Zhelna He ʻano laha nui o ka ʻohana ʻālulu. Noho ka wahi o ka mea hana nahele ma waena o Eurasia: mai nā Alps Farani a i ka mokupuni Hikina Hikina o Hokkaido. ʻO nā palena ʻākau o ka nohona e kaupalena ʻia e ka tundra, nā mea hema - e ka nahele-steppe.
ʻAʻohe inoa maikaʻi o kēia manu i waena o nā kānaka. ʻO kahi ululāʻau i lele ma ke ala e lawe mai i ka pōʻino, e like me ka pōpoki ʻeleʻele. Noho ma ke kihi o ka hale, hiki iā ia ke portend i ke ahi, a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka nalo o kekahi mea kokoke. Pili ke kumu o kēia mau hōʻailona me ke kala o ka manu.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
ʻO Zhelna, e noho ana ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻEulopa, he 250-350 g kona kaumaha. I kou neʻe ʻana i ka hikina, hoʻonui ka nui o ke kaumaha o nā manu. Ma waho o nā Ural, ʻaʻole paʻakikī e loaʻa kahi manu i hiki i kahi kaumaha o 450 g. Hiki i nā ʻeheu o nā kānaka nunui ke lele i 80 cm.
ʻO ka plumage o ka manu he lānahu-ʻeleʻele, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa pinepine ʻia ai ʻo ka ʻāhiu ʻeleʻele. He lole hulu ʻulaʻula ko nā manu ma ko lākou poʻo. I nā kāne, uhi ia i ka lae, luna o ke poʻo, ke kua o ke poʻo, i nā wahine - ʻo ke poʻo wale nō o ke poʻo. I nā wahine ʻōpio, e pau loa paha nā pāpale.
ʻO ka nuku kahi mea kōkua ola. I ka ululāʻau, he paʻakikī kū hoʻokahi kona a me ka lahilahi. ʻO ke kinona kūpikipikiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ā luna o lalo a me lalo (ʻo ka nuku ponoʻī), ka iwi hyoid a me ka iwi poʻo o ka mea ʻāhiu, kōkua i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā hahau ikaika.
ʻO ka nui o ka nuku he 5-6 knm.ʻOi aku ka nui o kona lōʻihi ma mua o ka lelo paleko, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā kolo. I kahi kūlana palaualelo, komo ke alelo i kahi ala paʻakikī i ke poʻo o ka mea lāʻau - huli a puni ke anapuni o ka iwi poʻo. Uku ʻeleʻele ka nuku me ke kala melemele. ʻO nā maka maka poepoe me kahi iris melemele keʻokeʻo, aia i mua o ka iwi poʻo, e kūlike me ia.
ʻO ke poʻo ma ke ʻano he elongated, elliptical, e like me ka kinipōpō peku. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻaʻole ma ka nuku wale nō, akā, me nā kualono a me nā ulu iwi. Hiki paha iā lākou ke hāʻawi i kahi kūlana kaulike o ka iwi poʻo i nā hopena a me nā huli.
ʻEleʻele hina nā wāwae, ʻehā manamana ka wāwae o ka wāwae, multidirectional ka manamana wāwae: huli hope ʻelua, ʻelua i mua. Aia nā māiʻu ʻoi loa ma nā manamana lima, mālama lākou i ka ʻūlū ma luna o ka kumu lāʻau ke hoʻokau i nā hahau koʻikoʻi loa iā lākou. Mālama pū kekahi ia i ka mālama pono ʻana i ka huelo. Noho iki ʻo Zhelna ma luna o nā lālā, aia ma ke kumu.
ʻAno like nā manu ʻōpio me nā mākua, akā ʻaʻohe o lākou plumage kūpikipiki, ʻo ia nō paha ke kumu e anuanu ke kala me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlinolino a me ka hoʻonui. ʻOi aku ka hina o ka underyearlings ma mua o ka ʻeleʻele. Kāleka ʻoihana manu - kahi pāpale poʻo ʻulaʻula - nānā blurry, a pau paha i ka hele.
