Hoʻohanohano nā India i ka ʻaeto ʻōhule me he manu akua lā, e kāhea ana he mea uwao ma waena o nā kānaka a me ka ʻUhane Nui nāna i hana ke ao holoʻokoʻa. I kona hanohano, hana ʻia nā kaʻao a hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā hana, hōʻike ʻia ma nā pāpale mahiole, nā kia, nā pale, nā lole a me nā pā. ʻO ka hōʻailona o ka ʻohana Iroquois kahi ʻaeto i kau ʻia ma luna o ka lāʻau pine.
ʻIke, wehewehe o ka ʻaeto
Ua aʻo ka honua e pili ana i ka ʻaeto ʻōhule i ka makahiki 1766 mai ka hana ʻepekema a Karl Linnaeus. Ua hāʻawi ka naturalist i ka manu i ka inoa Lākina ʻo Falco leucocephalus, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻohana falcon.
ʻAʻole i kūlike ka manaʻo o ka biologist Palani ʻo Jules Savigny me ka Swede i ka makahiki 1809 ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i ka ʻaeto ʻōhule i ka genus Haliaeetus, ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻaeto keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
ʻIke ʻia ʻelua mau ʻāpana o ka ʻaeto i kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa i ka nui. ʻO ia kekahi o nā manu kū i ka maka o ka nui o ʻAkau ʻAkau: ʻo ka ʻaeto huelo keʻokeʻo wale nō ka nui ma mua o ia.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā aeto ʻōhule kāne ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa... Kaupaona nā manu mai 3 a 6.5 kg, ulu a i 0.7-1.2 m me ka 2 mika (a i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku) ka lōʻihi o nā ʻeheu ākea ākea.
Hoihoi ia!ʻAʻohe hulu o nā wāwae o ka ʻaeto a kala ʻia (e like me ka nuku lou) i ke kala melemele gula.
Me he mea lā paha e ʻāʻī ana ka manu: hana ʻia kēia hopena e nā ulu ʻana ma nā kika. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka maka maka weliweli o ka ʻaeto me kona leo nāwaliwali, i hōʻike ʻia e kahi ʻoki a i ʻole ka uē kiʻekiʻe.
Piʻi nā manamana ikaika a 15 cm, e pau ana i nā māiʻuʻu ʻoi. Hana ka māiʻu kua i hope me he awl lā, e hou ana i nā mea ola o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, ʻoiai nā ʻiʻo mua e pale aku i kona pakele.
Nānā piha ka lole hulu o ka ʻaeto i ka nānā piha ma hope o 5 mau makahiki. I kēia makahiki, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka manu e kona poʻo keʻokeʻo a me kona huelo (like wedge) e kūʻē i ka ʻeleʻele ākea o ka plumage.
Holoholona lōhiu
ʻAʻole hiki i kahi aeto ʻōhule ke noho mamao loa mai ka wai. ʻO kahi kino maoli o ka wai (ka loko, ka muliwai, ka lua wai a i ʻole ke kai) pono e loaʻa iā 200-2000 mau mika mai ka pūnaewele pūnana.
Noho, ʻāina ʻāina
Koho ka ʻaeto i nā ululāʻau coniferous a i ʻole nā ulu lāʻau deciduous no ka pūnana / hoʻomaha ʻana, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka waihona wai, puka mai ka "assortment" a me ka nui o nā pāʻani.
Hoʻonui ʻia ka laulā o nā laha i USA a me Kanada, kahi ʻāpana e uhi ana iā Mexico (nā mokuʻāina ʻākau).
Hoihoi ia! I Iune 1782, lilo ka ʻaeto ʻōhule i hōʻailona mana o ka United States o ʻAmelika. ʻO Benjamin Franklin, ka mea i koi i ke koho a ka manu, ma hope mihi ʻo ia, e kuhikuhi ana i kāna "ʻano maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole." ʻO ke kumu o ke aloha o ka ʻaeto i ka carrion a me ka ʻaʻa ʻana e ukuhi i ka mea pio mai nā mea ʻoka ʻē aʻe.
ʻIke ʻia ʻo Orlan ma nā mokupuni ʻo Miquelon a me Saint-Pierre, no ka Lepupalika Farani ia. "Hoʻopuehu" ʻia nā wahi hoʻomoe: loaʻa kā lākou hōʻiliʻili ma nā kahakai kai, a ma nā kahakai o nā loko a me nā kahawai.
I kekahi manawa, komo nā aeto ʻōhule i nā mokupuni ʻo US Virgin, Bermuda, ʻIlani, Belize a me Puerto Rico. Ua ʻike pinepine ʻia nā aeto i ko mākou Hikina Hikina.
ʻO ka nohona ʻaeto ʻōhule
ʻO ka ʻaeto ʻōhule kekahi o nā mea konohiki hulu manuahi i hiki ke hana i nā concentrations nunui. Hoʻākoakoa nā haneli a me nā tausani o nā aeto kahi nui nā meaʻai: kokoke i nā mea kanu uila a i ʻole nā wahi o ka make o ka pipi.
