He aha ka biocenosis?
E noʻonoʻo kākou aia he hui nui. Hoʻohana ia i nā kānaka he nui. A ke hana nei nō hoʻi nā kamepiula, nā mīkini paʻi, nā kaʻa a me nā pono hana ʻē aʻe. Mahalo i nā hana aila maikaʻi, hele ka ʻāpana e like me ka uaki. Aia ke ʻano like i kūlohelohe.
Hoʻomaopopo pono kēia kiʻi holoʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo biocenosis... Ma kahi wale nō o ka poʻe a me nā mīkini - nā holoholona, nā mea kanu, a me nā meaola a me nā meaola momona loa. A ma kahi o kahi ʻoihana - kahi panalāʻau i koho ʻia o kekahi wahi (me kahi aniau, nā mea lepo).
Hiki iā ia ke lilo i wahi liʻiliʻi loa, e laʻa me kahi ʻōpopo popopo, a i ʻole i kahi anuʻu nui. Ke hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻohālikelike, manaʻo paha ʻaʻole pau nā kamepiula āpau i kēia mea kanu. He aha ka hana? - E oki ka hana.
He like ia ma ke ʻano - hemo i nā ʻano meaola mai ke kaiāulu - a hoʻomaka ia e hāneʻe. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hoʻokō nā mea āpau i kā lākou hana, a me he mea lā e waiho ana i kahi pōhaku i ka paia maʻamau. ʻO ka helu o nā lāhui i hoʻohui ʻia i loko o kahi biocenosis i kapa ʻia he olaola.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka huaʻōlelo biocenosis i ka 19 kenekulia. Ua ukali loa kekahi ʻepekema Kelemania i ka hana a bivalve molluscs. Ma hope o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka manawa nui i kēia hana, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka invertebrates alakaʻi i kahi ola kaiaulu hana, ua hana lākou i kahi "pōʻai kaiapili": starfish, plankton, corals.
A ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke noho me ka ʻole o kekahi. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole kēia mau "hoa" āpau wale nō ka meaʻai no kekahi, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i ke ola maʻamau. No laila hoʻokahi manawa hou, biocenosis -ʻO kēia ka noho pū o nā lehulehu o nā mea ola like ʻole.
Heluna kanaka - kahi hui o nā meaola ola o ka ʻano like i noho like ma ka ʻāina like. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i pūʻulu manu, kahi pūʻā buffalo, kahi ʻohana o nā ʻīlio hae. Aia he ʻelua ʻano pilina ma waena o lākou: me ka pōmaikaʻi no kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao hui, a me ka hoʻokūkū. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ia ʻano hui.
A, ma mua o nā mea āpau, hoʻonui nā manawa o ka mālama ola ʻana i nā kūlana weliweli. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hiki i kahi hoa ke hoʻomaopopo i ka weliweli a komo i ke kaua me ka hoa paio o kahi lālā o kāna ʻeke. No ka hoʻokūkū, ʻae kēia mea iā ʻoe e mālama i ka helu kūpono o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ka hui, e pale ana i ka hana hou ʻole ʻana.
ʻAʻole chaotic kēlā me kēia heluna kanaka, loaʻa kahi ʻano. ʻO kēlā mau. ka lakio o ka poʻe e pili ana i ka moekolohe, ka makahiki, ke kino. ka ikaika, a pehea e puunaue ai i ka wahi i wae ʻia.
ʻO nā hōʻailona hoʻomaka o ka lakio o nā kāne a me nā wahine ʻo 1 a 1. Eia nō naʻe, i nā ʻano holoholona he nui i ke kaʻina o ke ola, ua loli kēia ʻāpana ma muli o nā ʻoiaʻiʻo e hana nei mai waho. Pēlā nō ke kanaka.
I ka manawa mua, pono e ʻoi aku nā kāne ma mua o nā wahine, akā, mālama nui ka moekolohe i ko lākou olakino a me ko lākou ola. A ʻo ka hopena, i ka makahiki o ka hapanui, ua like nā helu, a ua ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne i ka wā makua ma mua o nā wahine.
Aia kahi hōʻailona kūikawā e hiki ai ke hoʻomaopopo i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka e pili kikoʻī i ka heluna kanaka - ka hiki ke mālama i kāna mau helu, aia i loko o hoʻokahi wahi, e ka hana hou wale ʻana (ʻaʻole ʻae i nā lālā hou i ka hui). A i kēia manawa hou aʻe e pili ana i ka mea nā mea hana biocenosis:
- Nā mea pono ʻole. Hoʻopili kēia i ka wai; nā ʻāpana e hana i ka hoʻohui kemika o ka lewa; nā paʻakai o ke kumu mineral.
- ʻO nā mea āpau e kū i ke kūlana climatic i kēia ʻāina. Eia mākou e kamaʻilio nei e pili ana i nā hōʻailona wela; pehea ka hoʻomeamea i ka ea; a, ʻo ia nō, ka nui o nā kukuna lā.
- Meaola. Kemika hui pū ʻia me ke kalapona (protein, momona, carbohydrates).
- Nā meaola ola.
I ka hihia o ka hope, aia kahi papa no:
1. Nā mea hana. He poʻe minia ikehu lākou. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā mea kanu, mahalo i kā lākou waiwai, hoʻololi i nā kukuna o ka lā i nā meaola kūlohelohe. Ma hope o kēlā, hiki i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kaiāulu ke loaʻa kālā mai ia "huahana".
2. Nā Kūʻai. Kūlike like kēia mau mea kūʻai aku, ʻē. holoholona a me nā kolo. Eia kekahi, hānai wale lākou i nā mea kanu, akā i ka ʻiʻo o haʻi. Hiki ke kuhikuhi palekana ʻia kahi kanaka ma aneʻi.