E like me nā ʻano ʻano pili ʻē aʻe, walaʻau ka mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele. Welina ka leo hiki ʻole ke kapa ʻia he melodic. Akā aia kekahi kani i nā kani i hoʻoili ʻia. Hoʻohui hou ʻia kahi "kyu" i kahakaha ʻia me nā hoʻomaha iki ʻana i kekahi mau manawa, a ma hope e ukali ʻia kahi moʻo o "kli-kli ..." a i ʻole "kr-kr ...". Hiki ke hōʻino nā walaʻau.
ʻAʻole ʻo Woodpeckers ka mea lanakila lanakila i ka lewa. ʻO ka lele o nā ʻano āpau o kēia mau manu ʻaʻole wikiwiki a liʻiliʻi iki. Lele pinepine ka mea ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, hoʻopuka me ka ʻuwā ʻana, e walaʻau ana i nā pā o kona mau ʻeheu. Mālama i ke poʻo kiʻekiʻe.
No kahi manu nahele wale nō, ʻaʻole pono ka lele wikiwiki a me ke kau lōʻihi ʻana. ʻAno ʻoluʻolu ʻole ka ʻenehi ʻaʻole wale i ka lewa - liʻiliʻi iki i ka honua. Hana pinepine ʻia kēia e hōʻino i ka anthill a hoʻopiha i kou ʻōpū me nā kolo.
Nā ʻano
ʻO Zhelna, ka inoa ʻōnaehana o kēia woodpecker Dryocopus martius i loko o ke ʻano o ka inoa hoʻokahi, ʻo Dryocopus. Ma waho aʻe o ka ululāʻau ʻeleʻele, aia he 6 mau ʻano hou aʻe i loko o laila:
- ʻO ka pāpale mahiole - noho i nā tropika ʻAmelika Hema. Mālama i nā ululāʻau o Brazil a me ʻAtenekia mai nā ʻeleka.
- He ululāʻau peheka i ʻōiwi i Trinidad, ʻĀkau ʻo ʻAtena a me Mekiko hema.
- ʻO Crested Yellow - noho i ka wahi nahele ma ka hikina o ʻAmelika Hema, kokoke i nā Lago Nui, ma Kanada.
- Yellow-bellied melemele - noho i nā ululāʻau o Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay.
- Yellow-bellied melemele - i loaʻa i loko o ka Asia tropics, ma ka India subcontcent.
- ʻO ka gland andaman ka hopena o India a me nā mokupuni ʻo Andaman.
Ma waho o nā ʻano e pili ana, i ka melemele, i ke kaʻina o ka ulu ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā mea kōkua. ʻElua o lākou:
- Nā lālā inoa inoa, ʻo ia hoʻi melemele ʻeleʻele aiʻole ka mea maʻamau e kau ka inoa ʻōnaehana - Dryocopus martius martius.
- Nā ʻohana Tibet a i ʻole Kina. Nā lāhui i nā ululāʻau ma ka hikina hikina o Tibet. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia manu ma mua o ka manu maʻamau. Hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka mea hoʻohālikelike olaola ma lalo o ka inoa ʻo Dryocopus martius khamensis.
ʻOkoʻa iki nā ʻano morphological o nā subspecies. ʻOi aku ka ikaika, nā kala antracite me nā gloss a ʻoi aku i ka nui o ka ʻāpana lāʻau ʻeleʻele maʻamau i nā subspecies Kina.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Woodpecker - manu kūmau. Noho i nā ʻano ululāʻau āpau: coniferous, mixed, broad-leaved. Noho wale ʻo Woodpeckers a i ʻole pālua paha; ʻaʻole hele auwana i nā hui a me nā ʻohana hipa. No ka hānai ʻana, koho ʻia kahi pūnaewele me nā kumulāʻau kahiko a me nā kumu popopo. ʻO ka nui o kahi ululāʻau e hiki ke hānai i nā ululāʻau ʻelua ma mua o 3-4 mau mika kūlike. km
Mālama mau ʻo Zhelna i kahi noho kanaka. Inā puni ke kūlanakauhale a kauhale paha i nā pāka kahiko, noho paha kekahi mau ululāʻau i loko o lākou. ʻO kekahi wahi nohona no nā mea ʻeleu e pili ana i ke kanaka ka clearings kahiko. ʻO nā kumulāʻau a me nā ʻōpala i koe i ka mālamalama pinepine ʻia me nā beetles bark - nā meaʻai no nā mea lāʻau.
