ʻO ka ʻōlelo noʻeau kaulana "i kēlā me kēia wader i kona kūlou iho" e hōʻike ana i ka pili inviolable o nā manu me kahi wai i ʻike ʻia. Aia ma kahi o 75 mau ʻano o ka waders i ka nui o nā manu lele i Russia wale nō.
Ma muli o kā lākou hoʻolaha ākea ma nā wahi āpau, ua lilo nā manu i makana kaulana loa o ka poʻe ʻimi holoholona.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kū ʻia ʻo Kulikov i ke kaʻina o Charadriiformes, e hui pū nei i nā ʻohana 6. Wahi a ko lākou nohona, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā manu i nā hui o ka nahele, nāhelehele, ka mauna, ke one. I loko nō o ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana one e nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiona i hōʻike maopopo ʻia e nā ornithologists.
Pili ka hapa nui o nā manu me ka wai, noho pū ma nā kapa o nā kahawai, nā loko, nā kahawai, ʻoiai i waena o nā waders aia kekahi ʻelele o ka wao akua - avdotka, nā ululāʻau ululāʻau - nā woodcock.
I loko o ke kiʻi aia kahi one peʻapeʻa ulu lāʻau
ʻO ka helehelena laulā o ke one ʻāpana e like me ka outline o kahi nūnū ma nā wāwae lōʻihi no ka hele ʻana i ka wai pāpaʻu, ka lepo viscous. Akā aia kekahi mau lunamaka wāwae wāwae pōkole (lapwings, snacks).
ʻEkolu mau manamana wāwae ma nā wāwae, nāwaliwali ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hā. Inā he moa manu ka manu, a laila pili nā kumu i nā membrane. Paʻapū ke kino. Pokole ka huelo, ʻaʻole nānā i luna. Lulu kekahi mau manu iā lākou ke hele lākou.
Kulik i ke kiʻi i loko o nā lole ʻokoʻa. He akahai a naʻaupō ka hapa nui. ʻO ke keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, a me nā kala hina. Aia nā ʻokoʻa - ʻālohilohi i ka plumage ʻokoʻa a me nā wāwae o ka melemele, ʻulaʻula, no ka laʻana, ʻoystercatchers, turukhtans. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā lole o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Hoʻololi ʻo Kulik i ka plumage i ʻelua mau manawa o ka makahiki.
Sandpiper - manu lele... ʻO ka nuku lōʻihi a me kahi ʻano maikaʻi o ka hoʻopā e kōkua ai i ka lawe ʻana mai i ka meaʻai mai ka momona. ʻO ka ʻike maikaʻi a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana ke kōkua i ka hana o nā manu i ka pō.
Pili ke ala o ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai i ke ʻano o ka nuku o ka nuku - i lalo, i luna a i ʻole ʻaoʻao. Kōkua nā mea loaʻa he nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka meaʻai. Hiki i ka manu ke neʻe i kahi pōhaku me ka mea hana nui e ʻimi i kahi mollusk, ʻaʻole ʻoi ke kaumaha o kāna kaumaha iā ia iho. Lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā ʻeheu a kihi.
ʻOkoʻa ke kinona a me ka nui o nā waders. Hoʻololi ka lōʻihi o nā manu i ka laulā o 15-62 cm, hiki ke kaumaha mai 200 g a 1.3 kg. He holo maikaʻi nā waders āpau, hiki i ka hapanui o nā manu keʻauʻau maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā manu i nā ʻano pae like ʻole i hāpai i ka hoʻolaha ākea ma nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa, koe wale no Antarctica.
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o nā waders i ke kūlohelohe nā manu lele. Hoʻokumu ke ala o ka falcon i ka makaʻu, kahi e hōʻike ai iā ia iho i ka uwa nui a me ka luʻu ʻana. I nā wai pāpaʻu ʻaʻohe mea e pakele ai nā mea lawe wai. Lilo pinepine nā keʻakeʻa i nā ʻio, nā lawaiʻa, nā martens, nā ʻalopeke polar. ʻAihue ʻo Skuas i nā hua manu mai nā pūnana mai.
I kekahi ʻano o ka sandpiper, loaʻa i nā wahine nā plumage ʻokoʻa mai nā kāne.
Nā ʻano
Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe kiaʻi manu i nā ʻano 214 o nā waders mai 13 mau ʻohana. ʻOiai ka ʻokoʻa, nui nā ʻano i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book, ʻo ka curlew a me ka gyrfalcon i loko o ka mahele o nā ʻano mea ʻane pau.
ʻO ke kumu nui ka hana a ke kanaka: ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā one one, ke hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wahi kai. ʻO nā manu hānai i ka pio ka pilikia. ʻO kekahi mau ʻano wale nō i ʻike ʻia no ka hoʻonui ʻana o kā lākou wahi o ka hāʻawi (stilt a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe).
Ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka waders, ʻike nui ʻia kēia ʻano:
Nā kāʻei. Nui, manu akahele o nā helehelena maikaʻi. Nā wāwae lōʻihi, kōkua ka nuku e hilinaʻi ai ma nā kapakai ākea, nā steppe bogs, i nā kula pulu. Noho maluhia me nā manu ʻē aʻe. Lele lākou, holo, ʻauʻau nani. ʻO ka lole makamae e komo ana i nā plumage ʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo me nā ʻulaʻula.
Kālepa. ʻO nā manu nui a nui me ka nuku e like me ka nika. Hōʻike Sandpiper Aia i loko o kēia kikoʻī ka ʻike koke ʻia o ka manu. Hiki i ka nuku i 140 mm ka lōʻihi. He hina hina ka waihoʻoluʻu, kāhiko ʻia ka hiʻu me kahi kaula keʻokeʻo.
ʻO Curlews kahi ʻano hahai holoholona, akā i kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka pae ʻaʻole hiki ke kī ʻia. Nā wahi kai, nā kahawai kahawai. ʻAʻau maikaʻi. ʻO ka lele o ka manu he ikaika, wikiwiki, me nā huli ʻāʻoi. I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, lele nā manu i kahi kāhili, ʻaʻole ia he ʻano maʻamau no nā mea mālama.
Nā Pahu Kaha. Noho nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi o nā ʻano lokomaikaʻi i ka ʻāina tundra. He nuku liʻiliʻi ko nā manu, he mau wāwae ʻeleʻele pōkole hoʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui ma mua o ka starling, mānoanoa ka kūkulu. Hāʻawi nā maka liʻiliʻi i kahi ʻano puʻupuʻu.
Mālama lākou i nā holoholona. ʻO ka mea e like ai me ka manu liʻiliʻi i ʻike ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano: ʻo ke one-keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻo ka sparrow sandpiper. ʻEleu nā Sandpipers i ka pō.
Snipe. He nuku lōʻihi loa ko nā manu liʻiliʻi. He paʻakikī e huikau me nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka snipe. Aloha i nā wahi me ka wai wela kiʻekiʻe: nā kapakai, nā kahawai, nā poho. 'Auʻau maikaʻi loa, nā malihini.
Noho lākou i ka manawa ma ka honua, akā lele lele lākou. I ka hihia o ka pilikia, hoʻolilo lākou i nā moa i kā lākou mau wāwae i kahi hou.
Zuyki. Kūlike ka nui o nā manu me ke poʻo liʻiliʻi a me ka nuku pōkole. Holo lākou i nā wāwae haʻahaʻa me nā ʻanuʻu mincing. Lōʻihi ka huelo o nā manu, 45 cm ka ʻeheu.ʻE ʻeleʻele ka hulu, keʻokeʻo, nā ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula e hana i kahi kala like ʻole, ʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa: ke kai, nā turnstones, nā lapwings.
ʻO Julitta. ʻO nā kamaʻāina o nā latitude waena i pena ʻia i nā leo hina, i kekahi manawa me nā kaha ʻeleʻele a me keʻokeʻo. He kūikawā kēia manu o ke kaʻina o wadersnāna e kūlou me kona kino holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka nuku lōʻihi, nā wāwae kiʻekiʻe a me ke kino waena e maʻa mau i nā nīʻau āpau. Aia kekahi mau mea nui ke kaupaona ʻia a 400 g.
Nā Plovers. Hoʻemi liʻiliʻi ʻia i ka wai ma mua o nā waders ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea noho o ka tundra ka nui o ka manu nūnū. Nā wāwae kiʻekiʻe, nuku liʻiliʻi, ʻeleʻele-hina hina keʻokeʻo. Makemake ia i nā wahi nui, kahi e neʻe ai me nā lele pōkole a me nā kaha.
Turukhtan. Pili ka manu i ka ʻelepelepe kū i waho me nā kala ʻōlinolino, ka mea kū ʻole i kēia ʻano i ka laulā. ʻO nā kāne i ke kau moʻo e ʻālohilohi me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo, polū, melemele, ʻulaʻula.
ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka maikaʻi hakakā o nā manu. ʻO ka hakakā ʻana o ka moa ka mea maʻamau i waena o kēia mau waders kumu. ʻO nā kola fluffy, nā nuku o ka rapier, kiola i ka ʻenemi a pā nā ʻēheu e hōʻike i nā ʻano hakakā o nā manu.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā hakakā ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻomaha maluhia ma kahi kokoke i kahi ʻenemi hou.
Ka nohona a me ka nohona
Ma nā panalāʻau o nā ʻāina āpau, koe wale ʻo Antarctica, ola nā ʻōpaka i nā wahi a puni. Ke hōʻiliʻili nei kēia mau manu kula i kahi mau tausani mau kānaka. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā waders he poʻe nomadic, ʻoiai he sedentary kekahi.
E pili ana, ʻo nā manu lele a i ʻole, 'ōlelo lākou i ko lākou wahi noho a me nā kahua hoʻoilo. ʻO ka hāʻule o ka mahana a me ka nele o ka meaʻai maʻamau ka mea e koi ai i ka waders e haʻalele i ko lākou mau wahi maʻamau. ʻAneʻane lākou a pau e neʻe i kahi mamao mai ko lākou wahi maoli.
