ʻO Bombardiers kahi ʻano o nā beetle medium-size i loaʻa i ko lākou inoa ma muli o kahi hana pale mua: mai nā ʻōpū ma ka hope o ka ʻōpū, pana nā nalo i ka caustic a me ka wai wela i ka ʻenemi.
Hoʻoweliweli ka mana o ka beetle i nā ʻenemi, akā hoʻowalewale i nā ʻepekema. Ua aʻo nā Entomologists i ka hana kī ʻana i ke ahi ma ke kikoʻī, akā he hoʻopaʻapaʻa nō kona kumu.
Hōʻike a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Nīnūnū Bombardier - pepelu, 5-15 mm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka helehelena a me nā kūlike i ʻano like me nā nalo honua i pili iā ia. Elongated ke kino o kahi pepeke makua, oval. ʻEleʻele ka waihoʻoluʻu laulā me ka sheen metallic; ua pena pinepine ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana o ke kino i nā leo ʻulaʻula.
Hoʻihoʻi palupalu ʻia ke poʻo i ka prothorax, aia ma ka ʻaoʻao ākea, me kahi pali i lalo i lalo. Hoʻopau ia i nā mandibles liʻiliʻi e like me ka pahi, kāwili ʻia e hoʻopaʻa a haehae i nā pio - nā ʻelele liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā palp i nā ʻāpana 3.
Kūlike nā maka i ka nui a kūlike i ke ʻano o ka noho pōuliuli. Aia kahi seta supraorbital ma ka lihi o nā maka. ʻAʻohe maka hou. ʻO nā beetles e pili ana i ka subfamily Brachininae he 11-ʻaoʻao kohoorm antennae.
Aia kahi hulu ma ka ʻāpana mua; hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi mau setae lauoho like ma ka ʻāpana antennae hope. Loaʻa i nā pepelu o ka ʻohana Paussinae kahi antennae hulu kupaianaha. ʻO ke poʻo a me ka pronotum, antennae, a me nā lālā ʻulaʻula maʻamau.
Lōʻihi nā wāwae, hoʻopili ʻia no ka hele ʻana ma ka honua paʻakikī. Kūpilikiʻi ke ʻano o nā lālā. Loaʻa nā ʻāpana 5 i kēlā me kēia. Ma ko lākou ʻano, he poʻe kūkini. Aia kekahi mea kūikawā ma nā forelimbs: aia kahi notch ma nā wāwae o lalo - kahi mea hana no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā antennae.
He paʻakikī ka elytra, uhi mau i ke kino o ka nalo, akā i kekahi ʻano he pōkole ia ma mua o ke kino. ʻO ko lākou mau hopena ʻekolu mau ʻano: poepoe, "ʻoki" kūlike i ke kikowaena waena o ke kino, a i ʻole ʻoki ʻia i loko. Blue ka elytra o ka beetle, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele i kekahi manawa. He mau awāwa papapaʻu lōʻihi kā lākou.
Hoʻonohonoho hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻeheu, me kahi pūnaewele o nā veins caraboid. ʻOi aku ka hilinaʻi o nā Bombardiers i ko lākou mau wāwae ma mua o ko lākou mau ʻeheu. Holo lākou mai nā ʻenemi, hoʻohana i nā lele e hoʻomohala i nā ʻāina hou. ʻO nā kolo i pili i kekahi heluna kanaka paʻa, ʻo ka hapanui o nā insular, ua haʻalele loa i nā lele.
ʻO ka ʻōpū o ka pepeke i loko o 8 mau sternite, nā ʻāpana mānoanoa o nā apo segmental. Kūlike like nā kāne a me nā wahine i waho. Loaʻa i nā kāne nā ʻāpana hou aʻe ma kā lākou mau wāwae, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i nā wahine i ka wā o ke kope ʻana.