E like me nā manu āpau, molt. Hana ʻia kēia i ka hopena o ke kauwela, ke pau nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka hanauna hou o nā lāʻau ʻeleʻele. Piʻi mālie nā manu, ʻo ka mua he loli o nā hulu kumu nui, a laila nā hulu o ka huelo. I ke kauwela, hiki mai ka huli i nā hulu liʻiliʻi.
Ma ka panalāʻau i huki ʻia ai nā moa a hānai ʻia, ʻākiʻake paha nā mea ʻāhiu ʻelua, ʻaʻole lawa ka meaʻai. I kēia hihia, hoʻomaka nā manu i ola i ka hoʻololi o nā hulu e ʻimi i nā wahi hānai hou. Ma waho o nā wahi pālahalaha, makemake pinepine ʻia i ke ola e koho i nā ululāʻau mauna kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke ʻike a lohe ʻia ka ʻāhiu ʻeleʻele i ke kiʻekiʻe a i 4000 m.
Hoʻomaka ke ola i ka panalāʻau hou me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi puʻuhonua. I loko o ka makahiki, hāwele ka manu i nā hale he nui i loko o nā pahu. Zelna i loko o ka kiʻi hopu pinepine ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lua. ʻO ka puʻuhonua i hana ʻia i ka puna e lilo i pūnana, mālama ke koena no ka hoʻomaha pō.
ʻAʻohe o nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe he mau ʻenemi kūlohelohe. Mai nā mea ʻai honua, hiki i ka martens ke hōʻea i nā pūnana o nā ululāʻau ʻeleʻele. Hiki iā lākou ke kāʻili i nā hua a me nā moa. Ma hope o nā hana ʻino, hiki i ka marten ke noho i ka hale.
Ma waho aʻe o ka martens, hiki i nā lunamaka o nā corvids ke hana ma ke ʻano he pūnana o nā pūnana: nā ʻalalā, nā mope. Ma ka Hikina hikina, hōʻea ka nahesa Ussuri i ka pūnana o nā ululāʻau. ʻAʻole mālama nā manu lele i ka hahai holoholona i ka nahele. ʻO nā pueo lōhiu lōʻihi, aeto pueo, goshaws, buzzards, aeto gula i hoʻoweliweli i nā mea ʻili ʻeleʻele.
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻenemi terestrial a me ka hulu, hoʻouka kaua ʻia nā manu e nā parasite liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO kēia nā lele lele koko, nā ʻutu, nā springtails, nā ticks a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i kahi bili ke pakele i nā parasites ʻōpū. No ke kū ʻana i nā mea lawe i ka maʻi a me nā parasites, kōkua ʻia nā ululāʻau e ke ola kipi i loko o ka ululāʻau.
ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli nui i nā laha ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻoihana, kahi ʻoki ākea ākea o nā ululāʻau. ʻAʻole hoʻonele kēia i nā mea ulu lāʻau ʻaʻole nui o ka meaʻai e like me nā pūnaewele pūnana. ʻAʻole kākaʻikahi loa nā wahie ʻeleʻele, akā maʻalahi lākou i nā loli i kahi noho o ka manu.
ʻO ka hopena o nā lāʻau ʻeleʻele i ke ola o ka ululāʻau a me nā kamaʻāina ulu ulu he mea maikaʻi. Luku ʻia nā mea kolo Xylophagous ma ke ʻano a me ka nui. Makemake ʻia ka pūnana, nāna i hoʻokō i kāna kumu a haʻalele ʻia e ka manu, lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he home no nā manu like ʻole a me nā holoholona. No nā clintuchs a me nā pueo, nā puha wahie aneane wale nō nā pale e kūpono no ka pūnana.
