No ka ʻohana duck ka pālule huelo lōʻihi, kahi hoʻokaʻawale anseriformes.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka ʻāpio huelo lōʻihi.
ʻO ka ʻāpio huelo lōʻihi he manu waena me ka lōʻihi, ʻeleʻele o ka huelo a me nā wāwae hina a me nā wāwae. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa ke kū ʻana o ʻelua hulu lōʻihi a nani hoʻi i ke kāne. He ʻokoʻa nā Drakes a me nā ʻāpala i ke kala o ka plumage a me ka nui o ke kino. No nā drake makua, aia nā nui mai 48 a 58 cm, nā pākeke makua ma waena o 38 a me 43 knm. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā kāne kāne ma kahi o 0.91 a 1.13 kg, a me nā wahine makua o 0.68 - 0.91 kg. ʻO nā pēpē huelo lōʻihi o nā kāne ʻelua he ʻekolu mau huluhulu ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ke hele nei nā kāne kāne makua i kahi plumage ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻoilo.
I ka hoʻoilo, he kī keʻokeʻo ko ke kāne makua ma ke poʻo, ka ʻāʻī a me ka pharynx e iho i lalo i ka umauma. Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo me ka pale ʻeleʻele nui. Ma nā maka e ʻike ʻia kahi lī hina a me kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele e hoʻonui ʻia ma luna o nā puka pepeiao. ʻEleʻele ka pila me kahi kaula median pinkish. Keokeo ka ʻōpū a me ka hiʻu o luna. ʻEleʻele ka huluhulu, kua a me nā hulu o hope. ʻEleʻele nā ʻeheu me nā poʻohiwi keʻokeʻo ma ke kumu. I ka hoʻoilo, he helehelena keʻokeʻo ka wahine. ʻO ka ʻāʻī a me ka pharynx he ʻeleʻele a me nā kiko kala ma kahi o nā puka pepeiao. He ʻeleʻele hoʻi ka pale ākea. ʻO ke kua, ka huelo a me nā ʻeheu, ʻeleʻele hoʻi i ka leo, ʻoiai keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū a me ka huelo luna. ʻEʻeleʻele ka nuku o ka wahine, hina hina.
E hoʻolohe i ka leo o ka ʻāʻī huelo lōʻihi.
Pāhola aku ka ʻāʻī huelo lōʻihi.
He laulā ka nui o ka hāʻawi o nā duck huelo lōʻihi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā moa wai ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā pēpē huehue lōʻihi nā kamaʻāina o ka moku circumpolar a pūnana mau ma ke kapakai Arctic o Kanada, Alaska, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika, Greenland, Iceland, Norewai a me Rūsia. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻikea lākou i ka hema o Great Britain, ʻAmelika Hema, Kōlea a ma nā kahakai o ka Moana ʻEleʻele a me Caspian.
Kahi noho pālua huelo lōʻihi.
Noho nā peʻa loloa lōʻihi i nā ʻano noho like ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he hoʻoilo, hoʻoilo lākou i ke kai ākea a i ʻole nā loko nui, i ke kauwela e loaʻa lākou ma nā loko i loko o ka tundra. Makemake lākou i nā wahi e hoʻohui i ke alo o nā wahi kai a me nā ʻāina ʻelua. Noho nā pālua huelo lōʻihi i nā kahawai tundra ma ka Arctic, deltas, headlands, bay bay a me nā mokupuni kahakai. Noho lākou i nā kaumaha pulu a me nā kino wai kū ʻole. I ke kauwela makemake lākou i nā kino wai papaʻu me nā mea kanu wai. Ma waho o ka wā lūlū, aia nā peʻa huelo lōʻihi mai ke kapakai aku, i loko o nā wai estuarine hou, paʻakai a i ʻole brackish. ʻOiai kākaʻikahi, hibernate lākou i nā loko wai nui a hohonu.
Hoʻohua pepelu huelo lōʻihi.
E like me ka hapanui o nā lālā o ka ʻohana duck, ʻo nā pēpē huehue lōʻihi nā manuahi a me nā manu monogamous. Hoʻokomo lākou i nā hui kaʻawale a i ʻole nā hui sparse. Hiki i nā pālua ke noho no kekahi mau makahiki, a i ʻole koho kekahi i kekahi hoa hou i kēlā me kēia kau male. Loaʻa i nā duck huelo lōʻihi ke ʻano o ka noho aloha ʻana, me ke kāne ke loaʻa ka wahine a huki i kona poʻo i hope me ka nuku e hoʻāla ʻia. A laila hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻo ia i kona poʻo a hoʻokuʻu i kahi uē kono. Hoʻohoho pinepine kēia mau kelepona i nā kāne ʻē aʻe a hoʻomaka lākou e hakakā a alualu kekahi i kekahi. Pane ka wahine i ke kāhea a ke kāne a mālama i kona poʻo kokoke i kona kino.
Hoʻomaka ka hana hou ʻana ma mua o Mei, akā hoʻololi ka manawa i ka loaʻa o ka meaʻai. Hiki i nā pēpē huehue lōʻihi ke hui like i ka makahiki ʻelua ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Ma kahi kokoke i ka wai ākea, kahi hou a me ke kai, koho lākou i kahi wahi maloʻo e hūnā ʻia ma waena o nā pōhaku a i ʻole ma lalo o kahi ululāʻau. Kūkulu ka wahine i kahi pūnana pola. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e ka mauʻu a huki ʻia i ka fluff mai kona kino ponoʻī a kū i ka pūnana.
