Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
He poʻe hoihoi loa nā punawelewele o ke aupuni biologia, a ʻo kekahi o lākou mamao loa aku mai ka pōʻino ʻole. He hanana kupaianaha nō hoʻi kā lākou. ʻO kekahi ʻano o kēia mau mea i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka waha, ʻo nā māiʻiwi i kapa ʻia.
Hoʻopili kēia i nā spider araneomorphic - nā lālā o kahi hui nui mai ka papa arachnid. Kapa ʻia kēia mau adaptations kūlohelohe i ka chelicerae. ʻAe lākou i kēia mau mea e lele kūleʻa i ka mea pio i nui loa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kā lākou nui, a hāʻawi iā lākou i ka manawa kūpono e lanakila i ka heihei evolution.
Na ia mau mea ola kea spider - kahi hiʻohiʻona mālamalama mai ka ʻohana ulana orb.
ʻAʻole loaʻa ka inoa o kēia mea i hana ʻia, akā ma muli o kahi hiʻohiʻona i ʻike nui ʻia - kahi māka ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ke kino i ke ʻano o ke keʻa, i hana ʻia me keʻokeʻo, i kekahi mau manawa nā kiko ʻalani ʻāpana.
Ua loaʻa ka inoa o ka nananana mai ke kala o ke kino e like me ke keʻa
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona like o ka helehelena ke lilo i mea pono loa no nā meaolaola i hōʻike ʻia. ʻO kēia makana o ke kūlohelohe kahi hōʻailona e hiki ai ke hoʻoweliweli i nā mea ola ʻenemi mai iā lākou. ʻIke maopopo ʻia ke koena o nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona ma kiʻi kolo kolo.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, he kino poepoe kāna. ʻIke ʻia he mea hoʻokahi wale nō ia me ke poʻo, e puʻunaue ana i ʻelua mau wahi, i kapa mau ʻia ʻo ka cephalothorax a me ka ʻōpū.
ʻAʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo i ka nui o ia mau mea ola i ka nui loa. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā wahine, ʻoi aku ka nani o ka nui ma mua o nā kāne, ʻaʻohe nui ma mua o 26 mm, akā aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ia ʻano ʻanalike hoʻokahi kenetimita a ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka lōʻihi.
A koe, crosspiece hāʻawi ʻia me ʻewalu mau wāwae waliwali. ʻEhā hoʻi ona mau maka paʻa. Loaʻa i kēia mau ʻona nā mea maʻalahi, i hiki ai i kēia holoholona ke loaʻa ka nānā pōʻai i nā ʻaoʻao āpau. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia mau meaolaola ke kaena i ka hiʻona kala ʻoi loa.
Hoʻomaopopo wale lākou i nā kaha kiʻi o nā mea a me nā mea i ke ʻano o nā aka. Akā loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻono maikaʻi a me ka pilau. A ʻo nā lauoho e uhi i ko lākou kino a me ko lākou mau wāwae paʻa pono i nā ʻano haʻalulu a me nā haʻalulu.
ʻO Chitin, kahi hoʻohui paʻa kūlohelohe kūikawā, lawelawe i ke uhi o ke kino a i ka manawa like me kahi ʻano iwi no ia mau mea. Mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa, hoʻolei ʻia e kēia mau arachnids, ke hoʻololi ʻia nei e kekahi pūlohelohe ʻē aʻe, a i loko o ia mau manawa, lawe ʻia ka ulu o nā meaola, hoʻokuʻu ʻia no kekahi manawa mai nā mea i hoʻopaʻa iā ia.
Manaʻo ʻia ke kea he kolo kolo, akā ʻaʻole makaʻu kona lāʻau make no nā kānaka
Ua hiki i kēia lunamakaʻāinana o ke aupuni biology o arachnids ke hūnā i kahi mea ʻawaʻawa i nā ʻano meaola āpau. Pēlā kolo kolo kolo kolo aole paha? Me ka hopohopo ʻole, weliweli kēia mea liʻiliʻi i nā mea ola he nui, ʻoi loa nā invertebrates.
A ʻo ka lāʻau make i hūnā ʻia e lākou ka hopena maikaʻi loa i kā lākou hui neuromuscular.
Nā ʻano punawelewele
He mea kupaianaha ka nui o nā ʻano spider, akā ʻo nā arachnids i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻepekema, ma kahi o 620 mau ʻano i wehewehe ʻia i loko o nā ʻano o nā keʻa. Noho ko lākou lunamakaʻāinana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, akā makemake lākou e noho hou i nā wahi mehana a me nā wahi pāhona, no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū i ke aniau anuanu.
E hōʻike i kekahi mau ʻano i ke kikoʻī.
