Eider ʻike nui ʻia (Somateria fischeri).
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka eider nui kupaianaha
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka eider spectacled ma kahi o 58 cm, kaupaona: mai ka 1400 a i ka 1800 gram.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā ʻano eider ʻē aʻe, akā like nā kaulike o ke kino. Hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi ʻia ʻo eider spectacled e ke kala o ka plumage o ke poʻo. Emplumage mai ka nuku i ka puka ihu a me nā aniani e ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki. ʻOkoʻa ka plumage o ke kāne a me ka wahine i ke kala. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i ke kala o ka hulu ke hoʻololi i nā kau.
I ka wā o ka moena, i kahi kāne makua, ʻo ka waena o ka pāpale aliʻi a me ka hope o ke poʻo he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻoliva, huluhulu iki ka hulu. ʻO kahi diska keʻokeʻo nui me kahi uhi ʻeleʻele a puni nā maka i loko o nā hulu liʻiliʻi a ʻoʻoleʻa a kapa ʻia ʻo 'aniani'. Uhi ʻia ka ʻāʻī, ka umauma luna a me ka ʻāpana scapular kiʻekiʻe me nā hulu meli, elongated, keʻokeʻo. ʻEleʻele ka hulu o ka huelo, luna a me lalo i hope. He keʻokeʻo nā hulu uhi ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohālikelike ana me nā hulu uhi nui a me nā ʻula ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe. Mānoanoa-uahi nā Underwings, keʻokeʻo nā wahi axillary.
ʻO ka plumage o ka wahine ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula me nā kaha ʻelua eider nui a me nā ʻaoʻao pouli.
ʻOi aku ka pale o ke poʻo a me ka mua o ka ʻāʻī ma mua o ko ke kāne. Mālamalama nā aniani, ʻaʻole haʻi iki, akā ʻike mau ʻia ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa a lākou e hana ai me ka lae ʻeleʻele a me ka iris ʻeleʻele o nā maka. ʻEleʻele ʻeleʻele ka luna, ʻeleʻele hina hina ka ʻaoʻao i lalo me nā wahi pale i ka ʻāpana axillary.
ʻO nā manu ʻōpio a pau ke ʻano o ka plumage e like me nā wahine. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā kaha ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o luna a ʻaʻole ʻike maka ʻia nā aniani, akā ʻike ʻia.
Nā wahi noho o ka eider helehelena
ʻO nā pūnana eider i ʻike ʻia ma ka tundra kahakai a i uka o ka ʻāina, a i 120 km mai ke kahakai. I ke kauwela, loaʻa ia i nā wai kai, nā loko liʻiliʻi, nā kahawai wai a me nā kahawai tundra. I ka hoʻoilo e hōʻike i ke kai ākea, a hiki i ka palena hema o ka pae.
Pālahalaha o ka eider kupaianaha
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka eider spectacled ma kahakai o Siberia Hikina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka waha o ka Lena a i Kamchatka. Ma ʻAmelike ʻĀkau, loaʻa ia ma kahakai o ka ʻākau a me ke komohana ʻo Alaska a hiki i ka muliwai ʻo Colville. Ua loaʻa mai nei kona wahi hoʻoilo, i loko o ka pepa hau hau mau ma waena o St. Lawrence a me ko Matthew's Island ma ke kai ʻo Bering.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lawena o ka eider ʻike nui ʻia
Hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā ʻano hana o ka eider nānā nui ʻia; ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o ka manu hūnā a me ka noho mālie. Pili aloha ʻo ia me kona ʻohana, akā ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hipa ʻaʻole ia he hanana nui i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. I nā wahi hānau, ʻano like ka eider e like me ka ʻāpala ma ka ʻāina. Eia naʻe, ʻano ʻē ʻo ia. I ke kau moʻo ʻana, kani ke kāne earāō eider i nā kani kani ʻana.
Hāpai manuahi eider
Hoʻokumu paha ka eider nānā i nā hui i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo. Hiki mai nā manu i nā pūnaewele pūnana i Mei-Iune, ke hana mua ʻia nā pālua. Koho lākou i nā wahi kaʻawale no ka pūnana ʻana, akā e noho manuahi i nā kolone, kokoke pinepine i nā anatidae ʻē aʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi nā geese a me nā swans).
Kūlike ka wā kūkulu pūnana me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hau.
Hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻihoʻi i kahi pūnana kahiko a hoʻomaka paha i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hou. Loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano o kahi kinipōpō, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pūnana e nā mea kanu maloʻo a me ka fluff. Ma mua o ka hatching, haʻalele nā kāne i nā wahine a neʻe e molt i ke kai ʻo Bering.
