ʻAʻohe paha mea hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano leo like ʻole i ka honua manu ma mua o ka haʻahaʻa ʻo Sturnus vulgaris - ka starling maʻamau. ʻLelo lākou, mai nā ʻohana e lele aʻe ana, lohe pinepine ʻia kahi meow o ka pōpoki: a he hua liʻiliʻi wale nō kēia o ka makana parodic o kahi starling.
Wehewehe, helehelena
Hoʻohālikelike mau ʻia ka starling i ka blackbird, e ʻōlelo nei i ka like o ko lākou nui, nā ʻōuli uliuli a me nā kala o nā nuku.
ʻO ka mea aia kahi wili i mua ou e haʻi ʻia e kāna huelo pōkole, ke kino i nā kiko liʻiliʻi a me ka hiki ke holo i ka honua, ʻokoʻa i ka lele lele. I ka puna, ʻikea ka speck māmā i nā wahine, akā i ka hāʻule, ma muli o ka molting, holoi ʻia kēia ʻano.
Lōʻihi iki ka nuku a ʻoiʻoi hoʻi, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia i lalo: melemele - i ke kau moʻo, i nā mahina ʻē aʻe - ʻeleʻele... A hiki i ka manawa o ke komo ʻana o nā moa i ka manawa o ka ʻōpio, ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele wale ko lākou nuku. Hāʻawi ʻia nā starling ʻōpio e ka malu ākea o nā hulu (me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlinolino ʻōlinolino i loko o nā mākua), kahi pōʻaiapuni kūikawā o nā ʻeheu a me kahi ʻāʻī māmā
Hoihoi ia! Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ke kala o ke kani hao i hoʻoholo ʻole ʻia e ka pigment, akā na ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā hulu iā lākou iho. Ke hoʻololi nei i ke kihi a me nā kukui, hoʻololi ka plumage shimmering i kona mau aka.
ʻAʻole ulu ka starling maʻamau ma mua o 22 knm me ke kaupaona o 75 g a me ka ʻēheu o aneane 39 cm. He kino nui kona e waiho ana i nā wāwae ʻulaʻula, a poʻo poepoe maikaʻi a me kahi huelo pōkole (6-7 cm).
Hoʻokaʻawale nā mea nānā manu i nā starling i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻāina, nona ka hulu ʻeleʻele i nā aka o ka sheen metallic. No laila, ʻōlinolino ka ʻōniʻoniʻo ʻEulopa a me ka poni i ka lā, i nā subspecies ʻē aʻe, ke kua, ka umauma a me ka hope o ka ʻāʻī shimmer me ka uliuli a me ke keleawe.
Kahi noho, nā wahi noho
Noho ka starling ma nā wahi āpau koe ʻo ʻAmelika Waena a me ʻAmelika Hema. Mahalo i ke kanaka, ua noho ka manu ma Nūhōlani, ʻAukekulelia, ʻApelika Hema a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
Ua hoʻāʻo lākou i nā manawa he nui e hehu i nā starling i United States: ʻo ka ʻoi loa o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka 1891, i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai hoʻokahi haneli manu i ka nahelehele ma Central Park ma New York. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā manu i make, ua lawa nā mea i koe e "hopu" i ka pae ʻāina (mai Florida a i ka hema o Kanada).
Ua noho ka starling i nā wahi nui o Eurasia: mai ʻIlia / Kola Peninsula (ma ke kūkulu ʻākau) a hiki i ka hema o Palani, ka ʻākau o Sepania, ʻItalia, ka ʻākau o Helene, Yugoslavia, Turkey, ka ʻākau o ʻIraka a me ʻIraka, Pakistan, Afghanistan a me ka ʻākau komohana o India (ma ka hema) ...
Hoihoi ia! Ma ka hikina, piʻi ka wahi i Lake Baikal (komo), a ma ke komohana uhi ka Azores. Ua ʻike ʻia ka starling ma Siberia ma kahi o 60 ° latitu ʻākau.
