Nui ka poʻe i nānā i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻo Starship Troopers, a ʻo ka manawa nui ke kaua ma waena o ka poʻe a me nā nalo. Ua hoʻohana nā arthropods malihini i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka hoʻouka ʻana, me nā kemika - ua kī lākou i kahi mea ʻona ʻona. E noʻonoʻo e noho ana ka prototype o ia ʻano pua ma ka Honua, a ua kapa ʻia ia nīnū bombardier.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
He pili pili loa i ka nalo honua, he mea leʻaleʻa loa ka beetle bombardier. Ua noho ʻo ia i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, koe wale nā wahi polar loa. ʻO nā beetles kaulana loa mai ka subfamily Brachininae (brachinins) he awelika ka nui o 1 a 3 cm.
Loaʻa iā lākou ka elytra paʻakikī, pena ʻia i nā kala ʻeleʻele, a ʻo ke poʻo, nā wāwae a me ka umauma i like ke kala me ka ʻalani - ʻalani, ʻulaʻula, terracotta. Ma ke kua, aia paha he mau hiʻohiʻona i ke ʻano o nā kaha a me nā kiko kala. ʻEkolu mau wāwae o ka arsenal a me kahi ʻumiʻumi a hiki i 8 mm ka lōʻihi.
ʻO Bombardier beetle i ke kiʻi nani ke nānā aku akā he pūpū wale nō ia. ʻO kona ʻano hoihoi a koʻikoʻi hoʻi ka hiki ke kī kī i ka ʻenemi mai nā ʻōpū o ka hope o ka ʻōpū me kahi hui kemika ʻino, hoʻomehana kūʻokoʻa i nā mahana wela.
ʻO kēia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai ka pepelu he bombardier. ʻAʻole wale ke kī ʻana o ka wai i ka wikiwiki loa, hele pū ka hana me ka pop. Nui ka hoihoi o nā ʻepekema i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka hana o kēia mea kaua. No laila, ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i ia.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi "hoʻohuihui o nā kinoea" e puka mai ana mai ka nalo bombardier ʻaʻole maopopo loa.
Hūnā nā glands o hope i ka hydroquinone, hydrogen peroxide, a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe i ka huli. Palekana lākou pakahi, ʻoiai no ka mālama ʻia i nā "capsule" ʻokoʻa me nā paia mānoanoa. Akā i ka manawa o ka "alarm alarm" ka aelike ʻo ka beetle i nā mākala o ka ʻōpū, ʻoki ʻia nā mea kikoʻī i loko o ke keʻena "react" a hui ʻia ma laila.
Kūkulu kēia hui "pahū" i ka wela ikaika, me ia ʻano hoʻomehana, hoʻonui nui ʻia kona leo ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā kinoea i loaʻa, a hoʻolei ʻia ka wai i waho o ke kahawai puka, mai kahi noz. Mālama kekahi i ke kī pono ʻana, ʻo nā mea ʻūpī wale i ka lāʻau a puni.
Ma hope o ke kī ʻana, pono ka pepelu i ka manawa e "recharge" - e hoʻihoʻi i nā mālama o ka waiwai. Lawe kēia hana i nā manawa ʻokoʻa no nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. No laila, ua loli kekahi mau laha ʻaʻole e hoʻopau koke i ka "charge" holoʻokoʻa, akā e hāʻawi me ka akahele ia no 10-20, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka nui o nā pana.
Nā ʻano
ʻOiaʻiʻo, hoʻokahi ʻohana ʻohana o nā nalo honua no nā bombardiers - Brachininae (brachinins). Eia nō naʻe, ma waena o ka ʻohana aia kekahi ʻohana i hiki ke kī i kahi hui wela mai nā subcutane glands ma ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka ʻōpū. ia Paussinae (paussins).