I ka paʻa ʻana o ka eider nui loa he 4 a 5 mau hua, a ʻo ka wahine e hoʻouluulu wale ai no 24 mau lā. Inā make ka pua i ka hoʻomaka o ke kau, ma muli o ka predation e nā ʻalopeke, minks, skuas a i ʻole nā limu, hana ka wahine i ka lua o ka paʻa.
Kūʻokoʻa nā chicks o ka eider e kaho. Hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau lā ma hope o ka puka ʻana mai ka hua manu, hiki iā lākou ke hāhai i ko lākou makuahine. Akā alakaʻi kahi manu makua i nā moa no ʻehā mau pule ʻē aʻe, a hiki i ka ikaika loa ʻana. Haʻalele nā wahine i nā pūnaewele pūnana me nā manu ʻōpio ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka ʻeheu. Ua hoʻokahe mamao lākou mai ke kapakai.
E hānai ʻana i nā eider mākaʻi
ʻO Spectacled eider kahi manu omnivorous. I ka wā hānau, ʻo ka papaʻai o ka eider nui e like me:
- nā kolo,
- pūpū,
- kalua,
- mea kanu wai.
I ke kauwela, ʻai pū kekahi ia i nā mea kanu ʻāina, nā hua, nā ʻanoʻano, a hoʻopiha hou i kāna meaʻai me nā arachnids. ʻImi iki ka eider ʻike nui, ʻike nui i ka meaʻai i ka papa o ka wai. I ka hoʻoilo, i ke kai ākea, ʻimi ia i nā mollusks, kahi e ʻimi ai i nā hohonu hohonu. ʻAi nā manu ʻōpio i nā larvae caddis.
ʻO ka helu o nā eiders nui
ʻO ka heluna kanaka o ka eider nui e like me 330,000 i ka 390,000 poʻe. ʻOiai ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e pale i ka emi nui ʻana o nā manu e ka hānau pio ʻana o nā mea eider, ua loaʻa nā hopena liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻokolohua. Ua like ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā eiders nui i ʻike ʻia ma Rūsia. No ka hoʻoilo i ka 1995, ua helu ʻia he 155,000.
Ua helu koke ʻia ka helu o nā eider nui i ʻike ʻia ma Rukia ma 100,000-10,000 nā kāne hānau a 50,000-10,000 mau poʻe e hoʻopili ana, ʻoiai aia kahi kekelē kānalua i kēia mau koho. ʻO nā helu i mālama ʻia ma Northern Alaska i ka manawa o 1993-1995 i hōʻike ʻia i ke alo o nā manu he 7,000-10,000, me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi.
Ua loaʻa nā noiʻi hou loa i ka nui o nā eider i ʻike nui ʻia ma ke kai ʻo Bering ma ka hema o ka mokupuni ʻo St. Lawrence. I kēia mau wahi, ma ka liʻiliʻi he 333,000 mau manu hoʻoilo i nā holoholona hānai hoʻokahi ma luna o ka pahu hau o ke kai ʻo Bering.
ʻO ke kūlana mālama o ka eider nānā nui ʻia
ʻO ka eider spectacled he manu laha ʻole ia, ma muli o kāna wahi liʻiliʻi o ka mahele. I ka wā ma mua, ua emi ka heluna o kēia ʻano. I ka wā ma mua, ua alualu ʻo Eskimos i nā eider kupaianaha, e noʻonoʻo ana i kā lākou ʻiʻo i mea ʻono. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻili paʻa a me nā ʻāpana manu no nā hana hoʻonaninani. ʻO kekahi mea maikaʻi aʻe o ka eider kupaianaha, ka mea e ʻumeʻume i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻolālā kala ʻokoʻa o ka plumage o ka manu.
I mea e hōʻalo ai i nā hāʻule, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻohua manu i ka pio, akā paʻakikī kēia i ke kauwela pōkole a paʻakikī hoʻi o ke kauwela. Ua hoʻokau mua ʻia nā mea nānā i ka wā pio i ka makahiki 1976. ʻO kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi no ke ola ʻana o nā manu i ke kūlohelohe ka wahi kikoʻī o nā pūnaewele pūnana. He mea nui kēia e ʻike a hoʻopaʻa, no ka mea, hiki ke luku ʻia ka nohona o kēia manu, keu hoʻi inā e pūnana ʻia nā eiders i ka ʻāina i kaupalena ʻia.
I mea e mālama ai i ka eider laha ʻole, i ka makahiki 2000, ua koho ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka 62.386 km2 o ka nohona kahakai kūpilikiʻi kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka poʻe lawaiʻa kupaianaha.