ʻO nā mea kaulana loa o nā mea hoʻopahū nā mea crackling, noho lākou i ʻEulopa a me ʻĀkia, ma Siberia a i Lake Baikal. I ke kūkulu ʻākau, pau ka laulā o nā nalo i ka tundra subpolar. Ma ka hema e hiki aku i nā wao akua a wela i nā steppes maloʻo. Ke ola nei ka beetle bombardier ʻaʻole wale ma nā ʻāina pālahalaha, hiki ke loaʻa i nā kuahiwi, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hiki i ke kihi o ka hau mau.
Ma ka laulā, makemake nā beetles i ka maloʻo i ka lepo haʻahaʻa. He pō lākou. I ka lā e peʻe lākou ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā hale malumalu ʻē aʻe, i ka pō a me ka pō e hoʻomaka lākou e hānai. Hāʻule ka piko o ka hana bombardment i nā hola napoʻo o ka lā. Makemake lākou i kēia manawa ʻaʻole wale no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, akā e noho pū kekahi.
Hōʻike nui ʻia ka hiki ke lele e nā ʻōpio ʻōpio i kū mai nei mai ka pupa. Hoʻoulu ka instinc e hoʻomohala i nā ʻāina hou. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, pau ke kuko no ka lele ʻana i waena o nā mea helu.
ʻO nā nalo bombardier kahi ʻohana o ka ʻohana nalo honua a ʻano like loa me lākou.
Me ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka hoʻoilo, ka hoʻopōkole ʻana o ka lā, ke emi nei ka hana o nā mea kolo. Me ke anuanu, hāʻule nā nalo i loko o kahi ʻano hibernation, loaʻa lākou i ka diapause, kahi e hoʻemi ʻia ai nā hana metabolic i loko o ke kino a kokoke i ka ʻole. I kahi ala like, hiki i ke kino o nā nalo ke pane i ka maloʻo o ke kauwela.
Ke nānā nei i ke ola o nā kolo, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka lā, ma lalo o nā pōhaku, ʻākoakoa nā ʻiʻo i nā hui ʻaʻole nui wale, akā heterogeneous hoʻi i ka hoʻohui. I ka manawa mua, ua manaʻo ʻia he mau palena o nā hale malumalu ke kumu no ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi hui.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻāpana o nā hui i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā hopohopo palekana ke kumu o ka hui ʻana. Hiki i kahi heluna nui o nā pōkā pahū ke pale aku me ka ʻeleu i ka wā e hoʻouka ana. Ma lalo o ka uhi o ka "artillery" ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hūnā ʻana mai nā ʻenemi no nā ʻano nalo ʻē aʻe ʻaʻohe ona pono bombardier.
I kekahi manawa hana nā pōkā bombers i nā ʻohana hipa liʻiliʻi me nā nalo ʻē aʻe.
He ala e pale aku ai i nā ʻenemi
Pale aku ka nalo Bombardier iā ia iho i ke ala kumu loa. ʻAʻole kūlike kona ʻōnaehana pale i waena o nā ʻelala. Keʻike nei i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ka ʻenemi, kuhikuhi nā nalo i kahi caustical, pilau, pilau wela o ka wai a me ke kala i kona ala.
Ma ka lua o ka ʻōpū, ʻelua mau glands - kahi mea hana pana ahi ʻelua. Mālama ʻia ka hoʻohuihui hakakā i kahi mokuʻāina "disassembled". Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana kemika ʻelua i loko o ʻelua glands, mahele ʻia kēlā me kēia i nā keʻena ʻelua. Hoʻokahi ʻāpana (tank tank) loaʻa nā hydroquinones a me ka hydrogen peroxide, ʻo kahi ʻē aʻe (keena hoʻohaʻahaʻa) he waihona o nā enzyme (catalase a me peroxidase).
Hoʻopuka koke ʻia ka huikau hoʻouka ma mua o ke kī ʻana. Ke ʻike ʻia kahi rana a i ʻole puaʻa i mua o ke alo, nāomi nā hydroquinones a me ka hydrogen peroxide mai ka pahu waihona i loko o ke keʻena hopena. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka oxygen mai ka hydrogen peroxide ma lalo o ka hana o nā enzyme.