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻO ke kumu nui o nā meaʻai no ka gallna nā mea kolo e ʻai ana i nā mea kanu i hiki ke loaʻa ma lalo o ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o kahi kumu lāʻau: worwss, beetles bark, sawflies a me kā lākou larvae. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻai ʻia kekahi arthropods e noho ana a i ʻole maʻa wale i kahi lāʻau.
ʻAno iki nā ʻelepelepe ʻĀwī peck wormholes i ka lāʻau ikaika a olakino hoʻi. Makemake lākou i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻili make, ka hana ʻana o ka wā kahiko, nā kumu popopo, nā ʻōpala, i lilo i puʻuhonua no nā xylophages he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea ʻai lāʻau.
Ke hana ʻana i ka pahu, kau ka manu ma luna ona ma kahi kiʻekiʻena o 2 m. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻopili ʻo ia i nā mea kolo ma luna o ka lāʻau. A laila haehae ʻo ia i kahi ʻāʻā. Nānā i ka hiki ke loaʻa kālā mai nā nalo a me nā naonao i pūnana ma lalo o ka ʻili. I ke kolu o ka pae, hoʻopili ʻo ia i nā paukū i waiho ʻia e nā larvae. Inā hoihoi ka lāʻau i ka ʻai, hele a puni ke kumu, e piʻi a kiʻekiʻe aʻe hoʻi.
Lawe nā ʻano hānai o nā ululāʻau i nā pono kūpono ʻole i ka nahele. ʻO nā nalo Bark kekahi o nā mea nui weliweli o ka nahele. Noho nā nalo ma lalo o ka ʻiʻo, mai kahi e hiki ai i nā ululāʻau ke kiʻi maʻalahi iā lākou. Hōʻike ka larva o nā beetle bark i ka puna a hana ikaika i nā wormholes i nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO nā Woodpeckers i ka pūnāwai ke hopohopo nei ʻaʻole wale me kā lākou meaʻai ponoʻī, akā me ka hānai ʻana i kā lākou mau moa, no laila lākou e ʻimi a omo i nā nui o nā larva.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā ants o nā ʻano āpau i ka papaʻai o ka ʻāhiu ʻeleʻele. No kā lākou pecking, a i ʻole ka palu ʻana, kau nā manu i lalo pono ma ka anthill. No ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā huhū a me kā lākou larvae, hana nā ʻenuheu i nā tunnels i loko o ka nahe e noho ana a hiki i ka 0.5 m ka lōʻihi.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kiʻi ʻana i ka meaʻai mai nā mea ulu lāʻau he hana nui. I mea e hoʻopihapiha ai i nā pohō o ka ikehu, pono i ka bile ʻai i ka nui o nā kolo. ʻO kahi nui kūpono ʻole, ʻoi aku ma mua o 3% o ka nui o nā meaʻai i komo i loko, ʻo ia ka mea kanu mea kanu - acorn, nā ʻanoʻano, nā hua hua.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
I ka mua o Pepeluali, kani ke kī ʻana o nā hakina haʻihaʻi e like me ka lāʻau ma ka pā i ka ulu lāʻau. ʻO kēia mau kāne a me nā wahine, me ka hahau pinepine ʻana i nā kumu, haʻi aku i ka nahele e pili ana i ke ala ʻana o ko lākou hoihoi i ke ola. Hoʻohui ʻia i ke kīkē haʻi ʻoliʻoli ka makemake... Ke nānā nei lākou e like me nā leo ʻakaʻaka, nā trills mākaʻi.
Alualu nā kāne i nā mea hoʻokūkū a me nā wahine. Kalaiwa mua lākou, ʻo ka lua paipai lākou e hana i kahi pālua. ʻAʻohe kaua kūikawā ma waena o nā kāne, akā nui ka walaʻau i nā mea kani lāʻau.
