Manu Peregrine mai ka ʻohana falcon, genus falcon, ke kauoha o nā mea ʻaihue o ke ao. ʻO ka mea hahai holoholona hihiu wikiwiki loa, ʻoi loa, akamai a maʻalea hoʻi i waena o nā manu. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana he 100 km / h, ke komo nei i kahi piko kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka hahai holoholona e hoʻomohala ai i ka wikiwiki o ka mea hakakā, ma kahi o 300 km / h. ʻO ka mea kaua pepehi kanaka kūpono i hana ʻia e ke kūlohelohe.
He cosmopolitan ʻo Falcon, e ola maikaʻi ʻana ma kahi o nā wahi āpau koe ʻo Antarctica. ʻO nā ʻano mea e noho ana i nā wahi anuanu he neʻe, ʻo ke koena e noho mau nei ma kahi hoʻokahi.
Akamai a maʻalahi hoʻi ʻo Peregrine Falcons e hoʻomaʻamaʻa, mai ka wā kahiko ua hoʻohana ikaika ʻia e hoʻokipa i nā keiki aliʻi (falconry). He manuahi ka manu i hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūpono ʻia a ʻaʻole hiki i nā kānaka āpau ke uku aku.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i kahi mea ʻimi holoholona i loko o ka noho pio ʻana he pilikia loa ia i ko mākou manawa, pono ʻoe i kahi hale ākea me nā lāʻau, a me kahi kiko a papa paha no ka noho ʻana. ʻO kahi papaʻai kūlohelohe, me ka ʻole o nā iwi a me nā hulu, ʻeha ka ʻōpū.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO Peregrine Falcon kahi predator nui loa ia mai kona ʻohana. Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke kino mai 34 a 50 centimetres, a ʻo ka wing wing mai 80 a 120 centimetres. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o 900-1500 gram. Kaupaona nā kāne he 440-750 gram. ʻAʻole haʻi ʻia nā ʻokoʻa kūwaho ma waena o nā kāne a me ka wahine ʻokoʻa.
ʻO ke kino e like me ka mea hana ʻino: ikaika ka umauma me ka huʻa a paʻakikī hoʻi i nā io; pōkole nā wāwae, mānoanoa, ikaika, nuku ka nuku i ka maʻi pau ka nuku me nā niho ʻoi e hiki ke nahu i ka iwi o ka ʻehaʻeha. Nui nā maka, e like me ka manu, ʻōhū, ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele ka ʻili a puni nā maka, ʻaʻohe hulu.
ʻO ke kala plumage. I nā kanaka makua moekolohe, ke kua, nā ʻeheu a me ka huelo luna i hina i ka hina; ʻaʻole maopopo loa nā kahakaha transverse o ke kala ʻeleʻele. ʻEleʻele nā kihi o nā ʻēheu. ʻO ka ʻōpū ke kala ʻia i nā kala māmā a i ʻole ka ʻoka, pili ia i ka wahi o ka noho. Hoʻonani ʻia ka umauma a me nā ʻaoʻao me nā kahakaha-like blob-like.
ʻO ka huelo, poepoe i lalo, he kala ʻeleʻele a me kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ʻuʻuku i ka hopena. ʻEleʻele ke poʻo ma luna, kukui ma lalo. ʻEleʻele nā lālā o lalo a me ka nuku e like me ka pahi, he melemele ke kumu o ka nuku.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā manu o ka makahiki mua o ke ola e ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i ke kala: ʻeleʻele ka hope, ʻoka; māmā loa ka ʻōpū, lōʻihi lōʻihi i ʻōwili ʻia; melemele nā wāwae; hina-hina ke kumu o ka nuku. ʻO ke kala o ka plumage o ka falcon peregrine kaukaʻi ʻia i kāna ʻano o ka laha, a me ka ʻāina o kona wahi noho mau.
Nā ʻano
Ua aʻo a wehewehe ʻia nā ʻepekema ʻepekema a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana he 19 o ka falcon peregrine, me kēlā me kēia me kona wahi iho.
- Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunstall, nā inoa inoa inoa. Noho ʻo Eurasia. Hoʻopili ʻia i kahi noho mau.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus calidus Latham, tundra a i ʻole barnacle. Noho ma nā mokupuni o ka Moana Arctic, ke kapakai Arctic. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻololi ia i kona wahi noho i nā wahi mehana o ke Kaiwaenahonua, ʻEleʻele a me nā kai Caspian.
- Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin (me kleinschmidti, pleskei a me harterti). Noho mau ʻo ia i nā panalāʻau o ka hikina hikina o Siberia, Kamchatka, a me nā mokupuni Kepani.
- Maltese falcon, Falco peregrinus brookeiSharpe. Nā hale noho paʻa: Kaiwaenahonua, Iberian Peninsula, ʻAkau Hema ʻAmelika, Caucasus a me kahakai hema o Crimea.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temminck kahi falcon mai nā mokupuni ʻo Canary, ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ka Hikina Waena.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall, kahi falcon liʻiliʻi loa, e noho ana ma kahi paʻa ma Asia Hema, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Hikina Hema Kina.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus madens ʻo Ripley & Watson kahi ʻano kokoke pau loa i nā mokupuni ʻo Cape Verde, me nā mea nānā manu wale nō e loaʻa ana he 6-8 mau pālua ola. Aia ka dimorphism moekolohe o ke kala, kahi ʻano ʻole o nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus minor Bonaparte, kahi lālā noho ma ʻApelika Hema.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus radama Hartlaub — Nā ʻĀpana ʻApelika, makemake ʻo Madagascar a me nā Comoros.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, kahi manu nui loa e noho paʻa ana ma kahi hoʻokahi. Loaʻa i nā Pōhaku Pohaku ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus macropus Swainson 1837 a me Falco peregrinus submelanogenys Mathews 1912, noho wale ma ka ʻāina nui Australia.
- Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (ʻeleʻele falcon), ka mea nui o nā mea kōkua. Kahi noho: nā kapakai o ʻAmelika Hema, British Columbia, ʻAilana ʻo Charlotte Islands, ke kai ʻo Bering Sea, Kamchatka, nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril.
- ʻO ka Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, i ke anuanu, neʻe i nā wahi mehana o ke kikowaena a me ka hema o ʻAmelika.
- ʻO Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe i makemake nui i ka wela. Noho paʻa o Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
ʻO ka falcon peregrine kahi mea hoʻopunipuni maʻalea a unpretentious e ʻaʻa aʻa ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, koe wale no Antarctica a me Nūhōlani. ʻAʻole makaʻu ʻo ia i nā hau hau kiʻekiʻe a me ka wela nui o nā tropika ʻApelika.
Hōʻalo i nā wahi polar anu loa, nā pae mauna ma mua o 4 tausani mau mika, nā wao akua, nā kahawai me ka nui o ka wai a me nā steppes nui. I Lūkia, ʻaʻole loaʻa nā pūnaewele pūnana ma Volga steppes a me Siberia Komohana.
Makemake i nā kapakai pōhaku o nā waihona like ʻole. Koho ʻo ia i kahi no ka pūnana paʻakikī e kiʻi i nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe (me nā kānaka), me ka ʻike maikaʻi a me nā wahi no ke komo manuahi.
Loaʻa nā kūlana kūpono kūpono i nā awāwa kahawai mauna, nā kahakai pōhaku a me ke kū ʻana o kahi wai i hāʻawi i ka nui o ka lehulehu. I ke kuahiwi e kau ʻia ma nā pali pōhaku, ma ka nahele e koho ʻo ia i nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa, ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā pali kahawai, i loko o nā momi, me ka hauʻoli e noho i nā pūnana o nā manu ʻē aʻe.
I kekahi manawa punana falcon peregrine hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma nā kūlanakauhale nui, ma luna o nā hale o nā hale pōhaku kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, nā paipu o nā hale hana like ʻole, nā alahaka, nā hale kia bele kiʻekiʻe, nā pule o nā hale kiʻekiʻe, ma ke ʻano maʻamau, nā mea āpau e like me nā pā pōhaku maoli, lilo i wahi pūnana maikaʻi.