Ke kūpona ka waihona, haʻalele nā manu iā ia, e holo wikiwiki ana i ke kūkulu hema, e pili ana i nā kapakai kai mehana. Hiki i nā ʻaeto mākua ke noho i ko lākou ʻāina kulā inā ʻaʻole uhi ʻia ko kahakai i ka hau, e ʻae ai iā lākou e lawaiʻa.
Hoihoi ia!I kona kūlohelohe, ola ka ʻaeto ʻōhule mai 15 a 20 mau makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻokahi aeto (kani i ka wā kamaliʻi) i aneane 33 mau makahiki. I nā kūlana hana maikaʻi, no ka laʻana, i nā hīnaʻi hāmama, noho kēia mau manu ma mua o 40 mau makahiki.
Meaʻai, meaʻai pono
ʻO ka papa ʻaina o ka ʻaeto ʻōhule e hoʻomālamalama ʻia e nā iʻa a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka pinepine e nā pāʻani waena. ʻAʻole ia e kānalua i ke koho ʻana i ka waiwai pio o nā mea hōkai ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole ʻalo i ke kino make.
Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka noiʻi ʻana, ua like ke ʻano o ka ʻai o ka ʻaeto me kēia:
- Iʻa - 56%.
- Manu - 28%.
- Nā Mamamoe - 14%.
- Nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - 2%.
Hōʻike ʻia ke kūlana hope e nā mea kolo, nā honu mua.
Ma nā mokupuni o ka Moana Pākīpika, alualu nā ʻaeto i nā otters kai, a me nā sila pēpē a me nā liona kai. Lawe nā manu i nā muskrats, nā lāpaki, nā lūlū o ka honua, nā barnacles, nā bea, nā ʻūlū, nāʻiole a me nā beaver ʻōpio ʻAʻohe kumu kūʻai no ka ʻaeto e hāpai i kahi hipa liʻiliʻi a i kekahi holoholona ʻē aʻe.
Makemake nā aeto hulu e lawe iā lākou ma ke kahaha ma ka ʻāina a i ʻole ka wai, akā hiki iā lākou ke hopu iā lākou i ka lele. No laila, lele ka mea ʻaihue i ka gose mai lalo a, ke huli aʻe, pili i ka umauma me kona mau māiʻuʻu. I ke alualu ʻana i ka hare a i ka herona, hana nā ʻaeto i kahi hui kuikawa, kahi o kekahi o lākou e hoʻohuli i ka mea, a ʻo nā hoʻouka ʻē aʻe mai ka hope.
Huli ka manu i ka iʻa, kāna waiwai nui, i loko o ka wai pāpaʻu: e like me ka osprey, nānā ka ʻaeto i kāna mea pio mai kahi kiʻekiʻe a luʻu iā ia i ka wikiwiki o 120-160 km / h, e hopu ana iā ia me nā mānoʻi koʻikoʻi. I ka manawa like, hoʻāʻo ka mea hahai holoholona ʻaʻole e pulu i kona hulu, akā ʻaʻole holo pono kēia. ʻAi ka ʻaeto i nā iʻa i hopu hou ʻia a ʻeke hoʻi.
I ka hoʻoilo, i ka wā e paʻa ai nā waihona wai, hoʻonui nui ka mahele o ka hāʻule ʻana i ka papa kuhikuhi manu. Hoʻopuni ka ʻaeto i nā kupapaʻu o nā māmela nui a me nā kaulike, e like me:
- ʻumiʻumi;
- moose;
- bison;
- ʻīlio hae;
- hipa kāne;
- mau bipi wahine;
- ʻAlopeke Arctic a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā scavenger liʻiliʻi (ʻalopeke, nā ʻāpala, a me nā coyote) ke hoʻokūkū me nā ʻaeto makua i ka hakakā no nā kupapaʻu, akā hiki iā lākou ke kipaku aku i nā mea kūlike ʻole.
ʻIke kahi ala ʻē aʻe i kahi ala ʻē aʻe - ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke alualu i ka pāʻani ola, ʻaʻole lākou i lawe wale i nā mea hao mai nā manu liʻiliʻi o ka ʻio (ʻio, nā ʻalalā a me nā ʻululā), akā pepehi pū kekahi i nā pōā.
ʻAʻole kānalua ka ʻaeto ʻōhule e ʻohiʻohi i nā ʻōpala o nā meaʻai ma nā ʻāina pae a i ʻole nā ʻōpala meaʻai kokoke i nā kahua hoʻomoana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o ka manu
Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā kānaka, pono i ka papa inoa o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka ʻaeto ka pueo aeto ʻo Virginia a me ka lāki ʻōniʻoniʻo: ʻaʻole hōʻeha kēia mau holoholona i nā mākua, akā hoʻoweliweli i nā keiki o nā ʻaeto, e luku ana i nā hua a me nā moa.