ʻO ka pōkā mai ka ʻohana nalo honua, no laila ma waho ua like like nā ʻiʻo
ʻOkoʻa lākou i nā arthropods ʻē aʻe o ko lākou ʻohana ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā antennae-antennas maʻamau a ākea hoʻi: i kekahi ʻano like me nā hulu nui, ʻoiai kekahi e like me kahi diski lahilahi. Hoʻomaopopo pū ʻia ʻo Paussins e noho pinepine i nā anthills.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā pheromones a lākou e hoʻokuʻu ai i kahi hopena pacifying i nā loina a kāohi i kā lākou huhū. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa i nā beetles a me kā lākou larvae i nā meaʻai ʻono a momona hoʻi mai nā waihona o ka anthill, me ka mea e ʻai ai nā mea komo hewa i nā larva o nā mea hoʻokipa ponoʻī. Kāhea ʻia lākou myrmecophiles - "e noho nei i waena o nā naonao."
ʻAʻole pilina kekahi mau ʻohana ʻelua me kekahi, malia he kūpuna like ʻole kā lākou. Ma waena o nā nalo honua, he nui nā mea kolo e hūnā i nā ʻano hoʻohui like, akā no nā hui ʻelua i luna, ʻo ka mea maʻamau wale nō ua aʻo lākou e "hoʻomehana" i ka wai ʻala ma mua o ke kī ʻana.
ʻO ka ʻohana paussin i kēia manawa he 750 mau ʻano i 4 tribach (nā ʻauhau ʻauhau ma waena o ka ʻohana a me ka genus). Hoʻoholo nā Bombardiers i ka ʻohana paussin Latreyaʻo ia nā 8 subtribe a ʻoi aku ma mua o 20 genera.
ʻO ka subfamily o brachinins nā ʻohana 2 a me nā moʻokūʻauhau 6. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa o lākou:
- Brachinus - ka genus aʻo loa a hoʻolaha ākea i ka ʻohana bombardier. Hoʻopili pū ia Brachinus crepitans He ʻāpana pōpō pahū pahū (wae i koho ʻia), ʻo kāna mea pale pale ka mea ʻoi loa o nā mea āpau. Hoʻolei ʻia ka wai ʻona, ʻawahia me kahi kī nui a me ka pinepine o ka uila - a i 500 mau kī i kēlā me kēia kekona. I ke kaʻina hana, hana ʻia kahi ao ʻona a puni ia. Mai iā ia, ua hoʻomaka ʻo entomologist a me biologist ʻo Carl Linnaeus e hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau nalo, nāna i hoʻomaka i ka ʻōnaehana i ka ʻike o nā arthropods. Ke alakaʻi nei nā lūlū o ka pōpō pahū i kahi ala parasite o ke ola, e ʻimi nei i kahi mea kūpono no kā lākou ulu ʻana i ka papa luna o ka lepo. Pēlā hana nalo bombardier aia ma loko o ka ʻaneʻane o nā ʻano ʻohana āpau. Ma waho, nānā maʻamau - ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele elytra, a me ke poʻo, ka umauma, nā wāwae a me nā antennae ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula. Ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 5 a 15 mm.
- Mastax - bombetier beetle mai nā wahi tropical o ʻAsia a me ʻApelika. Ua pena ʻia kona elytra me nā kaha beige transverse e hele i kēlā me kēia. ʻEleʻele ke kuaaina ākea. Ulu ke poʻo, ka umauma a me nā antennae, ʻeleʻele nā wāwae.
- Pheropsophus - kēia ke ola nei ka nalo bombardier i nā tropika a me nā subtropics o nā wahi āpau o ka honua. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o nā ʻohana ʻelua ma mua, ʻeleʻele nā ʻeheu, ribed, kāhiko ʻia me nā kiko wili ʻōlani, ua like ke kala o ke poʻo a me ka umauma o ka ʻūpala. Hoʻonani ʻia hoʻi lākou me nā kiko i waenakonu, kahi malu lanahu wale nō. ʻO ka anttennae a me nā paws he beige a me kope. Ke nānā nei i kēia nalo, e manaʻo paha kekahi he mea kahiko kēia i hana ʻia i ka ʻili maoli a me ka pōhaku agate - nani a nani kona pūpū a me nā ʻēheu, e hōʻike ana i ka hanohano o ke kala. Ma Rūsia, hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o kēia nalo i ka Hikina Hema - ʻO Pheropsophus (Stenaptinus) javanus... I kona mau kala, ma kahi o nā aka brown, aia ke kala beige one, e hoʻohui i ka nani i ka nānā.
