alder. Holo wikiwiki ʻo Grouse, hana maʻalahi i ka ulu lāʻau. Ke holo nei, hunches iki ia, hohola i ka ʻāʻī a poʻo i mua. ʻO kahi hauna hazel i hoʻopilikia ʻia, noisily a me ka paheʻe ʻana i kona mau ʻeheu, lele i luna (e like me ka capercaillie a me kahi grouse ʻeleʻele) a lele lele ʻole ma luna o ka waena o nā kumu lāʻau.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka hazel grouse, makaʻu ʻia e kahi kāne, hoʻokuʻu i kahi pōkole, gurgling, trill, huli nui a lele i 100 mau mika e peʻe i ka lei aliʻi.
Ma ka laulā, he manu hāmau kēia, i kekahi manawa e ʻimi i kahi ʻōwīwī lahilahi... I ke kauwela, hoʻomau ka hazel grouse i ka honua (e hiamoe ana ma lalo o nā lālā spruce lalo a i ʻole iā lākou), akā me ke ʻano o ka uhi hau, neʻe i nā lāʻau. Inā hohonu ka hau, noho nā manu i ka pō i loko pono (kahi mau mika mai kekahi i kekahi), e hoʻololi nei i nā hale i kēlā me kēia lā.
Pale ka hau mai ka hau hau, a noho ka hazel grouse ma laila a 19 mau hola i ka lā (ʻoi loa i Ianuali / Pepeluali), lele wale i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. ʻauʻau ʻūlili alternating with "anting" (ʻauʻau ʻana i kahi anthill).
Ehia mau ʻino hazel e noho nei
Ola nā lunamaka'āinana o ka laha i ko lākou lā palena pau (8-10 mau makahiki), ʻaʻole wehewehe wale ʻia e ka hoihoi o ka ʻimi holoholona, ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā mea ʻaihue a i ʻole nā maʻi. Make pinepine nā chicks i nā hau ʻinoʻino a me nā ahi nahele. Wahi a nā ornithologists, i ka Ussuri taiga, a i ka hapahā o nā keiki hānau hou e make, a i kekahi manawa ma lalo o ka hapalua o lākou e ola ana a hiki i 2 mau makahiki.
Hoihoi ia! He ʻiʻo maikaʻi loa ka hazel grouse, keʻokeʻo a palupalu, hoʻomaloʻo iki, ʻawaʻawa a hāʻawi i kahi ʻala resinous ʻokoʻa (hāʻawi ʻia i ka pulp e ka mea kanu mea ʻai, i loaʻa nā resins kūlohelohe).
Nā ʻanoʻano o ka hazel grouse
I kēia manawa ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻāpana 11, ʻokoʻa iki i ke kala, ka nui a me kahi e noho ai:
- ʻO Bonasa bonasia bonasia (ʻano maʻamau) - noho iā Pinilana, Skandinavia, Lūkia komohana a me ka ʻākau ʻo Baltic;
- B. b. volgensis - maopopo ka wahi mai ka inoa Latina, kahi e ʻōlelo ai ka volgensis "Volga";
- ʻO B. septentrionalis - noho ma ka ʻākau-hikina o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia, ma nā Ural a me nā Ural, ma Siberia, a ma ka waha o ka Amur;
- B. rhenana - noho i ka ʻākau komohana o ʻEulopa, Kelemania a me ʻAukekulia;
- Hoʻolaha B. rupestris - loaʻa ma ke komohana hema o Kelemania;
- B. styriacus - Alps a me Carpathians;
- ʻO B. schiebeli - noho i nā Balkans. I ka'ākau, palena ia ma B. styriacus, holo ka palena ma nā kuahiwi ʻo Karavanke;
- B. kolymensis - noho i ka ʻaoʻao hikina hikina o ka pae, neʻe i ke komohana hema i ke kikowaena o Yakutia;
- B. yamashinai - kaupalena ʻia ka wahi iā Sakhalin;
- B. amurensis - ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka Teritori Primorsky, ke Kōlea Kōlea a me ka ʻākau hikina o Manchuria;
- B. vicinitas - Hoʻolaha wale ʻia ma ka mokupuni ʻo Hokkaido.