ʻO ka maʻamau he 6 - 8 mau hua i loko o kahi paʻa, ʻo ka nui o kahi paʻa i kekahi manawa i 17 mau hua, akā ʻo ka hopena paha kēia o ka pūnana o ka pūnana, ke hoʻomoe kekahi mau wahine i nā pūnana o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokahi wale nō hua o ka wahine i kēlā me kēia kau, akā i ka nalo o ka paʻa, waiho ia i ka lua o ka manawa. Ma hope o ke kau ʻana i nā hua, kū ka manawa hoʻoulu mai 24 a 30 mau lā. Noho nā ʻūlū ʻōpio i ka pūnana a holo lākou no 35 a 40 mau lā hou. I kēia manawa, alakaʻi ka wahine i nā ʻāpō i ka wai a aʻo iā lākou pehea e loaʻa ai ka meaʻai. A laila ʻākoakoa nā moa i nā hui o 3 a i ʻole 4 mau puaʻa, a, ma ke ʻano he rula, alakaʻi ʻia e kahi ʻāpō ʻike. I loko o ka wā hānau holoʻokoʻa, noho mau ke kāne kokoke a pale i ka pūnana. I ka hopena o Iune a me Kepakemapa, haʻalele ka drake i nā wahi pūnana moulting. I ʻAukake - Kepakemapa, haʻalele nā ʻāpō i kā lākou mau ʻanakē e molt ma kahi mehameha.
Loaʻa i nā duck huelo lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ke ola o 15.3 makahiki. I kekahi hihia, ua noho kāne kāne makua i ka nāhelehele no 22.7 mau makahiki.
Nā ʻano peculiarities o ka hana pālelo huelo lōʻihi.
ʻO nā ʻekio loloa lōʻihi he manu neʻe loa. Noho mau lākou i nā ʻohana hipa, akā makemake lākou e pale i nā pilina interspecies. Hoʻolālā ka manu i ka manawa he nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai ke loa ke kai i loko o ka wai ma kahi mamao loa mai kahakai.
Mea ʻai pālū huelo lōʻihi.
ʻAi nā peʻa loloa lōʻihi i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole. ʻO kā lākou papaʻai: crustacean, molluscs, invertebrates kai, nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā hua manu, nā ʻelala a me kā lākou larvae. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻopau lākou i nā meaʻai mea kanu: nā limu, nā mauʻu, nā ʻanoʻano a me nā hua o nā mea kanu tundra. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e makemake nā manu makua i nā crustaceans, ka mea e hāʻawi i ka ikehu hou aʻe no ka gram o ke kaupaona ola, ma mua o nā mea pio e ae. ʻAi pinepine nā pēpē huelo lōʻihi ma kahi o 80% o ke ao i nā mahina hoʻoilo.
Ma ke ʻano he lula, luʻu nā pālū me ka luʻu a koho i nā epibenthos 100 mau mika mai ke kahakai. ʻOiai ʻaʻole nui nā manu ʻo nā huelo lōʻihi, hānai nui lākou e hoʻokō i kā lākou pono kino a me thermoregulatory.
ʻO nā pēpē huehue lōʻihi ka nui o nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi e hoʻolilo iā lākou i nā predators holomua. ʻO ka mea mua, he chisel-like ko lākou, nuku ʻūlū ma ka piko, e kōkua ai e hopu i nā epibenthos mai nā substrates. ʻO ka lua, he nui nā niho liʻiliʻi o nā pēpē huelo lōʻihi i ko lākou nuku, i hiki ai iā lākou ke kiʻi pono i nā mea liʻiliʻi, nā crustacea pūnaewele. Eia kekahi, ke ʻano o ke kino a me ka hiki ke lele i loko o ka wai e hāʻawi i kahi pono nui ma mua o ka mea pio.
ʻO ke kūlana mālama o nā ʻāmiʻi huelo lōʻihi.
ʻO ka ʻāʻī huelo lōʻihi wale nō ke ʻano o kona ʻano a no laila he meaola hoihoi e hoʻopaʻa a hoʻomalu. ʻOiai he nui ka pae ʻāina ʻo nā pēpē huelo lōʻihi i ka puʻunaue ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana o nā ʻano holoholona a me nā mea kanu, ua emi iki kā lākou helu i nā makahiki he 10 i hala. Ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau, aneane hapalua nā heluna lehulehu o nā ʻeke kai i nā makahiki he kanakolu i hala.
Ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā wahi noho wai ma muli o ka hoʻohaumia o ka aila, ka hoʻokahe ʻana a me ka hemo ʻana o ka peat, hoʻopau ʻia nā wahi pūnana. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi mau hihia o ka make ʻana o nā manu mai ka lāʻau ʻona me nā mea hoʻohui o kēpau, mercury a me nā ʻōpala o ka aila, a me ka hāʻule ʻana i nā ʻupena lawaiʻa. Ua pilikia nui nā wahine huelo lōʻihi i nā pohō nui ma muli o ke kaʻi ʻana o ka maʻi cholera. Hoʻopili pū ʻia lākou i ka maʻi lele avian. Manaʻo ʻia i kēia manawa ma kahi o 6,200,000 - 6,800,000 mau kānaka makua e noho nei i ka moku Arctic, ʻaʻole ia no ka ʻāina nui. ʻO kā Duck huelo lōʻihi kahi kūlana hopohopo liʻiliʻi loa.