Alakaʻi ka hapa nui o nā manu i kahi ala nohona, ʻo ka mea koe wale nō ka lehulehu e noho nei i nā ʻano paʻakikī o ka North North, lele lākou i nā wahi mehana i ka wā hoʻoilo. I kekahi manawa, pinepine i ke anuanu anuanu, hiki iā lākou ke neʻe no kekahi mau mile, i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi kahua meaʻai maikaʻi.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka panalāʻau o hoʻokahi pūnana mai 2 a 6 mau kilomita. Pono kēia e hoʻolako i ka nui o ka hānai i koi ʻia, ka makemake nui e hoʻonui nui ai i ka wā hānai. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia pā he 6-7 mau wahi kūpono no ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua manu, hoʻohana ʻia ia mau mea no hoʻokahi kau a ʻoi.
Mālama ikaika nā manu i kā lākou wahi ʻimi holoholona, ke komo lākou i kā lākou waiwai, hoʻouka kaua lākou i nā mea nui aku (nā ʻaeto, nā ʻakaʻaka). ʻIke ʻia ke ala o ke kanaka mai kahi mamao o 200-300 mau mika a hāʻawi ʻia kahi piʻipiʻi.
Inā hoʻomau ka neʻe o ka mea komo hewa i ka pūnana, hoʻomaka ke kāne e wili nui ma luna o kona poʻo, noho mau i nā lāʻau e ulu kokoke ana, hui pū ka wahine iā ia. ʻO ka falcon pale e kiaʻi nei i ka pūnana me nā moa e lilo i huhū nui, hiki ke kipaku aku i nā māmela nunui mai kona ʻāina: ʻīlio, ʻalopeke, ʻalopeke polar
ʻAi nui ka falcon peregrine i nā manu liʻiliʻi loa: nā manu liʻiliʻi, nā manu ʻeleʻele, nā starling, nā pālule, nā nūnū. I kekahi manawa ʻo nā mea nāna i hōʻino ʻia: ʻōpeʻapeʻa, ʻūlū, ʻālepa, moa manu. E like me ka predator maoli, komo ʻo ia i loko o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā pūnana o haʻi.
Aia nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole i ka nohona, no ka laʻana, huli ka falcon barnacle ma luna o nā gopher, lemmings a me nā voles e hoʻolaha ākea ʻia ma kāna wahi mahiʻai. Loaʻa iā lākou ma ka liʻiliʻi 30% o ka nui o ka hana.
Hana ʻia ka hahai holoholona i ke kakahiaka a i ʻole ke ahiahi. Pākuʻi Peregrine pinepine noho i ka hoʻohālua kiʻekiʻe ma kahi lepe e kali ana no ka ʻike pio. Hiki iā ia ke lele ma kahi kokoke i ka honua e hoʻāʻo nei e makaʻu a kipaku aku i nā mea pio mai ka hale.
Ke ʻike nei i ka mea pio, piʻi kiʻekiʻe ka manu i ka lewa, pelu ʻana i kona mau ʻeheu, luʻu hohonu i lalo, kokoke i kahi kihi kūpono, waiho i kahi luʻu pali, e hoʻāʻo nei e pā i ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia me nā ʻūhā ikaika. I kekahi manawa e ʻimi pālua nā falcons peregrine. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e hopu i ka mea pio i ka lewa ma ka lele a i ʻole ke hoʻokokoke ʻana, e luʻu pānaʻi ana no ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia.
Ke kaʻapuni nei i nā kula, ke nānā nei i nā mea pio, lele nā manu i ka wikiwiki, ʻoiai hiki i kahi wikiwiki ke hopu i ka mea ʻimi holoholona kaulana. Akā wale nō kahi maka maka i hopu i ka neʻe a ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, ua loli nui kāna ʻano, kahi lū wikiwiki, make, ke kāleka pū nui o kahi mea hahai holoholona wiwo ʻole.
I ka luʻu ʻana wikiwiki wikiwiki peregrine piʻi kekahi i 322 km / h, ʻo ia ka manu wikiwiki loa i ka honua. Ikaika loa ka hahau ʻana o kona mau wāwae a nalowale pinepine ke poʻo o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia. ʻO ka mea pio e ola ola ʻole ma hope o kahi hoʻouka kaua ikaika e hoʻopau ʻia me kahi nuku mana i hoʻokau ʻia me ka lou. ʻAi lākou i nā wahi kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻike maikaʻi.