ʻOiai he mea ʻole ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka mea maʻamau a me ke koena o nā subspecies, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei o kēlā me kēia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokolokolo a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
ʻO nā ululāʻau a me ka taiga o ka ʻāina nui ʻo Eurasia - ʻo kēia kahi e makemake ai ka pāʻani hulu i uka i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hazel grouse e noho. Ua piha ka ulu lāʻau o Lūkia mai ke komohana a i ka hikina, koe naʻe ʻo Kamchatka a me Anadyr. I ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka ʻāina, piʻi ka laulā i ka palena ʻākau o nā ululāʻau coniferous. Ma waho o ka wahi ma hope o Soviet, hiki ke loaʻa i ka grouse hazel ma North Japan, Korea, Scandinavia, North Mongolia, a ma Europe Komohana (hikina o ka Pyrenees).
Mea nui! ʻO nā wahi punahele kahi spruce a spruce-deciduous taiga a me nā ululāʻau mauna, kahi e komo ai i loko, e pili ana i nā awāwa kahawai.
Noho ʻo Grouse i loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous pouli, interspersed me nā mea lau liʻiliʻi (e like me ka birch, lehu mauna, alder a me willow), a me nā awāwa kahi e ulu ai ka nahele spruce-deciduous ulu.
Ma nā wahi komohana hema o kona laulā, ola ka manu i kēlā me kēia makahiki i loko o kahi ulu lāʻau deciduous kahiko, akā i nā wahi ʻē aʻe e neʻe i ka nahele deciduous wale nō i ka puna / kauwela.
Koho ʻo Grouse i nā ʻāina ulu ulu me ka pulu o ka lalo, uhi ʻia me nā mea ulu nunui, hoʻomalule ʻana i nā ululāʻau maloʻo maloʻo a me nā puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu me nā ulu lāʻau pine. Ua ʻike pū ʻia ke kahawai hazel ma nā kuahiwi i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 2 tausani mau mika ma luna o ka pae kai.
ʻO ka papaʻai ʻaina Hazel
Hoʻololi ka papa kuhikuhi ma muli o ke kau, akā ʻo ka meaʻai nui o ka grouse hazel makua ka mea kanu, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i kekahi manawa e nā kolo.... ʻOi aku ka momona o ka papaʻai i ke kauwela (a hiki i 60 mau ʻano) a hōʻemi i ka hoʻoilo (ma kahi o 20). I ʻApelila-Mei, ʻai ʻo ka hazel grouse i nā ʻumeke a me nā pua pua pua ma nā birch / willow, willow a me aspen lau, nā hua a me nā ʻanoʻano i waiho ʻia ma ka honua, nā pua / lau o nā mea kanu lau nahele, a me nā ʻūhū, nā ants, slugs a me nā nananana.
I ke kauwela, hoʻomāhuahua nā manu iā lākou iho me nā ʻanoʻano, nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea kanu, nā ʻelala a, i kahi manawa iki, e hua ana i nā hua (blueberry, strawberry a me nā raspberry). A hiki i Kepakemapa, ua loli iki ka papaʻai a nānā i kekahi mea e like me kēia:
- lingonberry;
- hua hua rowan / mineberry;
- nā hua meadowsweet a me mariannik;
- nā blueberry a me nā currants;
- pine kukui;
- mau pepeiao pepeiao Alder / buds;
- lau aspen / ʻawaʻawa.
I ʻOkakopa, hoʻololi ka hazel grouse i ka roughage (catkins, buds, lālā o birch, alder a me nā kumu lāʻau / nāhelehele). ʻO ka ʻiliahi, e like me ka pōhaku i ka ʻōpū, kōkua e wili i ka fiber coarse. I ka papaʻai o nā holoholona ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka protein protein (nā pepeke) a ʻoi aku ka hoihoi o ka hui ʻana o ka mea kanu.
Hoʻohua a me nā keiki
Aia ka manawa o ka wā male i ka wā a me ke ʻano o ka puna. Kūpaʻa ʻo Hazel grous i kā lākou hoa a hana pālua mai ka wā o ke kauwela, e noho kokoke ana a e nānā ana kekahi i kekahi. Kuhi ʻia ka moena o ke kauwela i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mehana a me ka mōakāka, nā lā ua ʻole. ʻAʻohe o kahi hui o nā ʻauʻau hazel (ʻaʻole like me nā ʻau wahie) i kēia manawa: hāʻawi ʻia ka noho aloha ʻana i kahi hoa pākahi a hana ʻia ma kahi pūnaewele pilikino.