Ke pale nei iā lākou iho, pana nā pōpō bombardier i kahi kahawai o nā kino ʻino i ka ʻenemi
Hele wikiwiki ka hopena kemika, piʻi ka mahana o ka hui i 100 ° C. Hoʻonui ka kaomi i ka lumi pahū i nā manawa he nui a wikiwiki hoʻi. Puhi ka nalo i kahi pana, hoʻonoho i ka ʻōpū a hiki i ka ʻenemi. ʻO Bombardier beetle i ke kiʻi hōʻike i kona hiki ke kī mai nā kūlana like ʻole.
Uhi ʻia nā paia o ke keʻena me kahi pale pale - cuticle. Hoʻohui ʻia, aia nā hui o nā ʻōpala enzyme spicical unicellular ma nā paia. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka wai a me ke kōkō e pakele ana mai ka nouck ʻaʻole wela wale a pilau, hoʻopuka ia i kahi leo nui e hoʻonui ai i ka hopena deterrent.
Hoʻopuni ʻia ka mokulele kuhikuhi e ke ao o nā mea maikaʻi. Hana ia i kāna ʻāpana i ka pale o ka nalo - hōʻino ia i ka mea hoʻouka. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mākeke me nā aniani ʻaoʻao e hoʻololi iā ia i kahi noke kaohi. ʻO ka hopena, pili ka ʻaoʻao o ka pana i ke kūlana o ke kino a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aniani.
Hoʻololi pū ʻia ke kīloi kīloi: hana ka nalo i kahi hui wai a me nā kulu o nā nui like ʻole. ʻO kahi aerosol me nā kulu nui e lele kokoke ana, kiki ʻia kahi kāwili maikaʻi i kahi mamao loa.
Ke kī ʻia, ʻaʻole pau nā lako pono reagent. Ua lawa lākou no nā mea he nui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka caustic aerosol. Ma hope o 20 mau kī, holo aku nā waihona o nā mea pono a pono ka nalo i ka hapalua hola e hana i nā kemika. ʻO ka maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nalo i kēia manawa, no ka mea, ua lawa ka moʻo o 10-20 wela a me nā mea ʻona e make a i ʻole hoʻokuke aku i ka ʻenemi.
ʻO ka Entomologists i ka hopena o ke kenekulia i hala aku nei ua ʻike ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi mau ʻano i loko o kahi pana i loko o kekahi mau microexplosions. ʻAʻole hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui ʻana o ka wai a me ke kōkō i ka manawa hoʻokahi, akā aia he 70 impulses pahū. ʻO ka helu repetition he 500 mau lāʻau i kēlā me kēia kekona, ʻo ia hoʻi, he 0.14 kekona no 70 microexplosions.
Hāʻawi kēia mīkini o ka pana i kahi hopena akahai o ke kaomi, ka mahana a me ke kemika ma ke kino o ka mea pana iā ia iho - ka mea helu.
Wahi a kekahi mana, hoʻopakele ʻia ka nalo mai ka hopena o kāna mea kaua ponoʻī e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka pahū i waho o kona kino. ʻAʻohe o nā mea reagents e hana ai, kiola ʻia i waho, i ka puka o waho o ka ʻōpū o ka pepeke, huikau lākou a i kēia manawa ua kū ka pahū, e hana ana i kahi aerosol wela, weliweli hoʻi.
Nā ʻano
Nīnūnū Bombardier — pepeke, pili i nā ʻohana ʻelua: Brachininae lāua ʻo Paussinae. ʻO lākou, no ka ʻohana o nā nalo nalo. Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema he ulu kūʻokoʻa nā lālā ʻelua. Wahi a kekahi e haʻi aku nā ʻohana i kahi kūpuna maʻamau.
