ʻO ka loko ʻo Tanganyika ka mea kahiko loa ma ʻApelika a ma ka honua paha, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma ka Miocene ma kahi o 20 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi ōlaʻi ikaika a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā pā tectonic.
He loko nui ʻo Tanganyika, aia ia ma nā panalāʻau o nā mokuʻāina - Tanzania, Kongo, Zambia, Burundi a me ka lōʻihi o ke kahakai ʻo 1828 km. I ka manawa like, hohonu loa ʻo Tanganyika, ma kahi hohonu ʻo 1470 m, a ʻo ka hohonu waena ma kahi o 600 m.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka loko o ka loko ma mua o ka palena o Belgique, a ʻo ka nui he hapalua ia o ke Kai ʻĀkau. Ma muli o ka nui o ka nui, ʻike ʻia ka loko e ke kūpaʻa o ka mahana o ka wai a me kāna mau palena.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka ʻokoʻa o ka mahana o ka wai ma ka ʻilikai a me ka hohonu he mau kekelē wale nō, ʻoiai ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei nā ʻepekema na kēia hana o ka luaipele kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ka loko.
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe mea i haʻi ʻia i loko o nā papa wai, ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau ke kumu o nā kahe a alakaʻi i ka saturation o ka wai me ka oxygen, a laila ma Tanganyika i ka hohonu o 100 mau mika ʻaʻohe ola.
Noho ka hapa nui o nā iʻa a me nā holoholona i nā papa o luna o ka wai, waiwai nui ia i ka iʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hoihoi iā mākou - cichlids.
ʻO Tanganyika cichlids
ʻO Cichlids (Latin Cichlidae) he iʻa wai hou mai ke kauoha Perciformes.
He iʻa akamai loa lākou a alakaʻi lākou i ka ʻike a me ka ʻike i ka leʻaleʻa aquarium. Ua ulu nui lākou i ka mālama makua, mālama lākou i ka caviar a me ka ʻaila no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i nā cichlids ke hoʻopili pono i nā biotopes ʻokoʻa a hoʻohana i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole, e noho pinepine nei i nā niche exotic i ke ʻano.
Noho lākou i kahi ākea ākea, mai ʻApelika a ʻAmelika Hema, a noho i nā waihona wai o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, mai ka wai palupalu a paʻakikī a alkaline hoʻi.
ʻO ke wikiō kikoʻī loa ma Lūkini e pili ana i ka Lani Tanganyika (ʻoiai he kekee ka unuhi o nā inoa o nā iʻa)
Ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pūnaewele e ʻike ʻoe i nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā cichlids mai Tanganyika:
- Kamāliʻiwahine Burundi
- Frontosa
- Hōkū tropheus
No ke aha ʻo Tanganyika kahi paradaiso cichlid?
ʻAʻole wale ʻo Lake Tanganyika kekahi loko ʻApelika a i ʻole kahi kai nui loa. ʻAʻohe wahi ʻē aʻe ma ʻApelika, a, maliʻa paha, i ka honua, ʻaʻohe loko e like me ia. Nui, hohonu, noho ia i kāna ao kaʻawale, kahi i ukali ai ka evolution i kahi ala kūikawā.
Ua hoʻomaloʻo ʻia nā loko ʻē aʻe, uhi ʻia me ka hau, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā Tanganyika nā loli kūikawā. Hoʻopili ka iʻa, nā mea kanu, invertebrates a noho i nā ʻano pule like ʻole i kahi biotope.
ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka hapa nui o nā iʻa e noho nei i ka loko i ke aloha. Ma kahi o 200 mau ʻano o nā cichlids like ʻole i wehewehe ʻia i kēia manawa, akā i kēlā me kēia makahiki e ʻike ʻia nā mea hou i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka loko.
ʻAʻole ʻimi ʻia nā wahi nunui ma Tanzania a me Zambia no ka pilikia o ke ola. Wahi a nā koho kolohe, aia ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau ʻano i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka ʻepekema i ka loko, a ʻo nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma kahi o 95% e noho nei ma Tanganyika a me kahi ʻē aʻe.