ʻAiʻai Pono
ʻO nā nalo Bombardier nā aka a me nā poʻe ʻimi ʻaui i ka pō. Hoʻololi pū ʻia ko lākou mau maka waena i kēia ʻano nohona. I ka lā e peʻe lākou ma lalo o nā snags, pōhaku, i ka mauʻu a i ʻole ma waena o nā kumu lāʻau i hāʻule. ʻAno puni ka papaʻai i nā meaʻai protein.
Hoʻomoe ka larvae bombardier i kā lākou larvae i ka lepo o luna
ʻO kēia ka mea e hānai lākou i nā mea ola ʻē aʻe - nā larvae a me nā pupae o nā nalo ʻē aʻe, nā nūnū, nā ilo a me nā mea liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe e noho ana i ka papa luna o ka lepo, a me ke kino. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke lele, no laila neʻe wale lākou i nā wāwae.
Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano pālahalaha, hele maʻalahi lākou i waena o nā lau i hāʻule, e holo a puni ana i kā lākou wahi huli holoholona. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou me ke kōkua o nā antennae, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ʻaneʻane āpau - lohe, ʻike, ʻala a hoʻopā.
Lālau lākou i kā lākou mea pio me ka ten ten a me waena paws me nā notches. ʻAʻole hiki i ka mea i hōʻino ʻia ke pale aku i ka ʻapo make, a ma hope o kekahi mau kūʻē ʻana ua mālie ʻo ia a haʻalele iā ia i kāna hopena. Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā ʻenemi o kēia mau mea ʻino, ua aʻo kekahi o lākou e pale pono iā lākou iho mai nā "pana" a nā ʻeneto.
ʻO kahi laʻana, peʻe nā manu mai ka "pana" me ko lākou mau ʻeheu, lele kekahi mau koʻokoʻo ma luna o ka ʻenekini a kaomi i kāna mea kaua make i loko o ka lepo, a kanu ʻia e kahi larva lio e like me ka makaʻu ʻole i ka nalo iā ia iho i ka lepo momona, kahi e ʻono ai i ka wai ʻawahia.
akā Pale aku ka nalo bombardier iā ia iho a mahope o ka eo. Nānā lākou i ka nalo ʻana o ka nalo e ka rana i kī ʻia mai loko mai, a kuha aku ka ʻohana ʻilihune i ke koa mai ka makaʻu a me ka wela o loko.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hoihoi hoʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nalo mai nā hua manu a i ka imago. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomomona, e like me ka nui o nā arthropods, i loaʻa me ke kōkua o kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻūhā hope, hoʻolei ke kāne i kahi nui o ka sperm e pono ai ka wahine i kona ola holoʻokoʻa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ma kēia kahi e pau ai kāna hana, i kekahi manawa hele mai ka ʻāpana a paʻa, akā ua hoʻomaka mua ke kaʻina. Hoʻopau mālie ka wahine, ʻaʻole koke, hoʻopau i ka semen, e mālama ana iā ia i kahi waihona kaʻawale. Ma mua o kēlā me kēia lawelawe ʻana o nā hua, hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i kahi liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ʻeke hua manu.
Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā hua momona i loko o kahi lumi lepo, a hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e ʻolokaʻa i kēlā me kēia hua i loko o kahi pōpō kaʻawale a waiho ʻia ma kekahi ʻili paʻakikī e kokoke ana i ka waihona wai. A aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 20 mau hua i loko o ka paʻa. I kekahi mau lā ma hope mai, ʻike ʻia nā lū keʻokeʻo mai nā hua manu, e pouli ana ma hope o kekahi mau hola.
ʻIke ka larvae i ka mea pio ma ka lepo ma ke ʻano o ka pupa o kahi nalo ʻauʻau a i kahi bea paha, ʻai iā ia mai loko mai ke poʻo a piʻi i laila. Ma laila lākou pupate. Mai kēia cocoon i 10 mau lā e kū mai kahi mea helu hou. ʻO ka hana holoʻokoʻa he 24 mau lā.