ʻO ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hiki o ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hana pale pale like ma mua o ka nui o nā pilikia o nā ʻōnaehana biology a loaʻa i kekahi manawa kahi manaʻo akeakamai. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka pāhana ʻo Paussinae e ke ʻano o nā kohola. Hoʻohui ʻia, koho pinepine ʻia kēia mau ʻelala e nā anthills, ʻo ia hoʻi, he myrmecophiles lākou.
ʻAʻole i aʻo iki ʻia nā beetles o kēia ʻohana. ʻO Coleoptera mai ka ʻohana ʻohana Brachininae ka mea i ʻike a ʻike ʻia. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā genera he 14. ʻO Brachinus ka genus mua o nā beetle bombardier i wehewehe ʻia a hoʻolauna ʻia i ka mea hoʻohālikelike biology. Hoʻopili ka genus i nā ʻano Brpitinus crepitans a i ʻole crackling bombardier.
He lāhui nomenclature kēia; ka wehewehe a me ka inoa o ka genus holoʻokoʻa (ʻauhau) ma muli o ka ʻikepili e pili ana iā ia. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka bombardier crackling, ua komo pū ka genus Brachinus me kekahi 300 mau ʻano, 20 o lākou e noho nei ma Lūkia a me nā mokuʻāina kokoke. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano pōpō ʻē aʻe i nā wahi āpau, koe wale nō nā wahi me ke aniau ʻino.
ʻOiai ke alo o nā ʻeheu, makemake ka poʻe scorers e neʻe i ka honua
Meaʻai kūpono
ʻO nā nalo Bombardier he mau pepelu kolo i nā ʻano a pau o ko lākou ola. Mai ka manawa o ko lākou hānau ʻana a hiki i ka pupation, alakaʻi nā larvae i kahi nohona parasite. ʻAi lākou i nā pupae waiwai-protein o nā beetles ʻē aʻe.
I ka wā makua, hana nā bombardiers i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā koena o ka meaʻai ma luna o ka honua, ma lalo o nā pōhaku a me nā snags. Hoʻohui, hoʻopau ikaika ka beetles i kā lākou mau hoa liʻiliʻi. ʻAi ʻia nā larvae a me nā pupae o nā arthropods a ka mea hiki i ka bombardier ke ʻai.
ʻO ka hana hou a me ke ola o ke ola
I ka puna, hoʻomoe nā hua manu i nā papa luna o ka lepo. I kekahi manawa kūkulu ʻia kahi keʻena hua manu mai ka lepo. ʻO ka hana a ka wahine e pale i ka paʻa mai ka hau. ʻO nā hua he oval i ke ʻano, ʻo ke anawaena lōʻihi he 0.88 mm, ʻo ka mea pōkole ʻo 0.39 mm. ʻO ka membrane o nā embryos keʻokeʻo, translucent.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hoʻouluulu i mau lā. Puka mai nā ʻūlū keʻokeʻo mai nā hua manu. Ma hope o 6-8 mau hola, pouli ka larvae. Kūlike ko lākou hanana no nā nalo honua - he mau mea elongated lākou me nā lālā i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. Ma hope o ka puka ʻana, hele nā larvae i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pupa o nā nalo ʻē aʻe.
I kā lākou uku, e hānai ʻia a hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea helu he wā e hiki mai ana. I kēia lā, hoʻokahi wale nō genus o nā beetles i ʻike ʻia, nona nā pupae i lilo i poʻe hōʻeha - he mau nalo nalo ia mai ka genus Amara (ka mea i kapa ʻia he dusky beetles). Hoʻomaʻa ka larvae bombardier i loko o ka pū o nā pupae a ʻai i ka wai e kahe ana mai ka ʻeha.
Ma hope o 5-6 mau lā, hoʻomaka ka poʻe bombardiers i ka pae larval ʻelua, kahi e mālama ʻia ai ke kumu meaʻai. Lawe ka larva i kahi ʻano like me ka ʻenuhe o ka butterfly. Ma hope o 3 mau lā, hoʻomaka ke kolu o ka pae. ʻAi ka ʻenuhe i kāna mea pio. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi wā o ka neʻe ʻole. Ma hope o ka hoʻomaha ʻana, ʻo nā larva pupates, ma hope o 10 mau lā ke ʻano o ka pepelu i ke ʻano o ka nalo, a hoʻomaka ka pae mākua.