Nā biotopes like ʻole o ka Lake Tanganyika
I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā biotopes like ʻole i loko o ka loko, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka haku ʻana o nā cichlids i kēia a i kēlā niche.
no laila:
ʻĀpana heʻe nalu
He mau mika wale nō mai ke kapakai hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he wahi heʻe nalu. Hoʻokumu nā nalu a me nā kahe mau i ka wai me ka nui o ka oxygen ma aneʻi, no ka mea ua hū koke ʻia ke kalapona kalapona.
ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo gobi cichlids (Eretmodus cyanostictus, Spathodus erythrodon, Tanganicodus irsacae, Spathodus marlieri) a ʻo goby cichlids paha i hoʻopili i ke ola i ka laina heʻe nalu, a ʻo kēia wale nō kahi ma Tanganyika kahi e loaʻa ai lākou.
Lalo pōhaku
Hiki i nā wahi pōhaku ke ʻano like ʻole, me nā pōhaku i ka nui o ka pūlima, a me nā pōhaku nui, he mau mika ka nui. I kēlā mau wahi, he kahakai kahakai loa a moe nā pōhaku i nā pōhaku ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ma ke one.
Ma ke ʻano he holoi, holoi ʻia ke one ma luna o nā pōhaku a noho mau i nā ʻāpana. I loko o kēlā mau ʻāpana, ʻeli nā cichlids he nui i kā lākou pūnana i ka wā e hānau keiki ana.
ʻO ka nele o nā mea kanu ke uku ʻia e ka nui o nā limu i uhi i nā pōhaku a lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai no nā ʻano cichlids he nui, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā iʻa e ola nui ana i ka fouling a me ka hānai.
Nui ka waiwai o kēia biotope i nā iʻa o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā ʻano maʻamau. ʻO ia kahi home o nā ʻāpana teritori a me nā mea neʻe, cichlids e noho kaʻawale nei a i nā ʻohana, nā mea kūkulu i kahi pūnana a me nā mea e hua ai nā hua i ko lākou waha.
ʻO nā mea maʻamau nā cichlids e hānai i nā limu ulu ma luna o nā pōhaku, akā aia kekahi e ʻai i ka plankton, a me nā ʻano predatory.
Kahakai lalo
Holo ka lepo a me ka makani i kahi one one lahilahi ma ka lalo o kekahi mau wahi o ka loko ʻo Tanganyika. Ma ke ʻano he mau kānāwai, aia kēia mau wahi me ka ihu o lalo, kahi e lawe ʻia ai ke one e ka makani a i ʻole ka ua ua.
Hoʻohui ʻia, i loko o ia mau wahi, uhi nui ʻia ka lalo me nā pūpū mai nā kuhū make. Mālama ʻia kēia e ke ʻano o ka lalo a me nā palena o ka wai, kahi e lohi ai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā pū. I kekahi mau wahi o ka lalo, hana lākou i kapeka mau. ʻO ka nui o nā cichlids e noho nei i kēia mau wahi i hoʻololi i ke ola a me nā ʻōpū i kēia mau pūpū.
ʻO ka maʻa mau nā cichlids e noho nei i nā biotopes one ke aloha. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻo ke ala maikaʻi e ola ai no nā iʻa e noho ana ma nā wahi ākea a nui ʻole ka nui o ka nalowale ʻana i kahi ʻohana.
Noho ʻo Callochromis lāua ʻo Xenotilapia i nā hānai he haneli a ulu i kahi hierarchy ikaika. Kanu koke ʻia kekahi i ke one inā pilikia. Eia nō naʻe, maikaʻi loa ke kinona a me ke kala o kēia mau cichlids a aneane hiki ʻole ke ʻike iā lākou mai luna.
Lepo lalo
ʻO kekahi mea ma waena o ka papa pōhaku a me ka one. Nā wahi kahi e ʻohi ai nā koena limu popo a holoi ʻia nā huna lepo mai ka papa honua. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, eia nā wahi e kahe ai nā kahawai a me nā kahawai i loko o ka loko.
