"Ke Aliʻi o nā iʻa āpau" - hāʻawi ʻia kēia poʻo inoa i ka tuna ma 1922 e Ernest Hemingway, ka mea i hoʻopūʻiwa ʻia e ka torpedo live sparkling i ʻokiʻoki i nā nalu kai ma kahakai o Sepania.
Hōʻike o ka tuna
ʻIke nā ʻIchthyologists i ka tuna ma ke ʻano he kamaʻāina kai piha loa... ʻO kēia iʻa kai, a hoʻi ka inoa i ka Helene kahiko. ke aʻa "thynō" (e hoʻolei), aia i ka ʻohana Scombridae a hana i nā genera 5 me 15 mau ʻano. ʻAʻohe o ka hue ʻauʻau ka hapa nui o nā laha. ʻOkoʻa loa ka nui o ka tuna (ka lōʻihi a me ke kaupaona) - no laila ulu ka tuna mackerel i ka hapalua mika a kaupaona he 1.8 kg, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana nā tuna polū i 300-500 kg me ka lōʻihi o 2 a 4.6 m
ʻO ka genus o ka tuna liʻiliʻi:
- skipjack, aka tuna kaha onionio;
- tuna hema;
- tuna kiko;
- tuna mackerel;
- Tuna ʻAtelanika.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka genus o ke tuna maoli e nā laha nui loa, e like me:
- tuna loloa;
- tuna maka nunui;
- tuna melemele;
- maʻamau (polū / polū polū).
ʻOluʻolu ka poʻe hope loa i nā lawaiʻa me nā laʻana maikaʻi loa: ʻike ʻia ia, ma kahi laʻana, i ka makahiki 1979, kokoke i Kanada, ua hopu ʻia nā tuna polū, e aneane ana he 680 kg.
Helehelena
He mea ikaika kupaianaha ʻo Tuna i hāʻawi ʻia i ke ʻano me ka anatomy kūpono a me nā mea olaola rebolusyonary.... Loaʻa i nā ʻanā āpau kahi kino elongated, spindle-shaped e kōkua i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wikiwiki a uhi i kahi mamao loa. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke kinona kūpono o ka dorsal, like me ka fin-like fin, e mahalo ʻia no ka wikiwiki a me ka lōʻihi o ka ʻau ʻana.
ʻO nā mea maikaʻi ʻē aʻe o ka genus Thunnus:
- fin caudal ikaika ikaika ʻole;
- mahuahua ka uku panai;
- kupaianaha biochemistry / physiology o ka puʻuwai a me nā kīʻaha koko;
- kiʻekiʻe pae hemoglobin;
- nā gills ākea e kānana i ka wai i loaʻa i ke tuna 50% o kāna oxygen (i nā iʻa ʻē aʻe - 25-33%);
- kahi ʻōnaehana thermoregulatory hiʻohiʻona e hāʻawi i ka wela i nā maka, ka lolo, nā mākala a me ka ʻōpū.
Ma muli o ke kūlana hope, ʻo ke kino o ka tuna e mahana mau (e 9-14 ° C) o ke kaiapuni, ʻoiai ke ʻano o ka wela o ka nui o nā iʻa e kūlike me ka mahana o ka wai. Maʻalahi ka wehewehe - nalowale lākou i ka wela mai ka hana muscular, ʻoiai ke kahe mau nei ke koko ma waena o nā capillary gill: ma aneʻi ʻaʻole e waiwai wale ʻia me ka oxygen, akā hoʻomaʻalili hoʻi i ka mahana o ka wai.
Mea nui! ʻO kahi exchanger wela hou (countercurrent), aia ma waena o nā gills a me ke koena o nā aʻa, hiki ke hāpai i ka mahana o ke kino. Loaʻa nā tuna āpau i kēia exchanger wela kūlohelohe.
Mahalo iā ia, mālama ka bluefin tuna i ka mahana o ke kino ma kahi o + 27 + 28 ° С a hiki i ka hohonu o kahi kilomika, kahi e mahana ʻole ai ka wai ma luna o +5 ° С. ʻO ke koko-mehana ke kuleana no ka hana i nā mākala ikaika e hāʻawi i ka wikiwiki maikaʻi loa i ka tuna. ʻO ka exchanger wela i kūkulu ʻia o ka tuna kahi pūnaewele o nā moku subcutaneous e hāʻawi i ke koko i nā mākala pili, kahi e hāʻawi ʻia ai ke kuleana nui i nā mākala ʻulaʻula (nā olonā o kahi hanana kūikawā e pili ana i ka kolamu spinal).