I kekahi manawa hana ka wahine i ka ʻelua a me ke kolu paʻa, inā ʻae ke aniau. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā wahi anuanu, kaupalena ʻia ka hihia i hoʻokahi wale nō. ʻO ka mea kaumaha loa i kēia moʻolelo ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kēia mea kolo kupaianaha. ʻO ka maʻamau he 1 wale nō ona makahiki. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi, hoʻomalu nā kāne e ola ma mua o 2-3 mau makahiki.
ʻIno Beetle
ʻAʻole hiki i kēia beetle ke hōʻeha i kekahi kanaka. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia e koi ʻia e lālau i nā lunamakaʻāinana nui me nā lima kau ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke kiʻi i kahi ahi liʻiliʻi akā maʻalahi. I kēia hihia, pono e holoi i kēia wai i ka wā hiki loa. ʻO ka mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole ke kiʻi i kahi jet like i kou mau maka. Hiki ke hōʻemi a i ʻole ka nalo ʻana o ka hihiʻo. Pono pono e holoi nui i nā maka a kāhea koke i kahi kaʻa kaʻahua.
Eia kekahi, mai hoʻokuʻu i nā holoholona - ʻīlio, pōpoki a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e launa me ka nalo. E hoʻāʻo lākou e ale i ka pepelu a ʻeha. A i kēia manawa, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia pēlā pepeke pōpoki bombardier weliweli ʻole, akā maikaʻi.
Mahalo i kāna meaʻai hoʻopono, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka ʻāina i nā ʻupena a me nā ʻenuhe. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hōʻino kūpono ma nā beetles lau, e ʻānai i nā wana ʻōpio. Ma nā wahi e noho ai pōpō pest, pōkā pahū hiki ke lilo i kahi hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi loa.
Ke hakakā nei ʻo Beetle
ʻAʻole i huikau nui ʻia ke kanaka e nā ʻano hana o ka hana ʻana me nā nalo bombardier. ʻO ka mea, no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoweliweli maoli. A ʻo ka lua, hiki iā lākou ke noho kūpaʻa me mākou, nāukiuki wale nō entomophobes (ka poʻe me ka makaʻu i nā nalo).
Eia hou, hoihoi loa lākou e hoʻopaʻa naʻau, manaʻo mau kekahi poʻe he hana loea i hana ʻia nā mea mai kahi panalā ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kiʻina hana nui o ka kaohi ʻana he aerosols maʻamau a me nā ʻākena kemika e kūʻē i nā ʻenekeke makua a me kā lākou larva.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
- ʻO ke anawela o ka mea hana kemika i hoʻoili ʻia e ka beetle bombardier hiki ke piʻi ma luna o 100 kekelē Celsius, a hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i 8 m / s. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka jet i 10 cm, a ʻo ka pololei o ka pā ʻana i ka pahuhopu i nā ʻano he nui ʻole.
- ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale a ka beetle, ke nānā pono ʻia, ua lilo ia i prototype o ka V-1 (V-1) ʻano hanu ea-hanu kaulana, ka "mea kaua o ka hoʻopaʻi" a nā Kelemania i hoʻohana ai i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻelua.
- Ua ʻike nā Entomologists i ka makemake o nā lunamaka o nā laha bebel bombardier e ʻākoakoa i nā hui nui. Manaʻo ʻia ma kēia ala e hoʻoikaika ai i kā lākou pale. ʻO kahi volley like mai nā "pū" he nui i hiki ke hōʻeha hou aku, a ʻoi aku, nā mākaʻi e mākaukau i ke ahi hiki ke hoʻomaha i ka poʻe e pono e "hoʻouka hou".
- ʻO ka hāmeʻa no ke kī ʻana i ka nalo bombardier he hoihoi loa a ʻenehana paʻakikī hoʻi aia he kumu e noʻonoʻo ai e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka honua. Aia kekahi manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki i kahi "ʻano" ke kū aʻe ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka evolution, akā hāpai ʻia e kekahi.
- ʻO ka hana hou o ka hoʻā hou ʻana i nā ʻenekini kuni kūloko i ka holomua o kekahi o lākou i ka wā o ka lele ʻaʻole mamao loa ia. E kōkua kēia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka mea huna o ke ʻano kī o ka beetle bombardier.