Mālama ʻo Silt i kahi kumu meaʻai no nā ʻano bacteria, a ʻo kēia mau mea, no kahi ʻano bioplankton. ʻOiai ʻai ʻia kekahi o nā plankton e nā cichlids, ʻai ʻia ka hapa nui e nā ʻano invertebrates, kahi mea ʻai pū na nā cichlids.
Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻano atypical nā wahi me kahi lepo o lalo no Tanganyika, akā aia a ʻike ʻia e kekahi ʻano o ke ola.
Pākuʻi Pelagic
ʻO ka pelagic layer ka waena waena a me luna o ka wai. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka wai ma Tanganyika e hāʻule pololei ana ma luna o kēia mau papa, e like me ka manaʻo kuhi, mai 2.8 a 4 miliona mau iʻa o ka iʻa e noho ana i loko o lākou.
Hoʻomaka ka pae ʻai ma aneʻi i ka phytoplankton, ʻo ia ka meaʻai no ka zooplankton, a ʻo ka iʻa kekahi. ʻAi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā zooplankton e nā pūʻali nui o nā iʻa liʻiliʻi (ʻaʻole cichlids), kahi mea ʻai na nā cichlids predatory e noho nei i ka wai hāmama.
ʻO Benthos
ʻO nā papa hohonu, lalo a me lalo i ka loko. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka hohonu o Tanganyika, ʻaʻole hiki i kahi iʻa muliwai ke ola i kēia mau wahi, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi loa ka oxygen ma laila. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻae ke kūlohelohe i ka ʻole a ua hoʻololi kekahi mau cichlids i ke ola i nā kūlana o ka pōloli oxygen a me ka pouli piha.
E like me ka iʻa kai lalo, ua hoʻomohala lākou i nā manaʻo hou a me kahi ala palena loa o ka hānai ʻana.
He hola o ke kī ʻana i lalo o ka wai i loko o ka loko. ʻAʻohe Aryans, mele wale nō
Nā ʻano cichlids a me kā lākou hiki ke hoʻololi
ʻO ka cichlid nui loa ma Lake Tanganyika, Boulengerochromis microlepis, ulu a 90 cm a hiki ke kaupaona ma luna o 3 kilokilo. He moʻo nui ia e noho ana i nā papa o luna o ka wai, e neʻe mau nei i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi pio.
A ʻo ka cichlid liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo Neolamprologus multifasciatus, ulu ʻoi aku ma mua o 4 cm a hoʻonui ʻia i nā pūpū mollusk. Ua ʻeli lākou i ke one ma lalo o ka poho a hiki i kona kanu ʻia ʻana i ke one, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe lākou i ka puka komo i laila. Pēlā, e hana nei i kahi puʻuhonua palekana a me ka nahele.
Hoʻohana pū ʻo Lamprologus callipterus i nā pūpū, akā i kekahi ʻano ʻokoʻa. He moʻo kula kēia e hoʻouka kaua i kāna mea pio ma ke kula, a luku pū lākou i nā iʻa ʻoi aku ka nui.
Nui loa nā kāne e komo i kahi pūpū (15 cm), akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā wahine i ka nui. Hōʻiliʻili nā kāne kāne moekolohe i nā nui o nā pūpū Neothauma a mālama iā lākou ma ko lākou panalāʻau. ʻOiai ke kāne e ʻimi holoholona nei, hatch kekahi mau wahine i nā hua i loko o kēia mau pūpū.
Ua hoʻololi ka cichlid Altolamprologus compressiceps i ke ola i ka loko e ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻano o ke kino. He iʻa kēia me kahi fin dorsal kiʻekiʻe loa a me kahi kino ololi e hiki ai ke paheʻe maʻalahi ma waena o nā pōhaku i mea e hopu ai i ka ʻōpae.
ʻAi pū lākou i nā hua o nā cichlids ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ka huhū huhū o ko lākou mau mākua. No ka pale ʻana iā lākou iho, hoʻomohala lākou i nā niho ʻoi loa a me nā unahi ʻoi loa a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ke kapa kila. Me nā haki a me nā unahi i hōʻike ʻia, hiki iā lākou ke kū i nā hoʻouka o nā iʻa like like!