Hele mai ka makaʻu mai nā ʻalopeke Arctic, akā inā hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka pūnana ma ka honua... Hiki i nā manu koraka ke hoʻopilikia i nā ʻaeto i ka manawa o ka incubation o nā moa, me ka hiki ʻole, akā, e luku ana i nā pūnana ponoʻī.
Hoihoi ia! Ua hana nā Indians i nā mea hōʻoki no nā koa a me nā pono hana no ka kipaku ʻana i nā maʻi mai nā iwi o ka ʻaeto, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā amulet mai nā māiʻuʻu manu. Hiki i kahi 'Ojibwe India ke loaʻa i kahi hulu no ke kūlana kūikawā, e like me ka hōʻeha a hopu ʻana paha i kahi ʻenemi. ʻO nā hulu, ke ʻano o ka hanohano a me ka mana, mālama ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana, e hele ana ma ka hoʻoilina.
Hāpai ʻaeto ʻaeto
Komo nā manu i nā makahiki momona ma mua o ʻehā, i kekahi manawa ʻeono a ʻehiku makahiki. E like me ka nui o nā hawks, monogamous nā aeto ʻōhule. Wāwahi wale kā kā lāua hui ʻana i nā hihia ʻelua: inā ʻaʻohe keiki i ka pālua a i ʻole ʻaʻole hoʻi kekahi o nā manu mai ka hema.
Kuhi ʻia kahi male e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke hoʻomaka nā aeto e kūkulu i kahi pūnana - kahi hoʻolālā nui o nā lālā a me nā lālā i kau ʻia ma luna o kahi lāʻau kiʻekiʻe.
ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia hale (kaupaona ʻana i ke tona) ma mua o ka pūnana o nā manu ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻĀkau āpau, e piʻi ana i 4 m ke kiʻekiʻe a me 2.5 m ke anawaena. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana o ka pūnana, i lawe ʻia e nā mākua ʻelua, mau ka lōʻihi mai hoʻokahi pule a i 3 mau mahina, akā waiho ka hoa i nā lālā.
I ka manawa kūpono (me ke kaʻina o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau lā), waiho ʻo ia i 1-3 mau hua, emi ʻehā mau manawa. Inā luku ʻia ka paʻa, hoʻomoe hou ʻia nā hua. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻouluulu, hāʻawi ʻia i ka wahine, 35 mau lā. Hoʻololi wale ʻia ia e kekahi hoa i kāna hana ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai.
Pono nā moa e hakakā no ka meaʻai: ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka make ʻana o nā ʻōpio. Ke hiki i nā pīpī i 5-6 mau makahiki, lele nā mākua mai ka pūnana mai, a hāhai i nā keiki mai ka lālā kokoke loa. I kēia makahiki, ua ʻike ka pēpē pehea e lele ai mai kahi lālā a kahi lālā a haehae i ka ʻi i nā ʻāpana, a ma hope o 10-12.5 mau pule hoʻomaka lākou e lele.
Helu, heluna kanaka
Ma mua o ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana o ʻAmelika Hema e nā poʻe ʻEulopa, ua noho ʻo 250-500 tausani mau ʻaeto ʻōhule ma aneʻi (e like me ka ʻōlelo a nā ornithologists). ʻAʻole i hoʻololi wale ka poʻe noho i ka ʻāina, akā kī pū nō hoʻi i nā manu me ka hilahila ʻole, i hoʻowalewale ʻia e ko lākou mau pua nani.
ʻO ka puka ʻana o kahi mau wahi hou i alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā waihona wai, kahi i lawaiʻa ai nā ʻaeto. Ua pepehi nā mahiʻai i nā ʻaeto ma ke kumu, hoʻopaʻi no ka ʻaihue ʻana i nā hipa a me nā moa, a no nā iʻa i makemake ʻole ka poʻe kamaʻāina e kaʻana like me nā manu.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Thallium sulfate a me strychnine: ua kāpīpī ʻia lākou i nā kupapaʻu o nā bipi, e pale ana iā lākou mai nā ʻīlio hae, nā ʻaeto a me nā coyote. Ua hōʻole nui ka heluna o nā aeto kai a aneane nalowale ka manu i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a koe wale nō ma Alaska.
Hoihoi ia!I ka 1940, ua koi ʻia ʻo Franklin Roosevelt e hoʻopuka i ke kānāwai Bald Eagle Conservation. I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Lua, ua koho ʻia ka helu o nā laha i 50 tausani kānaka.
Ua kali kahi hoʻouka kaua hou i ka Eagles, ka DDT kemikala ʻona, i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaua kūʻē i nā ʻenekia weliweli. ʻAʻole hōʻeha ka lāʻau i nā ʻaeto makua, akā ua hoʻopili ia i nā pūpū o nā hua manu, i haki i ka wā o ka incubation.
Mahalo iā DDT, he 487 wale nō paʻa manu i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e 1963. Ma hope o ka pāpā ʻana o ka insecticide, hoʻomaka ka lehulehu e ola. I kēia manawa ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka aeto ʻōhule (e like me ka International Red Data Book) ma ke ʻano he ʻano hopohopo liʻiliʻi.