ʻAi lākou i kā lākou mea pio, waiho haʻalele: ʻo ke poʻo, nā ʻēheu, nā wāwae, nā mea e ʻokoʻa ai nā mea hulu manu ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi o ka pūnaewele pūnana, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā ʻōpala o ka meaʻai, nā mea ʻepekema a me nā mea ʻimi noiʻi e hoʻoholo i ka papaʻai o ka manu. Eia nō naʻe, ma ke alo o nā ʻano koena, hiki nō ke hoʻokūpaʻa ʻole inā pili kahi pūnana i kahi falcon peregrine a i ʻole kekahi predator.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Ua hiki iā lākou ke hānau i ka makahiki o hoʻokahi makahiki, akā ʻo nā pāʻani moena a me ka hoʻomoe ʻana o nā hua manu e hoʻomaka pinepine i ka makahiki ʻelua a ʻekolu paha makahiki. Hōʻike ka falcon peregrine i ka monogamy, i hoʻokahi manawa i hana pū ʻia i pūnana pūlua i ko lākou ola.
Hoʻomaka ke kāne e hōʻea i ka pūnaewele hoʻonohonoho e hoʻowalewale i ka wahine, e hōʻike ana i nā aerobatics o ka lele: huli a somersaults, hana i nā pirouette paʻakikī, hele i kahi luʻu pali, a puka nui. ʻO ka wahine nāna i pane mai ka pane e noho kokoke.
Ua hana ka pālua, nānā nā manu i ka mea kūʻē, hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hulu me ko lākou nuku, ʻāwahi nā māiʻuʻu. Hāʻawi ke kāne kāne hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka wahine me ka makana, hāʻawi ka hoa i ka ʻoluʻolu, ʻae iā ia i ka lele, no kēia mea e huli ʻo ia i lalo i ka lele.
Hoʻomaka ka falcon wahine peregrine e hoʻomoe i nā hua manu i ka hopena o ʻApelila a me ka mua o Mei. ʻO ka hapanui he 3 mau hua i ka pūnana, i kekahi manawa piʻi ka helu i 5 mau ʻāpana. ʻO ka paʻa nui loa i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻepekema ornithologists ma ʻEulopa, ʻo 6 mau hua. ʻAʻole i kau ka wahine i hoʻokahi hua manu i kēlā me kēia 48 hola.
E ana nā hua moa i 51-52 e 41-42 millimeter. He melemele-keʻokeʻo a he momona paha ka pūpū, i kekahi manawa ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, matte me nā tubercles calcareous. Aia ma ka ʻili kahi kiko ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha.
ʻO ka manawa hatching o nā keiki he 33-35 mau lā. Komo nā mākua ʻelua i ka incubation, akā hāʻawi ka wahine i ka manawa hou i kēia kaʻina hana. Inā luku ʻia ka paʻa mua, hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua i loko o kahi pūnana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokahi ka hua male i hoʻokahi hua ma ka makahiki.
Piʻi ʻōpio Peregrine hānau ʻia uhi ʻia me ka hulu keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele a nele loa i ka mea kōkua ʻole, he wāwae nui ko lākou e pili ana i ke kino. Noho mau ka wahine i ka pūnana, hānai a hoʻomehana i kāna mau keiki. ʻO ka hana a ke kāne e kiʻi a lawe i ka meaʻai na ka ʻohana.
Holo nā pipi i kā lākou lele kūʻokoʻa mua i ka hiki ʻana i nā makahiki 35-45. Akā ʻoiai ke kaukaʻi nei lākou i ko lākou mau mākua, e hala kekahi mau pule ʻelua a hiki i ko lākou aʻo ʻana e ʻimi holoholona me ke kōkua ʻole. Ma ka mokuna o ka waena waena o ko mākou ʻāina, hāʻule ka puka ʻana o nā moa i nā makahiki he 10 i hala o Iune.
He manu laha ʻole ʻo Peregrine Falcon - ua emi nui kona heluna kanaka ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua. Hoʻolālā nā loea i alakaʻi i ka noiʻi i ka make nui o nā laha me ka hoʻohana ikaika o nā pesticides organochlorine i ka mahi ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai. Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka pāpā ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomomona mea hōʻino, ua ulu nui nā lehulehu i nā ʻāina āpau.
Ua nalowale loa ʻo Peregrine Falcons i ka hopena o ke kanaono mau ʻāina ma nā panalāʻau: ʻo ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a hānau ʻo Canada. Ua hana nā aupuni o nā ʻāina i nā hana e hoʻihoʻi i ka lehulehu. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia kahi pāpā kapu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kekahi mau pesticides. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papahana hānau a me ka hoʻouka hou ʻana i nā ʻāina.