Hiki i nā Sandpipers ke uhi i kahi mamao a 11,000 km me ka kū ʻole, lele ma luna o nā kuahiwi, nā wao akua, a me nā wai o ka wai. Lele nā kamaʻāina o Siberia i Australia no ka hoʻoilo, a mai Alaska e lele ai lākou i ka hema o ʻAtenitina.
I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, kūkulu nā kula o nā mea mālama i nā hōʻuluʻulu nui ma kekahi mau kahakai. Ma laila e ʻike ai nā manu i ka meaʻai e loaʻa ai ka ikaika no ka holoholo hele loa ʻana.
I Lūkia, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻōpala like ʻole ma nā wahi āpau. Ma ka Hikina Hikina, ola nā plovers liʻiliʻi, nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā lapwings. Ma Primorye, he wahi pūnana ia no ka poʻe aloha, ʻo ke kahakai o nā kahawai kuahiwi kahi hānau o nā plovers Ussuri.
ʻAʻole lele maikaʻi wale nā Waders, akā holo pū kekahi ma ka honua, ʻauʻau, luʻu. Nui ʻano o ka waders hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia. ʻEleu lākou a launa pū, lawe aʻa lākou i ka paʻa i ke pio ʻana, hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i ka meaʻai home.
Hoʻololi lākou i kahi wahi hou, makaʻu ʻole i ke kanaka, manaʻo a pane i ka mālama. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā hoʻāʻo e mālama i nā kahakai kahakai liʻiliʻi i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book e ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoulu ʻana iā lākou.
Meaʻai kūpono
Sandpiper - manu waihona wai. ʻO ka papaʻai o nā manu me nā aquatic, terrestrial invertebrates - he ʻenuhe kēia, nā crustacea, molluscs, nā ʻano ʻelala like ʻole. ʻAi nā mea ʻaihue
Luu aku nā mea lawaiʻa wai wai i hope o kā lākou pio. ʻO kekahi mau waders kahi mea ʻai, ma muli o nā hua, nā hua a me nā hua. He mālama kūikawā ʻo Blueberry.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
Hoʻomaka ka wā moʻo no nā waders i ʻApelila. Hana ʻia ka moena i hoʻokahi a ma nā hui nui. ʻOkoʻa ka moʻomeheu o ka huki ʻana i ka hoa i nā hui like ʻole o nā waders.
ʻO kahi laʻana, lele nā plovers kai i ka lewa me nā trill, a ma ka honua hohola lākou i ko lākou huelo i kahi peahi a alualu wahine. I nā lapwings, hōʻike ʻia ka huki ʻana i ka nānā i kahi loli ʻoi loa o ke ala lele. Lele kiʻekiʻe ʻo Curlews i kahi pōʻai a mele me ke mele.
He ʻano like ka pilina o ka waders, hōʻike ʻia i nā ʻano aʻe:
- monogamy - ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi paʻa no ke kau, hoʻokomo pū ʻia o nā hua a me ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki. Ke ʻano maʻamau o ka pilina o ka male;
- polygyny - moʻo o ke kāne me nā wahine ʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia kau, hoʻopau ʻia mai ke komo ʻana i ka incubation a me ka mālama ʻana o ka ʻohana;
- polyandry - moʻo ʻana o ka wahine me nā kāne ʻokoʻa, e waiho ana i nā hua i nā pūnana ʻokoʻa. Lawe ʻia ka hoʻoulu a mālama ʻia e nā kāne;
- pūnana pāpālua - ke kau nei i nā hua i nā pūnana ʻelua. I ka mua, hoʻoulu ka wahine i nā pīpī iā ia iho, i ka lua, mālama ke kāne. Hāʻawi kaʻawale ʻia ke kōkua no ka waders hānau hou.
Hoʻokomo nā Sandpipers ma ka honua, moe nā hua i nā lua me ka ʻole o ka ʻōpala. Hoʻopaʻa kekahi ʻano manu i nā pūnana o haʻi ma nā lāʻau.
Hānau ʻia nā ʻikena, he kino me ka manoanoa. ʻOiai hiki i nā pēpē ke hānai iā lākou iho mai ka hānau ʻana, hopohopo nā mākua i nā keiki: hoʻomehana lākou, pale, alakaʻi i nā kahua hānai. I ka hihia o ka makaʻu, pale ikaika nā waders i ka pūnana, hoʻouka i ka ʻenemi.
I ka makahiki ʻelua, mākaukau nā ʻōpio e hoʻopalau. Loaʻa ka lōʻihi o ke ola i 20 mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kahe o nā panalāʻau a me ka hoʻomohala nui e hoʻonele i nā wahi maʻamau o ka hulu, hoʻoweliweli e hōʻemi i nā lehulehu. ʻO ke kaiāulu me nā kānaka he mea hōʻino i nā manu, akā ʻo nā kānaka wale nō ke hana i nā kūlana no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano mea he nui o ka waders