1. Keʻa maʻamau. Manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano ka mea maʻamau. Noho nā mea ola like i waena o nā pua, ma nā kula, nā kula a me nā ululāʻau coniferous o ka ʻEulopa, a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o nā ʻAmelika.
Makemake lākou i nā wahi pulu, aʻa lākou i ke aʻa ma nā wahi pohopoho, ʻaʻole mamao loa mai nā kahawai a me nā kino wai ʻē aʻe. Palekana ʻia ko lākou kino e ka pūpū mānoanoa paʻa, a mālama ka makū i kahi uhi waxy kūikawā ma luna.
Hoʻonani ʻia me kēlā punawelewele, keʻokeʻo spider ma ke kāʻei kua ākea me kahi kumu. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī, ke nānā pono ʻia, hiki ke hoihoi.
Punawelewele ʻole
2. He ʻano laha ʻole ke keʻa huina, a ma nā moku ʻo Baletika manaʻo ʻia ia he mea make. He mea hoihoi ia ʻano ʻāpapa, ʻoiai no ka genus o keʻa, ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻano ma ko lākou kino.
A ma kahi o kēia hiʻohiʻona, ma ka ʻōpū o nā mea ola, i uhi ʻia i nā huluhulu māmā, ʻelua puʻupuʻu, mea nui ʻole i ka nui.
Keʻa huina
3. He kupa o ka Owen Spider ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻO nā ʻupena hei o kēia mau mea, he mea nui ka nui i kekahi manawa, hiki ke loaʻa i nā mines haʻalele ʻia, grottoes a me nā pōhaku, a ʻaʻole mamao aku hoʻi mai kahi noho kanaka.
ʻEleʻele ka waihoʻoluʻu o kēia mau mea. Ma o ia pena ʻana, uhi maka ʻia lākou i ke kāʻei o ko lākou wahi. O na wawae o ia mau nananana, ua onionio a uhiia me na huluhulu keokeo.
Ma ʻAmelika kahi ʻano keʻa keʻa
4. ʻO ka nananana helehelena pōpoki kekahi kamaʻāina o nā ʻāina o ʻAmelika e like me nā ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma mua. Uhi ʻia hoʻi kona kino me ka hiamoe, a hiki i nā huluhulu ke māmā a ʻeleʻele hoʻi. He mea nui ʻole kēia mau mea ola i ka nui. E emi paha kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona ma mua o 6 mm.
Akā inā ʻo ia kea spider nui o kēia ʻano, a laila he wahine nō ia, no ka mea hiki i kā lākou nui a hiki i 2.5 knm. Ua loaʻa i kēia mau arachnids ko lākou inoa no kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi loa ma ka ʻōpū, ʻano like me ke alo o ka pōpoki.
Aia kēia mea hoʻonani no kēia mau mea i kahi o kahi keʻa e lele maʻamau ai i waena o nā hoahānau.
He ʻano like ko ka nananana helehelena o ka pōpoki me ke alo o ka pōpoki ma kona kino.
5. Spider Pringles - he kamaʻāina liʻiliʻi ma ʻAsia, a he mea maʻamau nō hoʻi ia ma ʻAukekulia. Loaʻa i kahi kala hoihoi loa crosspiece: eleʻele ua māka ʻia kona ʻōpū me kahi hiʻohiʻona keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻoiai ke ʻōmaʻomaʻo ka cephalothorax a me nā wāwae o ia mau ʻanalā e kūlike i nā mea kanu momona o nā kihi kahi e noho ai nā mea ola. ʻO ka nui o nā kāne ma kekahi hihia he liʻiliʻi ia ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i 3 mm.
Punawelewele uila
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
No ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, makemake kēia mau lunamaka o ka honua holoholona e koho i nā wahi kahi e nele ai ka momona. Hiki i kēia mau mea ola ke kiʻi i ka maka i nā wahi a pau kahi manawa e ulana pūnaewele ai.
ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi no ia mau mea e hoʻonohonoho i kahi ʻupena hopu akamai ma waena o nā lālā, a i ka manawa like e loaʻa iā lākou iho kahi pale kokoke, ma waena o nā lau nahele liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe.
No laila, ulu aʻa nā spider i nā ulu lāʻau, ma nā wahi mālie, nā mea i hoʻopili ʻole ʻia o nā māla a me nā pāka. Hiki ke loaʻa kā lākou mau pūnaewele i nā kihi like ʻole o nā hale i haʻalele ʻole ʻia: i nā keʻena liʻiliʻi, ma waena o nā puka, nā puka aniani a me nā wahi like like.