ʻO nā kīʻaha e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mākala ʻulaʻula me nā koko i pelu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano intricate o nā uaua a me nā aʻa pili, kahi e holo ai ke koko i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke koko venous o ka tuna (wela e ka hana o nā mākala a hoʻokuke ʻia e ka ventricle puʻuwai) hoʻoili i kona wela ʻaʻole i ka wai, akā i ka arterial (counter) i hoʻokaumaha ʻia e nā gills. A holoi ʻia nā mākala o ka iʻa e ke kahe o ke koko i mahana.
ʻO ka mea mua i ʻike a wehewehe i kēia hiʻohiʻona morphological o ka genus Thunnus ka mea noiʻi Kepanī ʻo K. Kissinuye. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mele a pau i kahi kaʻawale kūʻokoʻa, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke kākoʻo o nā hoa.
Ka hana a me ka nohona
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Tuna he mau holoholona kaiaulu i loaʻa kahi ʻano gregarious - ʻākoakoa lākou i nā kaiāulu nui a ʻimi i nā hui. I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, mākaukau kēia mau iʻa pelagic e hoʻolei i kahi mamao loa, ʻoiai no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hilinaʻi mau i kā lākou kālena noho.
Hoihoi ia! Na nā ʻāleu polū (maʻa mau) ka ʻāpana o ka liona o nā moʻolelo wikiwiki o ka moana o ka honua. Ma kahi mamao pōkole hiki i ka tuna bluefin ke hoʻoholomua a aneane 90 km / h.
Ke hele nei e alualu, laina nā tunas i kahi laina i kūlou (e like me ke kakaka o ke kakaka i huki ʻia) a hoʻomaka e hoʻokele i kā lākou mea pio i ka wikiwiki nui. Ma ke ala, ʻo ka ʻauʻau paʻa mau ʻana i ke kālaolaola ʻo Thunnus. Hoʻoweliweli ka kū ʻana iā lākou me ka make, no ka mea ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kaʻina hanu e ka transverse bow o ke kino, e hele mai ana mai ka caudal fin. Hoʻomaopopo pū ka neʻe mua i kahi kahe mau o ka wai ma o ka waha hāmama i loko o nā gills.
Wā ola
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kēia poʻe noho kai kupaianaha kaukaʻi i ka laha - ʻoi aku ka nui o kona mau lunamakaʻāinana, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola... ʻO ka papa inoa o nā kenekulia e komo pū nā tuna maʻamau (35-50 mau makahiki), nā tuna Australia (20-40) a me nā tuna bluefin Pacific (15-26 mau makahiki). ʻO ka tuna Yellowfin (5-9) a me ka tuna mackerel (5 mau makahiki) ka mea liʻiliʻi loa ma kēia honua.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Tunas iā lākou iho mai nā mackerel ʻē aʻe ma mua o 40 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka noho ʻana ma ka Honua Honua (koe wale nō nā kai polar).
Hoihoi ia! I ke au pōhaku, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā iʻa i nā ana o Sisilia, a i loko o ke keleawe a me nā wā hao, ua lawaiʻa nā lawaiʻa o ke Kaiwaenahonua (Helene, Poenikia, Roma, Tureke a me Moroccans) i nā lā ma mua o ka hānau ʻana o tuna.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu loa, ākea ākea ka laulā o nā tuna maʻamau a uhi ʻia ka Moana ʻAkelanika holoʻokoʻa, mai nā mokupuni ʻo Canary a hiki i ke Kai ʻĀkau, a ʻo Norewai (kahi i ʻauʻau ai i ke kauwela). He kamaʻāina maʻamau ʻo Bluefin tuna ma ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua, i kekahi manawa e komo ana i ke Kai ʻEleʻele. Ua hui pū ʻo ia ma kahakai o ʻAkelanika o ʻAmelika, a ma nā wai o East Africa, Australia, Chile, New Zealand a me Peru. I kēia manawa, ua liʻiliʻi loa ka pae o nā tuna polū. Hoʻolahalaha ʻia nā wahi noho o nā tuna liʻiliʻi penei:
- tuna hema - nā wai subtropical o ka hemisphere hema (New Zealand, ʻApelika Hema, Tasmania a me Uruguay);
- tuna mackerel - nā wahi kai o nā kai mehana;
- tuna ke nānā aku - Ke Kai ʻInikia a me ka Pākīpika Komohana;
- ʻAno ʻAtelanika - ʻApelika, ʻAmelika a me ke Kaiwaenahonua;
- skipjack (striped tuna) - nā ʻāina tropical a subtropical o ka Moana Pākīpika.