I ʻApelila-Malaki, ua haku ʻia nā pālua e mau ana no hoʻokahi kau. Noho ka pāpālua i kahi ākea kahi i wae ʻia ai kahi lāʻau lōʻihi a laumania. ʻO ka hapanui he aspen a pine paha ia, emi pinepine ka spruce, birch, a me nā ʻano kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka lāʻau o ka lāʻau i wae ʻia he maʻi pinepine, hiki ke maloʻo loa.
Koho i kahi wā kahiko, ka hale o ka makahiki i hala he ʻokoʻa ia i ka lula. Maʻamau makemake ʻia ka manu puka i kahi lua hou, ʻo ke kūkulu ʻana he 2 mau pule. ʻAʻole kū nā koina hana kiʻekiʻe i nā manu, a ʻūlū nā mea ʻeleu ʻele i kekahi mau hale i ko lākou pūnaewele. ʻAʻole i noho ʻia ma lalo o ka hale punana, hoʻohana nā manu no ka hoʻomaha.
Aia ka lua no ka pūnana ma kahi kiʻekiʻena o 3 a 15 m. ʻO ka puka o ka hale manu ua lawa ka nui, elliptical i ke ʻano. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku ma mua o 15 cm ke kiʻekiʻe, 10 knm i ka laulā. ʻO ka lalo o ka noho me ka ʻole o kahi moena kūikawā. Hoʻonui ʻia e 40-60 knm e pili ana i ka lua wai. ʻO ke ʻano o ka uhi palupalu e hoʻokani ʻia e nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi - nā ʻōpala i hana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi pūnana hollow
ʻIke ʻia nā mea paʻa i ʻApelila-Mei. ʻO ka maʻa mau kēia mau hua he 4-5, ʻaʻole i kau ʻia i hoʻokahi lā. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻouluulu me ke kali ʻole no ka hopena o ka lāiki. Huli ke kāne a me ka wahine e pumehana i nā keiki e hiki mai ana.
ʻO nā ululāʻau e hiki mai ana ke oʻo koke. Ma hope o 14-15 mau lā, hoʻomaka ka moa e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou iho mai ka pūpū. Melemele ʻo Chickʻo ka mea mua e ʻike ʻia ka mea nui loa. ʻO Kaina, pālahalaha i nā manu - ka luku ʻana i nā moa nāwaliwali e nā moa ikaika - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā mea ulu lāʻau ʻeleʻele. Akā ʻo nā moa nui he manawa kūpono loa ke ola.
Koi aku nā piʻo i nā meaʻai. I ka pōʻeleʻele, ʻaʻole hānai nā ululāʻau i nā mea ulu lāʻau ulu. Ma kahi o kēlā me kēia 15-20 mau minuke, lele kekahi o nā mākua i ka pūnana me nā mea kolo i lawe ʻia. Lawe nā mākua i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole ma ka nuku wale nō, akā, i ka esophagus hoʻi. Hiki i kēia ala ke hāʻawi i kahi ʻāpana o ke kaupaona ʻana ma 20 g i ka manawa.
Haʻalele nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i ka pūnana i 20 mau lā. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻokaʻawale koke me ko lākou mau mākua. Alualu lākou iā lākou ma kahi o hoʻokahi pule, e koi ana i ka hānai ʻana. Ua lilo i kūʻokoʻa loa, paʻa lākou i ka pūnaewele makua no kekahi manawa.
I ka hopena o ke kauwela, hoʻopuehu nā ʻōpihi wahie i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā wahi mahi ʻai. Hiki i kēia mau manu ke hānai i kā lākou keiki ponoʻī i ka makahiki aʻe. A hana hou i ka pōʻaiapuni 7 mau manawa - ʻo kēia ka lōʻihi o ka noho ʻana o nā mea ʻeleʻele, ʻoiai e koi ana nā ornithologists he 14 mau makahiki keu o ka manu.