Ma ka ʻōpū o ia mau mea he glands kūikawā, ka mea i hoʻomāhuahua i kahi mea kūikawā i hiki ai ke ulana i nā ʻupena hei. E like me kou ʻike, ua kapa ʻia lākou he cobwebs. Mai ka manaʻo o ke kemika, ʻo ka mea kūkulu hale maoli no lākou kahi hui, kahi e pono ai ke pili loa i ka hoʻohui i ka siliki palupalu, e hōʻike ana i kona ikaika pili.
Ulana lauana, hana ʻia mai ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia, i ka wai mua a me ka viscous, nā mea me ka paʻa hou ʻana, ulana nā ʻanalā me ka hoʻomau mau ʻole. A ma hope o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau lā luku lākou i ka mea kahiko, luhi, upena a ulana i kahi hou.
Hiki ke kapa ʻia ka hale i kuhikuhi ʻia he hana maoli o ka ulana ʻana i nā hana, i hana ʻia mai nā pae, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ia mea he 20 m.
A ʻaʻole hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i ka mahalo, no ka mea, kumu ia ka leʻaleʻa nani. Akā ʻaʻole ia he hihiʻo e kōkua ana i nā spider e hana i nā laina kūpono; alakaʻi ʻia lākou e nā mea maʻalea o ka hoʻopā.
ʻO kēia mau ʻelele hoihoi o ke aupuni olaola e ulana maʻamau i nā ʻano like i ka pō. A kūpono a pololei loa kēia mau mea a pau, no ka mea, i ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia o ka lā, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻenemi o nā spider e hoʻomaha i ka hoʻomaha, ʻaʻohe mea nāna e hoʻopilikia iā lākou e hana i kā lākou mea punahele.
I loko o ia ʻano hana, ʻaʻole pono lākou i nā mea kōkua, a no laila nā mea kolo kēlā me kēia kanaka i ke ola. A ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻolilo i ka manawa nui i ke kamaʻilio ʻana me nā hoahānau. No laila, ke hana nei i kahi upena hei, hoʻohālua lākou a hoʻomaka e kali no kā lākou mea pio, e like me nā manawa mau, ʻo lākou wale nō.
I kekahi manawa ʻaʻole lākou e hūnā pono, akā aia ma ke kikowaena o ka pūnaewele i ulana ʻia e lākou. A i ʻole nānā lākou, e noho ana, ma ke pae i kapa ʻia he pae hōʻailona, e ʻae iā lākou e ʻike i nā pilina āpau o kēia ulana.
Ma hope iki a ma hope paha, hāʻule kekahi ʻano o ka mea i hoʻomake ʻia i loko o ka hei a ka nananana. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine kēia o nā makika, lele a i ʻole nā mea lele lele ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili maʻalahi lākou i ka ʻupena, ʻoiai ʻo ka pili o kāna mau pae. A manaʻo koke ka mea nāna ka lālani lawaiʻa i kā lākou lele, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke kiʻi pū i nā haʻalulu liʻiliʻi loa.
Eia hou, make ka mea pio. Pā nā spider no nā mea liʻiliʻi, he mea make ia, a ʻaʻohe o ke ola o ka mea i hoʻomāinoino ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna chelicera ʻona.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, hiki i nā nīpī liʻiliʻi lākou ke kau i ka weliweli i nā nananana. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻo kekahi mau ʻano lele a me nā nalo, e hoʻohana pono ana i ko lākou neʻe mua ʻole, hiki i ka maka o ka maka ke kau ma ke kua o nā ʻānō ʻewalu a hoʻomoe i kā lākou mau hua i ko lākou kino.
I kēia hihia, lilo nā spider i mea kōkua ʻole, mana wale lākou ke paʻa ka mea a lākou i hōʻeha ʻia i ka pūnaewele. ʻAʻole hiki i nā spider ke hihia i kā lākou ʻupena hei, no ka mea neʻe pololei wale lākou ma nā wahi paʻa ʻole radial.
ʻAiʻai Pono
ʻO nā mea ola i wehewehe ʻia he mau mea kino. Ma waho aʻe o nā nalo a me nā makika i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei, hiki i nā ʻāpī, nā ʻūnū like ʻole a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka honua insect ke lilo i waiwai pio na lākou. Inā ua hāʻule kahi mea i hōʻino ʻia i loko o ka pūnaewele o kēia predator, a laila loaʻa iā ia ka manawa kūpono e ʻoliʻoli koke ai.
Akā, inā ua piha ʻo ia, hiki iā ia ke waiho i ka meaʻai no ka wā ma hope, e hoʻopaʻa ana iā ia me kahi wili paʻa lahilahi. Ma ke ala, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke "kaula" ma mua o ka pae o ka pūnaewele. Eia hou, hūnā ka punawelewele i kāna lako meaʻai i nā wahi mehameha, no ka laʻana, i nā lau. A ʻai ʻo ia ke wī hou ʻo ia.