Meaʻai, meaʻai pono
ʻO ke Tuna, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui loa (polū), ʻai ʻaneʻane i nā mea āpau i ka mānoanoa o ke kai - ʻauʻau a moe paha i lalo.
ʻO nā meaʻai kūpono no ka tuna:
- iʻa kula, ʻo ia hoʻi ka herring, mackerel, hake a me pollock;
- ʻōhumu;
- heʻe a me ka heʻe;
- sardine a me ka heleuma;
- ʻano manō liʻiliʻi;
- crustacean, me nā pāpaʻi;
- cephalopods;
- lehelehe noho.
Hiki i nā lawaiʻa a me nā ichthyologists ke hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi i nā wahi kahi e ʻoki ai ʻo ke tuna i ka herring - e wili ana nā unahi huali i nā funnels, a lilo mālie i ka wikiwiki a hoʻoheʻe mālie hoʻi A ʻo nā unahi wale nō i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa e poho ai i lalo e hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻai ʻana o ke tuna ma aneʻi.
Tuna hānau
Ma mua, ua manaʻoʻiʻo nā ichthyologists ʻo ka hohonu o ka ʻAkelanika ʻĀkau i noho ʻia e nā ʻāpana manu ʻelua o nā tuna maʻamau - noho kekahi ma ka ʻAkelanika Komohana a me nā hua manu i ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mekiko, a me ka lua o nā ola ma ka ʻAkelanika Hikina, e waiho nei no ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ke kai Mediterranean.
Mea nui! Mai kēia kuhiakau i hoʻomaka ai ke Komisina International no ka mālama ʻana o ʻAtelanika Tuna, e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā quota no kāna iʻa. Ua kaupalena ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana ma ka ʻAkelanika Komohana, akā ʻae ʻia (i nā puke nui) ma ka Hikina.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻike ʻia ke kuhiakau o ʻelua mau bipi ʻAkelanika he hewa ʻole, i kōkua nui ʻia e ka lepa ʻana o nā iʻa (i hoʻomaka i ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻenehana genetika molekiola. No nā makahiki he 60 a ʻoi paha, ua hiki ke ʻike he kupu maoli ka tuna ma nā ʻāpana ʻelua (ke kahawai ʻo Mekiko a me ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua), akā neʻe maʻalahi kēlā me kēia iʻa mai kahi wahi a kahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi hoʻokahi ka heluna kanaka.
He wā kau hānau kā kēlā me kēia wahi. Ma ke kahawai ʻo Mexico, hoʻomaka ka tuna i ka hānau ʻana mai ka waena o ʻApelila a Iune, i ka wā e mahana ai ka wai a + 22.6 + 27.5 ° C. No ka hapanui o ka tuna, ʻo ka hānau mua ma mua o 12 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻōpio i 8-10 mau makahiki, ke ulu ka iʻa i 2 m. ʻO ka spawning ponoʻī ke hana i ke kauwela, i Iune - Iulai.
Momona loa ke kalo.... Hānau ka poʻe nui he 10 miliona mau hua (1.0-1.1 cm ka nui). Ma hope o kekahi manawa, kū mai kahi larva 1-1.5 cm mai kēlā me kēia hua manu me kahi kulu momona.Holo nā larva āpau i nā hipa ma luna o ka wai.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe
ʻAʻole nui nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o Tuna: mahalo i kona wikiwiki, haʻalele ia i nā mea alualu. Eia naʻe, lilo ke tuna i kekahi manawa i ka hakakā me kekahi ʻano manō, a hāʻule pū kekahi i ka iʻa pahi kaua.
Waiwai kālepa
Ua lōʻihi ka maʻa kanaka me ka tuna - no ka laʻana, e ʻohi ana nā kamaʻāina o Iapana i ka tuna polū no 5 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha. ʻO Barbara Block, he polofesa ma ke Kulanui ʻo Stanford, ua paʻa ka manaʻo ʻo ka Thunnus genus i kūkulu i ka nohona Western. Hoʻoikaika ʻo Barbara i kāna hopena me nā ʻike kaulana: ua kīkē ʻia ke tuna ma nā kālā Helene a me Celtic, a ua hoʻohana nā lawaiʻa o ka Bosphorus iā 30 (!) Nā inoa like ʻole e koho i ka tuna.