ʻO kekahi hui o cichlids i hoʻopili ʻia e ka loli ʻana i ko lākou ʻano kino nā gobi cichlids e like me ka Eretmodus cyanostictus. I mea e ola ai nā nalu o ka laina heʻenalu, pono lākou e mālama paʻa paʻa loa me ka lalo.
ʻO ka wai ʻauʻau maʻamau, i loaʻa i nā iʻa āpau i kēia hihia, keakea ʻole, a ua hoʻomohala nā gobies i kahi mana liʻiliʻi loa o ia. ʻO kahi bladder ʻauʻau liʻiliʻi loa, nā pelvic fins i hoʻololi ʻia, a me kahi kino i kāpī ʻia i kōkua i nā cichlids e noho i kēia biotope.
ʻO nā cichlids ʻē aʻe e like me Opthalmotilapia i hoʻopili ʻia e hoʻohua. I nā kāne, ma nā pūhaka pelvic he mau kiko e like me nā hua i ke kala a me ke ʻano.
I ka wā o ka spawning, hōʻike ke kāne i ka fin i ka wahine, ʻoiai ma hope o ke kau ʻana i nā hua, lawe koke ʻo ia i kona waha, kuhihewa ʻo ia a hoʻāʻo nei e hopu i kēia mau hua. I kēia manawa, hoʻokuʻu ke kāne i ka waiū, ka mea e momona i nā hua.
Ma ke ala, ʻano maʻamau kēia ʻano no nā cichlids he nui i hatch i nā hua i loko o kā lākou waha, me nā mea i makemake ʻia i ka aquarium.
ʻO Benthochromis tricoti nā cichlids e noho ana i nā hohonu a hiki i nā nui o 20 cm. Noho lākou i nā hohonu mai 50 a 150 mau mika. ʻOiai ko lākou nui, hānai lākou i nā mea liʻiliʻi - plankton a me nā crustacean liʻiliʻi.
No ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia papaʻai, hoʻomohala lākou i ka waha elongated e like me ka paipu.
ʻAi pū ʻo Trematocara cichlids i nā benthos like ʻole. I ke ao, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma ka hohonu o 300 mau mika, ʻo lākou nā cichlids hohonu loa o ka honua. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻololi lākou i ke ola ma Tanganyika.
Ke iho nei ka lā, piʻi lākou mai ka hohonu a hiki i ka papa a hiki ke loaʻa ma ka hohonu o kekahi mau mika! He mea kupaianaha ka hiki i ka iʻa ke kū i kēlā mau loli kaomi! Eia kekahi, maʻalahi ka laina laina o lākou a lawelawe e ʻike i ka meaʻai i ka pouli piha. No laila, ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi niche manuahi, e hānai ana i ka pō i nā papa o luna o ka wai ke liʻiliʻi ka hoʻokūkū.
ʻO kahi cichlid ʻē aʻe e hānai ana i ka pō, ʻo Neolamprologus toae, i hopu ʻia i nā larva insect, kahi e peʻe ai i nā pūpū chitinous i ke ao, a kolo aku i waho e hānai i ka pō.
Akā ʻo nā cichlids Perissodus, nā mea ʻai pālākiō, hele i mua loa. ʻOiai ko lākou waha ua disproportionate a ua hakuloli e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e haehae i nā unahi mai nā iʻa ʻē aʻe.
Ua hoʻomohala pū kekahi ʻo Petrochromis fasciolatus i kahi hanana kū ʻole i ka hāmeʻa waha. Ke loaʻa i ka waha ʻo Tanganyika cichlids ʻē aʻe i lalo ka waha, ua kiʻekiʻe ko lākou waha. ʻAe kēia iā ia e ʻohi i nā limu mai nā wahi kahi hiki ʻole i nā cichlids ʻē aʻe ke kiʻi iā lākou.
Ma kēia ʻatikala, ua nānā pōkole wale mākou i nā biotopes kupaianaha o ka Lake Tanganyika a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kamaʻāina kamahaʻo o kēia mau biotopes. ʻAʻole lawa ke ola e wehewehe iā lākou āpau, akā mālama i kēia mau cichlids i kahi aquarium hiki a pono.
