Ulu nā kumulāʻau like ʻole i nā ulu lāʻau hui. ʻO nā ʻano ulu nahele nā ākea ākea (maples, ʻoka, lindens, birches, hornbeams) a me nā conifers (pine, larch, fir, spruce). I loko o ia mau ʻāpana kūlohelohe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka lepo sod-podzolic, brown a hina hina. He pae kiʻekiʻe ko lākou o humus, no ka ulu ʻana o kahi mauʻu mauʻu i kēia mau ulu lāʻau. Holoi ʻia nā mea hao a me nā pālolo.
Nā lepo Sodz-podzolic
I loko o nā ululāʻau coniferous-deciduous, hana nui ʻia ka ʻāina o ka ʻano sod-podzolic. Ma lalo o nā ululāʻau, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pae humus-accumulative ākea, a ʻaʻole mānoanoa ka paina sod. ʻO nā mea lehu a me ka nitrogen, magnesium a me ka calcium, hao a me potassium, aluminika a me hydrogen, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, pili i ke kaʻina hana o ka lepo. ʻAʻole kiʻekiʻe ka pae momona o ia lepo, no ka mea ua hamo ʻia a puni ka honua. Loaʻa ka ʻāina Sod-podzolic mai 3 a 7% humus. Hoʻonui waiwai ʻia hoʻi i ka silica a ʻilihune hoʻi i ka phosphorous a me ka nitrogen. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano lepo kahi mākū kiʻekiʻe.
Nā lepo hina a me nā burozems
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lepo Brown a me nā hina i nā ulu lāʻau kahi e ulu ai nā lāʻau coniferous a deciduous i ka manawa like. ʻO ka ʻano hina ka hoʻololi ma waena o nā lepo podzolic a me nā chernozems. Kūkulu ka lepo hina i nā aniau mehana a me nā ʻano mea kanu. Hāʻawi kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā mea kanu, nā lepo holoholona ma muli o ka hana o nā microorganism i hui ʻia, a kahi humus nui i hoʻonui ʻia me nā mea like ʻole. Ke moe hohonu nei ia a me kahi kala ʻeleʻele. Eia nō naʻe, i kēlā me kēia punawai, ke hoʻoheheʻe ka hau, ʻike ka lepo i ka momona a me ka leaching nui.
Hoihoi
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lepo brown brown i kahi ani mehana ma mua o nā ululāʻau. No ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻana, pono ke wela i ke kauwela, a i ka hoʻoilo ʻaʻole pono kahi papa hau paʻa. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka lepo i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Ma lalo o ia mau ʻano, lilo a humus i brownish brown.
I nā ululāʻau huikau, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻano ʻano lepo: burozems, ulu lāʻau hina a me sod-podzol. ʻAno like nā kūlana no kā lākou hoʻokumu ʻana. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mauʻu mauʻu a me nā ʻōpala ulu e hāʻawi i ka mea e waiwai ai ka lepo me ka humus, akā hāʻawi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i ka leaching o nā mea like ʻole, kahi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i ka momona o ka lepo.