ʻO ka hopena o kanakolu mau makahiki o ka hana i lei aliʻi ʻia me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o 6000 mau manu i ka nohona kūlohelohe. Mai ka makahiki 1999, ua ola hou ka heluna kanaka ʻAmelika a ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli hou ʻia i ka make.
I Lūkia, ʻaʻole lehulehu ka heluna o ka perconine falcon, ma kahi o 2-3 tausani mau pālua. I nā wahi āpau, ua ʻike ʻia ka nalo ʻana o ka mea hōkai mai kāna mau wahi pūnana mua. Ua ʻike ka poʻe loea i nā kumu nui no ka emi ʻana o ka helu.
- ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā wahi pūnana e nā māmala e nā mea ʻino a me nā manu ʻē aʻe.
- Ka luku ʻia ʻana e kekahi kanaka, e laʻa, e nā mea puaʻa nūnū.
- ʻĀhaʻi pesticide mai nā koʻokoʻo e hānai i ka palaoa mai nā māla ʻona.
- ʻO ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā pūnana e nā kānaka, hoʻomaʻamaʻa kūpono ʻia no ka hopu holoholona ʻana i kahi falcon, he laha ʻole a pipiʻi loa ia.
ʻO ke ola maʻamau o kahi falcon peregrine i kona wahi maoli he 15-17 mau makahiki. He cosmopolitan ʻo Peregrine Falcon, ola maikaʻi a hoʻomohala ma nā ʻāina āpau, a i ka manawa like ua manaʻo ʻia he manu ʻano liʻiliʻi loa ia. Kū ka nīnau me ka makemake ʻole peregrine falcon i ka puke ʻulaʻula ʻaʻole paha?
Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka heluna kanaka a me ka hoʻoweliweli mau o ka make ʻana o kekahi mau ʻāpana, ua helu ʻia ka manu i loko o ka Red Book o Lūkia, a pale ʻia ʻo ia me he holoholona laha ʻole a hoʻoweliweli hoʻi, e like me ka mahele ʻelua.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
I ka USA, aia nā pahupaʻi pūnaewele ma ka pāpale o kahi hale kiʻi, me ke kōkua o ka poʻe makemake e nānā i ke ola o nā perforine falcon e waiho ana ma luna o ka papa he 50. Noho pū ʻo Moscow, ʻoiai i hoʻokahi manawa wale nō o nā peregrine falcons, noho lākou ma ka hale nui o ke Kulanui o Moscow State.
Ua lilo ka Peregrine Falcon i hōʻailona o ka mokuʻāina ʻAmelika o Idaho, a ua kiʻi ʻia kāna kiʻi ma kahi kālā hoʻomanaʻo he 25 keneta i paʻi ʻia e ka Mint ma 2007. Ma nā hae Lūkini a me nā pale o ka lima aia kahi kiʻi o kahi falcon peregrine: ʻo Suzdal, Sokol, Kumertau, he hōʻailona generic ia o nā aliʻi Lūkini kahiko.
Ke kaʻapuni nei i nā kula, ke nānā nei i nā mea pio, lele nā manu i ka wikiwiki, ʻoiai hiki i kahi wikiwiki ke hopu i ka mea ʻimi holoholona kaulana. Akā wale nō kahi maka maka i hopu i ka neʻe o ka mea pio, ua loli nui kāna ʻano, kahi lū wikiwiki, make, ke kāleka pū nui o kahi mea hahai holoholona wiwo ʻole.
He mea hoihoi ia, ke hoʻomohala ma luna o ka wikiwiki o ke kani, ʻaʻole ʻike ka manu i ka nele o ka ea, kōkua ʻia kēia e ka hanana kūikawā o ka nasal septum. Lohi ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea a hoʻomau ka hanu o ka manu e like me ka mau.
I 1530 hāʻawi ʻia ka mokupuni ʻo Malta i ka 5th Knightly Order e Emperor Charles. ʻO ke kūlana mandatory o ka mōʻī: hoʻokahi falcon peregrine, i kēlā me kēia makahiki i makana. Ma hope o kēia moʻolelo, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻohana hou - ka Maltese.