ʻOi loa ka ʻiʻini o ia mau nananana. A makemake nui ko lākou kino i ka meaʻai. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēlā me kēia lā ua like ia me ko lākou kaumaha. Hana kēlā mau pono i nā ʻelele i wehewehe ʻia o ka honua holoholona a hana e like me ia.
ʻO Krestoviki, ke hei nei i nā pio, noho i kahi hoʻohālua me ka hoʻomaha ʻole, akā inā lākou e kāʻili ʻia mai ka ʻoihana, a laila no kahi manawa pōkole loa.
Hoʻopili kēia mau mea ola i kā lākou meaʻai i kahi ala hoihoi loa. ʻAʻole hiki kēia i loko o ke kino, akā i waho. Hoʻokuʻu wale ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka wai digestive e ka nananana i loko o ke kino o ka mea i hōʻino ʻia, wahī ʻia i loko o kahi kōpena. I kēia ala, hana ʻia ia, huli i waiwai i kūpono no ka ʻai ʻana. Inu maʻalahi kēia ʻōpala momona i ka nananana.
Hana ʻia i loko o nā pūnaewele i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e kēia mau mea wāwae wāwae ʻewalu, hele mai ka mea pio ma kahi nui loa, kahi e hiki ʻole ai i kēlā keiki keʻaʻa. Ke hoʻāʻo nei ka nananana e kāpae i kēlā mau pilikia ma ka hana hewa ʻana i nā pae o ka pūnaewele e hoʻopili me ia iho.
Akā inā ʻaʻole e kū ka hoʻoweliweli ma laila, no ka pale ʻana iā ia iho hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana kūleʻa i kāna chelicera e kūʻē iā nunui, mai kāna manaʻo o nā mea ola. ʻO kahi laʻana, he rana i loko o ka hapahā o ka hola ma hope o kāna nahu e immobilized loa.
Akā weliweli nā punawelewele i ke kanaka a me ka ʻole? ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hana ka ʻona o kēia mau mea i nā loli i hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka meaola o nā vertebrates āpau. I ka poʻe, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻona i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e kēia mau arachnids i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā nui o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi. E ʻike wale ka mea nahu ʻia i ka ʻeha ʻoluʻolu, a hele koke aku ia me ka wikiwiki.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hele ke ola o kēia mau mea ma ka pūnaewele. Maʻaneʻi, no lākou, hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o kā lākou ʻano ponoʻī. A ʻo ka manawa nona ka hopena o ka hāʻule. Ka mua spider cross kāne kāne loaʻa kahi hoa kūpono.
A laila hoʻopili ʻo ia i kāna pae i kahi ma ka lihi lalo o kāna pūnaewele. He hōʻailona kēia e ʻike koke ka wahine. ʻIke ʻo ia i nā haʻalulu kūikawā o ka ulana a hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi loa ʻana mai iā lākou ʻaʻole ia he kanaka, akā he mea hoʻopunipuni no ka male ʻana, ua hōʻeha ia i kona mehameha.
A laila iho ʻo ia i kāna parterre, a pane i kāna mau hōʻailona o ka nānā. Ma hope o ka moekolohe ʻana, ʻaʻole ola nā kāne hou. Akā hoʻomau ka wahine i ka hana i hoʻomaka ʻia. Hana ʻo ia i kahi cocoon punawelewele kūikawā a waiho i kāna mau hua ma laila.
Lā punawelewele keʻa
Ua huki mua ʻo ia i kēia hale no nā keiki ma luna ona iho, akā i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kūpono nona, ua kau ʻia ia ma ke kaula home. ʻAʻole hiki koke, ʻike ʻia nā keiki ma laila, akā ʻaʻole lākou e haʻalele i ko lākou hale, akā noho lākou i loko no ka hoʻoilo holoʻokoʻa. Kū lākou mai ka cocoon wale nō i ka puna. Akā ʻaʻole ola ko lākou makuahine e ʻike i nā manawa mahana.
Ulu nā ʻōpala ʻōpio, ola i ke kau mahana holoʻokoʻa, a laila hoʻi hou ka pōʻaiapuni hoʻopuni holoʻokoʻa. Mai aneʻi ʻaʻole paʻakikī e hoʻomaopopo: ehia mau nananana e noho nei... ʻO ka wā holoʻokoʻa o ko lākou ola ʻana, ʻoiai mākou e helu pū ai me ka hoʻoilo, huli ʻia ma lalo o hoʻokahi makahiki.