ʻAʻole haʻalele kekahi mau starling i kā lākou mau wahi i noho ʻia (ʻo kēia me nā manu o ka hema a me ke komohana o ʻEulopa), ʻo ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe (mai ka ʻaoʻao hikina a me nā ʻākau o ʻEulopa) e lele mau ana i ka hema a i ka hoʻoilo.
ʻAʻole pīhoihoi ka starling maʻamau e pili ana i kona wahi noho, akā pale aku i nā kuahiwi, makemake i nā pāpū me nā wahi kai paʻakai, nā ululāʻau, nā wahi pohō a me nā steppes, a me nā kahakiʻi i mahi ʻia (nā māla / pāka). Makemake e noho kokoke i nā māla a, ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai ka mea e hāʻawi i ka starling i kahi lako meaʻai nui.
Ka nohona Starling
ʻO ke ola paʻakikī loa no nā starling neʻe e hoʻi ana i ko lākou ʻāina home i ka mua o ʻApelila... Ke hāʻule nei ka hau i kēia manawa, e hoʻokuke nei i nā manu i ka hema: ʻo ka poʻe ʻaʻohe manawa e neʻe e make wale nō.
Hiki mua nā kāne. Hōʻike iki kā lākou mau ipo wahine ma hope iki, ke koho mua nā mea koho ʻia i nā wahi no ka pūnana ʻana (e like me nā lua a me nā hale manu), a i kēia manawa ua hoʻonui lākou i ko lākou hiki leo, me ka hoʻopoina ʻole e hakakā me nā hoanoho.
E kīloi ka hōkū i luna, e wehe ana i kona nuku ākea a hoʻolōʻihi i kona mau ʻeheu. ʻAʻole kū mau nā leo Harmonious mai kona ʻāʻī: ʻūʻū pinepine a ʻūʻū me ka leʻaleʻa ʻole. I kekahi manawa hoʻohālikelike ka neʻe ʻana o nā starling migratory i nā leo o nā manu subtropical, akā ʻoi aku ka pinepine o nā manu Lūkini i kumu hoʻohālikelike, e like me:
- oriole;
- lark;
- jay a me ka thrush;
- warbler;
- kāhu ʻaʻala;
- bluethroat;
- ale;
- moa kāne, moa;
- pēpē a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i nā Starling ke hoʻohālikelike i nā manu wale nō: hana hewa kīnā ʻole lākou i ka hae ʻana o ka ʻīlio, meow pōpoki, kahe ʻana o ka hipa, ke kīkaha ʻana, ka pīkī a me ke kaʻa kaʻa, kaomi a ka hipa kahu hipa a me ke kani hoʻi o kahi mīkini kikokiko.
Hoʻokani hou ka mea mele i kāna mau mele punahele me ka twister alelo, e hoʻopau ana i ka hana me kahi ʻūlū a me ka "clinking" (2-3 mau manawa), a ma hope ua hāmau ʻo ia. ʻO ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o ka starling, ʻo ka laulā kāna repertoire.
ʻAno manu
ʻAʻole pili ka starling i kahi hoalauna aloha: pili koke ia i ka hakakā me nā manu ʻē aʻe, inā ʻo kahi kahua pūnana maikaʻi e pili ana. No laila, i ka USA, ua kipaku aku nā starling i nā lāʻau ulu ʻulaʻula, nā ʻōiwi o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, mai ko lākou mau home. I ʻEulopa, hakakā nā starling no nā pūnaewele pūnana maikaʻi me nā ululāʻau ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā Rollers.
ʻO nā Starling nā mea pili i ke kaiāulu, no laila lākou e ʻākoakoa ai a noho i nā kolone ākea (he mau pālua). I ka lele ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui nui o nā manu he mau kaukani, e piʻi like ana i luna, e huli ana a kokoke no ka pae. A ma ka honua nō, "hoʻopuehu lākou" ma kahi ākea.
Hoihoi ia! ʻOiai e hoʻouluulu a pale ana i nā keiki, ʻaʻole lākou e haʻalele i ko lākou ʻāina (me kahi radius ma kahi o 10 m), ʻaʻole e ʻae i nā manu ʻē aʻe e komo. No ka meaʻai lele lākou i nā māla, nā kula, nā hale kauwela a me nā kahakai o nā waihona kūlohelohe.