Hoihoi ia! Holo ka ʻūlū hazel ma hope o ka wahine, lele ka huelo i luna, hoʻoulu a huki i kona mau ʻeheu, huli ikaika a ʻōwili. ʻAʻole i lohi ka wahine ma hope o ke kāne, e pane ana iā ia me kahi ʻāwī hōʻino.
ʻO ke kokoke loa o ke kauwela, ʻo ka nui o ka hele ʻana o nā manu: alualu kekahi i kekahi, hakakā a me ka hoa. Hana ʻia ka pūnana e ka wahine, e hana ana i puka ma lalo o ka laʻalāʻau / kahi make i kahi o ka heheʻe o ka hau. I ka lālau aia ma kahi o 10, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o 15 mau hua, a hoʻokomo ʻia e ka wahine, e noho paʻa paʻa loa hiki ke kiʻi ʻia.
Hoʻokū ʻia ka hoʻouluulu i 3 mau pule, e pau ana i ka hatching o nā moa kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa, i ka lā ʻelua e holo ana ma hope o ko lākou makuahine e hānai iā lākou iho i nā mea kolo. Ke ulu wikiwiki nei ʻo Chicks a ma hope o ʻelua mau mahina hiki lākou i ka nui makua.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻO ka hapanui o nā mea āpau, ʻeha kēia pāʻani hulu mai ka sable, kahi i makemake i ka ʻauʻau hazel i kahi manu ʻē aʻe a ʻai ʻia a 25 o kona mau kupapaʻu i ka hoʻoilo.... No laila, i ke kolamu "make o hazel grouse e kūlohelohe nā kumu "(no kekahi mau ʻāpana o Siberia) nā helu sable ma kahi o 80%. ʻO ka ʻenemi koʻikoʻi ʻelua ka marten, ka mea hana i nā manawa āpau i nā lāʻau o nā hazel i pepehi ʻia e ia. No ka puaʻa hihiu hoʻi ka hoʻoweliweli.
Eia kekahi, ʻimi nā mea hōʻaiʻē i ka ʻaihue hazel:
- ʻalopeke
- leʻaleʻa;
- buzzard liʻiliʻi;
- ʻaeto;
- pueo;
- hawk;
- ʻaeto ʻaeto;
- aloha
ʻO ka hiki i ka manu ke burrow i loko o ka hau ke hoʻopakele pinepine iā ia mai nā manu, akā ʻaʻole mai nā mea ʻehā ʻehā. I nā hale pale o ka hazel grouse, ʻike maʻalahi ʻia nā wea, ʻo kahi laʻana, ermine, weasel, ferret a me wolverine. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i kekahi manu ke pakele mai ka holoholona mai ke mahalo i ke ala lōʻihi o ka hau, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka manawa e ʻike ai i ka weliweli a pakele hoʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻemi nui o ka helu o ka hazel grouse, maʻa mau ʻia e ka hoʻi ʻana o nā hau i ka hapa 2 o ka hoʻoulu (make nā embryos mai ka hypothermia). Alakaʻi pū ʻo Icing i kahi hōʻemi o nā holoholona, ke hele ka hau i kahi wai i manaʻo ʻole ʻia a uhi ʻia ka hau i kahi pahu hau.... Make nui nā kahakaha hazel, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke haki i ka pā a komo i loko o ka hau. I nā wahi e noho nui ana ka poʻe, hoʻopiʻi ʻia nā kumu anthropogenic no ka nalowale ʻana o nā ʻaʻa hazel, e like me ka ululāʻau ʻana a me ka mahi ʻana o nā ululāʻau i nā wahi kuʻuna o nā manu.
Hoihoi ia! I kēia mau lā, ʻaʻole ke kumu o ka makaʻu i ka noho ʻana o nā laha, a ma Rūsia (ma hope o ka hiolo ʻana o ka USSR) ua hoʻonui nui nā kahawai hazel i kā lākou helu. ʻO ke kumu nui ka nele o ka lawaiʻa ʻoihana: ʻaʻole pili ka hopu holoholona (ʻāpana) i ka holoholona.
Wahi a ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, ʻo ka huina nui o nā groel hazel he 15-40 miliona mau kānaka, a he 7.5-9.1 miliona i loko o ʻEulopa. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laha i loko o ka International Red Book ma lalo o kahi hoʻoweliweli liʻiliʻi loa.