"Ma ke Kai Kaiwaenahonua, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻupena no nā tuna nunui i kū ma kēlā a i kēia ao o Gibraltar, a ua ʻike nā lawaiʻa kai āpau i ka manawa e hoʻomaka ai ka wā lawaiʻa. Ua waiwai ka mining, no ka mea, ua kūʻai lilo koke ʻia nā waiwai ola, ”hoʻomanaʻo ka ʻepekema.
A laila ua loli ke ʻano i ka iʻa: ua hoʻomaka lākou e kāhea iā ia he "mackerel lio" a hopu iā ia no ka hoihoi leʻaleʻa, a laila e hoʻokuʻu iā ia no ka momona a hoʻolei paha i nā pōpoki. Eia nō naʻe, a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia i hala ma kahi o New Jersey a me Nova Scotia, ua hopu ʻia e nā hui lawaiʻa nā bluefin tuna (ʻo ia ka mea hoʻokūkū nui i ka lawaiʻa). Akā ua hoʻomaka kahi kahakaha ʻeleʻele paʻa no ka tuna 50-60 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, i ka wā i komo ai ka sushi / sashimi mai kāna ʻiʻo i ke ʻano gastronomic.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO ka tuna Bluefin ka mea i koi ʻia ma ka Land of the Rising Sun, kahi e uku ai ʻo 1 kg iʻa ma kahi o $ 900. Ma nā Aupuni ponoʻī, lawelawe ʻia ka tuna polū ma nā hale ʻaina wale nō, e hoʻohana ana i ka tuna melemele a i ʻole bigeye tuna i nā hale hoʻonaninani liʻiliʻi.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Hunting bluefin tuna he hanohano kūikawā no kēlā me kēia ʻauwaʻa lawaiʻa, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēlā me kēia mea i kiʻi i nā tuna maikaʻi a maikaʻi loa hoʻi. Ua hoʻololi lōʻihi ka poʻe kūʻai iʻa no nā gourmets a Iapana i nā tuna maʻamau mai ka ʻAkelanika ʻAkau, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ʻono o kā lākou mau hoa Kepanī.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
ʻO ka nui o ke ʻano tuna, ʻoi aku ka weliweli i kona ʻano mālama kūlana kūhelu.... I kēia manawa, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka tuna polū (maʻamau) ma ke ʻano he ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau ʻole, a aia kokoke ke kinai ʻana i ka tuna o Australia. ʻElua mau ʻano i kapa ʻia he palupalu - ka maka nunui a me ka tuna polū Pākīpika. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā tuna Longfin a me Yellowfin Close i ke kūlana Vulnerable, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ke kūlana liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi (e like me ka tuna ʻAtelanika).
I mea e mālama ai a hoʻihoʻi hou ai i ka heluna kanaka, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia manawa (e like me nā ʻaelike kūwaho) ke hopu i nā iʻa i ulu ʻole i 2 m. Akā aia kahi loophole i loko o ke kānāwai e hoʻopuni i kēia kānāwai: ʻaʻohe mea e pāpā ana i ka hopu ʻana o nā holoholona ʻōpio no ka mālama ʻana i nā hīnaʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia reticence e nā mokuʻāina moana āpau, koe wale nō ʻo Israel: hoʻopuni nā lawaiʻa i nā tuna ʻōpio me nā ʻupena, e huki ana iā lākou i nā peni kūikawā no ka hānai hou ʻana. Ma kēia ala, hopu ʻia hoʻokahi mika hoʻokahi a me hoʻokahi mika - i nā nui he mau manawa i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka iʻa o nā iʻa makua.
Mea nui! Ke manaʻo nei ʻaʻole e hoʻōla hou nā "mahiʻai iʻa", akā e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka lehulehu, ua kāhea ʻo WWF e hoʻopau i ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa ʻana ma ke kai Mediterranean. Ua hōʻole ʻia ka kāhea 2006 e ka lawaiʻa lawaiʻa.
ʻO kekahi noi hou (kau ʻia i ka makahiki 2009 e ka Principality of Monaco) ua kūleʻa pū kekahi, e hoʻokomo i nā tuna polū ma ka Convention on International Trade in Endangered Flora / Fauna (Appendix I). Ua pāpā kēia i ke kālepa ma nā tuna a puni ka honua, no laila ua ālai nā ʻelele CITES hopohopo i kahi hana i maikaʻi ʻole i ko lākou mau ʻāina.