Noho lākou i ka pō i nā hui, ma ke ʻano he rula, ma nā lālā o nā kumulāʻau / nā kumulāʻau i nā pāka a me nā māla o ke kūlanakauhale a i ʻole nā wahi kahakai i ulu nui ʻia me nā wilou / nā ʻohe. Ma nā kahua hoʻoilo, hiki i kahi hui o nā starling i ka pō ke komo i loko o hoʻokahi miliona mau kānaka.
Ka neʻe ʻana i ka neʻe
ʻO ka mamao aku o ke kūkulu ʻākau a me ka hikina (i nā wahi o ʻEulopa) e noho nei nā starling, no lākou ka neʻe pinepine ʻana i nā kau kau. No laila, ʻaneʻane kokoke ka noho ʻana o ʻEnelani a me ʻIlani i kahi e noho paʻa loa ai, a ma Pelekiuma aneane ka hapalua o nā starling e lele i ka hema. ʻO ka hapalima o nā starling o Holland e noho i ka hoʻoilo ma ka home, ʻo ke koena e neʻe 500 km i ka hema - i Pelekiuma, ʻEnelani a me Northern France.
ʻO nā pūʻulu mua e neʻe i ka hema i ka hoʻomaka o Kepakemapa, ke pau ka hāʻule o ka hoʻoheheʻe molt. Kū ka piko o ka neʻe i ʻOkakopa a hoʻopau ʻia e Nowemapa. ʻOhi wale nā starling ʻōpio i ka wikiwiki loa o nā mea āpau no ka hoʻoilo, e hoʻomaka ana i ka mua o Iulai.
Ma ka Lepupalika Czech, Kelemania Hikina a me Solowakia, nā hale moa nā hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo ma kahi o 8%, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi (2.5%) ma ka hema o Kelemania a me Kuikilana.
ʻAneʻane kokoke i nā starling a pau e noho ana ma Polani Hikina, ka ʻĀkau ʻo Skandinavia, ʻĀkau o Ukraine a me Rūkia e neʻe aku. Noho lākou i ka hoʻoilo ma ka hema o ʻEulopa, ma India a ma ke komohana ʻākau o ʻApelika (Algeria, ʻAigupita a me Tunisia), e uhi ana i kahi mamao o 1-2 tausani mau mile i ka wā o nā huakaʻi.
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā starling huakaʻi, e hōʻea ana i ka hema e nā kaukani, hoʻonāukiuki i ka lehulehu o ka ʻāina. ʻAneʻane i nā hoʻoilo a pau, ʻaʻole makemake nā kamaʻāina o Roma e haʻalele i ko lākou mau home i ke ahiahi, ke kani nā manu e hoʻopiha ana i nā pāka a me nā square e luʻu ai lākou i ke kani o nā kaʻa e hele aʻe ana.
Ua hoʻi mai kekahi mau starling mai ka hōkele i kakahiaka nui loa, i Pepeluali-Malaki, ke kau nei ka hau ma ka honua. I hoʻokahi mahina ma hope (i ka hoʻomaka o Mei), ʻo ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā ʻĀkau o ka pae kūlohelohe i hōʻea i ka home.
Wā ola
Kākau ʻia ka awelika o ke ola ʻana o nā starling maʻamau... Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻike e nā mea kālaiʻike ʻo Anatoly Shapoval lāua ʻo Vladimir Paevsky, nāna i aʻo i nā manu ma ka moku ʻo Kaliningrad ma kekahi o nā keʻenaolaola. Wahi a nā ʻepekema, noho nā starling maʻamau i ka nāhelehele ma kahi o 12 mau makahiki.
ʻAi, ʻai huehue
ʻO ke ola maikaʻi o kēia manu liʻiliʻi ma muli o kona ʻano omnivorous: ʻai ka starling i nā mea kanu a me nā protein-waiwai protein.
ʻO ka hope me:
- ʻenuhe honua;
- nahenahe;
- larva ʻelima;
- ʻūhini;
- ʻenuhe a me nā pepepe;
- symphiles;
- punawelewele.