ʻO ka pōʻaiapili hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hua manu a i ka ʻelemakule makua he 24 mau lā. I ka manawa like, hoʻopili pū ʻia ka hoʻomoe hua manu me ka pōʻaiapuni o nā beetles o Amara (dusky beetles). ʻO ka puka o nā larvae bombardier mai nā hua manu i ka manawa ke hele a pupule nā dimples.
ʻO nā Bombardiers, e noho nei i nā aniau mehana a me nā anuanu, hāʻawi i hoʻokahi hanauna i ka makahiki. Hiki i nā nalo i haku i nā wahi wela ke hana i ka lua o ka paʻa i ka hāʻule. Pono nā wahine i 1 makahiki e hoʻopau i ko lākou ola ola. Hiki i nā kāne ke ola lōʻihi - a i 2-3 mau makahiki.
ʻIno Beetle
ʻOiai he poʻe ʻaihue polyphagous, ʻaʻole nā mea bombard e hōʻeha i nā kānaka. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, inā he larva, ʻenuhe a i ʻole pest beetle, bombardier hoʻouka a ʻai iā lākou. I ka hakakā ʻana ma waena o ke kanaka a me nā mea ʻino, aia ka poʻe scorers ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kanaka.
Puka mai ka mokulele bombardier me ka wikiwiki loa a hele pū ʻia me kahi pop
Aia nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana i ke ʻano predatory o nā bombardiers. Ua makemake lākou e kuhikuhi iā lākou ma ke ala o ladybirds, i kēia lā e hoʻolaha ʻia a hana ʻia ma nā māla e hakakā i nā aphids.
ʻO ka Entomophagous bombardiers i ke ʻano e ʻai ikaika i nā ʻenuhe o ka mu, scoop, nā hua manu lele, a pēlā aku, akā ʻaʻole i ulu ka manaʻo o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā ʻoihana.
ʻIkepili Hoihoi
- ʻO ka lawena beetle Bombardier, ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana i ka wā o ke kī ʻana ʻaʻole aʻo wale ʻia e nā biologists. Hoʻohana nā ʻenekini i nā hopena i hoʻokō ʻia i ke kino o ka bombardier ke hoʻolālā ʻana i nā hāmeʻa loea. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hana i nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻomaka hou ʻana i nā ʻenekini jet e like me nā ʻōnaehana pale o nā bombardiers.
- ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli wale ka bombardier i kona mau ʻenemi me kahi mokulele wela a wela hoʻi. ʻAʻohe o ka beetle manawa e hana i ka hoʻoweliweli a ale ʻia e ka rana. Hana ka bombardier i kāna "pana" ʻoiai i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka mea kolo. Hoole aku ka rana, kuha i ka mea o loko o ka ʻōpū, ola mau ka nalo.
- Ua lilo ka bombardier beetle i punahele i ke kumumanaʻo cipta. Aia ke kumu i loko o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kekahi o nā phenomena kūlohelohe loa loa e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka evolution.
Wahi a ka poʻe mālama i ke kuhiakau naʻau akamai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomohala lohi i ke ʻano pale o ka beetle bombardier, i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ʻOiai ka hoʻomaʻalahi iki ʻana a i ʻole ka hemo ʻana o ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa mai ka ʻōnaehana "artillery" o ka nalo e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻole piha.
Hāʻawi kēia i nā mea kākoʻo o ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻolālā akamai i kumu e ʻōlelo ai ua ʻike ʻia ka mīkini pale i hoʻohana ʻia e ka bombardier i kahi ʻano piha koke, me ka ʻole o ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu. ʻO ka ʻae ʻia ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana ma ke ʻano he pseudoscientific theory ʻaʻole ia e wehewehe i ke kumu o ka ʻōnaehana pale pale bombardier.