Hoʻopau nā kula o nā starling i nā māla palaoa nui a me nā māla waina, hōʻino i nā kamaʻāina o ke kauwela, ʻai i nā hua māla, a me nā hua / ʻanoʻano o nā lāʻau hua (apple, pear, cherry, plum, apricot a me nā mea ʻē aʻe).
Hoihoi ia! ʻO nā mea o ka hua, hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka pūpū ikaika, lawe ʻia i waho e nā starling e hoʻohana ana i kahi lever maʻalahi. Hoʻokomo ka manu i kona nuku i loko o kahi lua i ʻike maka ʻole ʻia a hoʻomaka e hoʻonui iā ia, e wehe pinepine ʻole ana iā ia.
Hānai manu
Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā starling noho i ka hānau mua ʻana, ʻoiai nā mea neʻe - ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana. Pili ka lōʻihi o ke kau moʻa i ka wā a me ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai.
ʻO ka pūnana o nā kāne ʻaʻole wale ma nā hale manu a me nā lua, akā i nā kumu o nā manu nui (nā ʻaeto a i ʻole nā aeto keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo). Ma ke koho ʻana i kahi, kāhea ka starling i ka wahine ma ke mele ʻana, i ka manawa like e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka poʻe hoʻokūkū e noho ana ka "keʻena".
Kūkulu lāua ʻelua i ka pūnana, e ʻimi ana i nā koʻokoʻo a me nā aʻa, nā lālā a me nā lau, nā hulu a me nā hulu hipa no kāna ʻōpala... ʻIke ʻia nā Starling i polygyny: ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻonani i kekahi mau wahine i ka manawa like, akā hoʻomomona pū kekahi iā lākou (kekahi ma hope o kekahi). Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ʻekolu paʻa no kēlā me kēia kau e ka wahine polygamy: ʻo ke kolu loaʻa 40-50 mau lā ma hope o ka mua.
I ke kūpeʻe, ma ke ʻano he rula, mai 4 a 7 mau hua ʻalani polū (i kēlā me kēia 6.6 g). ʻO ka manawa incubation mau 11-13 mau lā. I kēia manawa, hoʻololi ke kāne i ka wahine i kekahi manawa, noho mau i nā hua.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka hānau ʻana o nā moa ua hōʻailona ʻia e ka pūpū ma lalo o ka pūnana. Hoʻomaha nā mākua i ke kūpono a hoʻomaka, ka hapanui i ka pō, a i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi e hana nui nei lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, e waiho ana no ka meaʻai pēpē he mau kakini i ka lā.
I ka mua, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka meaʻai palupalu, ma hope pani ʻia e nā ʻūhini, nā ʻenuhe, nā nalo a me nā nīnū. Ma hope o ʻekolu pule, hiki i nā moa ke lele i waho o ka pūnana, akā makaʻu lākou i kekahi manawa ke hana i kēia. Luring out "alarmists", huli nā starling makua i ka pūnana me nā meaʻai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ko lākou nuku.
ʻO Starling a me ke kāne
Pili ka starling maʻamau me kahi pilina kānalua loa me ke kanaka.... Ua hiki i kēia harbinger o ka puna a me kahi mea mele makana e hōʻino i ke ʻano maikaʻi iā ia iho me nā kikoʻī.
- hoʻolauna i nā lāhui i nā manu ʻōiwi;
- hoʻoweliweli ka hipa manu nui ma nā kahua mokulele i ka palekana lele;
- ke kumu o ka hōʻino nui ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai (nā hua palaoa, nā pā waina a me nā māla berry);
- he poʻe lawe i nā maʻi weliweli i nā kānaka (cysticercosis, blastomycosis a me histoplasmosis).
Me kēia, luku ikaika nā starling i nā mea make, e like me nā ʻūhini, nā ʻenuhe a me nā slug, nā nalo meli, a me nā dipterans (nā gadflies, nā lele a me nā birdflies) a me kā lākou mau larvae. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha ua aʻo ka poʻe pehea e hui pū ai i nā hale manu, e ʻumeʻume i nā starling i kā lākou māla a me nā hale kau wela.