3. Nā Reducers. Mai ʻae iā ʻoe e hoʻolilo i kou wahi i hale kupapaʻu. ʻO ke koena o nā meaola i lilo i mea kahiko ʻole, ma lalo o kā lākou mana, hele i loko o nā mea meaola maʻalahi, a i ʻole nā mea inorganic. Aia ia ma lalo o ka mana o ka bacteria, a me fungi.
I ka manawa like, pono e ʻoluʻolu nā mea ola āpau i kahi kaiāulu i nā kūlana i hāpai ʻia biotope (habitat i wae ʻia). Ma kēia ʻāpana o ka ʻāina, ka wai, a i ʻole ka ea, pono lākou e hānai a hānau hou. ʻO Biotope a me biocenosis pū kekahi biogeocenosis... ʻAʻole hiki ke haʻi ʻole i ka mea haku mele biocenosis:
- ʻO ka mea nui o ia hui ka hui o nā mea kanu i noho i ka ʻāina. Aia ia iā lākou ke ʻano o ke koena o ka "ʻoihana". Kāhea ʻia kā lāua hui kūpilikiʻi... A, ma ke ʻano he rula, kahi e pau ai nā palena o hoʻokahi phytocenosis, pau nā waiwai o ke kaiāulu holoʻokoʻa.
Aia kekahi mau wahi hoʻololi (ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole koi kēia mau palena), koho ʻia lākou e ka manawa ecotones... ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka steppe ulu lāʻau - kahi hālāwai o ka ululāʻau a me ka steppe. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā mea mai nā kaiaulu kokoke. A no laila, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka saturation o kā lākou laha.
- ʻO Zoocenosis - he ʻāpana holoholona kēia o kahi meaola nui hoʻokahi.
- ʻO Microcenosis - ke kolu o ka ʻāpana, i loko o nā huaalalā.
- ʻO ka hā o nā mea microorganism, kāhea ʻia kā lākou hui ʻana microbiocenosis.
ʻO ka hapanui paha, ua lohe pinepine ʻoe i kahi manaʻo e like me kaiaolaola... Eia nō naʻe, mamao loa kēia mai ka mea like me ka biocenosis, ʻo ia wale nō kahi ʻāpana o kahi puzzle nui e hōʻike ana i kahi kaiaolaola.
ʻAʻohe ona palena i hōʻike maopopo ʻia e nā mea kanu, akā ʻekolu ona ʻāpana: biocenosis + biotope + kahi ʻōnaehana o nā pilina ma waena o nā meaola (kahi anthill, kahi mahiʻai, a i ʻole ke kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa, ma ke ʻano he laʻana). No laila biocenosis a me ke kaiaolaola he mau mea ʻokoʻa.
Nā ʻano biocenosis
E noʻonoʻo ʻano o ka biocenosis... Nui a hewahewa nā loina o ka papa. ʻO kekahi o lākou i ka nui:
- ʻO Microbiocenosis. He ao kaʻawale kēia, i haku ʻia ma ka pālākiō o hoʻokahi pua, a i ʻole kumupaʻa.
- Mesobiocenosis. Nā ʻano pālāki nui, no ka laʻana, kahi poho, kahi ulu lāʻau.
- Macrobiocenosis. Nā moana nui, nā pae mauna, etc.
Hoʻohui ʻia, aia ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka biocenosis: wai kai, kai, a me ka honua honua.
Eia nō naʻe, lohe pinepine mākou i nā manaʻo e like me:
- Kūlohelohe. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou e nā hui mākaukau o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke ola. Hiki ke pani ʻia kekahi ʻano me nā mea like me ka ʻole o ka hopena. Kūleʻa nā hui āpau i ke kaiāulu, e launa pū ana a ʻae iā ia e noho "lana".
- ʻĀiwi. ʻO kēia kahi hana a ke kanaka (square, aquarium). I waena o lākou, aia nā agrocenoses (i hana ʻia e huki i kahi pōmaikaʻi): nā loko, nā waihona wai, nā wahi ʻai, nā māla mea kanu. Me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o kāna mea nāna i hana, e hāʻule pū kekahi kaiāulu. Pono e mālama mau ʻia e ka hoʻoinu a me ka luku ʻana i nā nāhelehele, no ka laʻana.
ʻOihana Biocenosis
A laila, e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea e hana hanana biocenosis:
- Nā ʻanoʻano
ʻO kēia e pili ana i ka hanana qualitative o ke kaiāulu, ʻo ia hoʻi he aha nā meaola e noho ana i (ʻanoʻano biocenosis). Kūlohelohe, i nā kūlana maikaʻi no ka hapa nui o nā mea ola, e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia mea hōʻike ma mua o kahi e paʻakikī ai e launa.
He kakaikahi loa ia ma nā wao nahele a me nā ʻāpana hau o ka Arctic. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao - nā kahawai tropika a me nā koʻa ākea me ko lākou poʻe waiwai. I nā kaiāulu ʻōpio e liʻiliʻi nā ʻano, ʻoiai i nā mākua hiki i ka helu o nā laha ke piʻi i mau tausani.
Aia ma waena o nā lālā āpau o ka hui he mau mea koʻikoʻi. ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou. Hiki iā ia ke lilo i mau holoholona ʻelua (ʻo ke koʻa kūlike hoʻokahi) a me nā mea kanu (ulu lāʻau ʻoka). Aia kekahi mau hui i nele i kekahi o nā ʻāpana o ka biocenosis. Akā ʻaʻole kēia he manaʻo iki ʻaʻole hiki i ke kaiāulu ke noho, hiki i ke aʻa i loko o ka pōhaku, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi honua me nā mea kanu ʻole.
- Mokuna
Kēia manawa, ke ʻano o ia mau wahi ma nā mokulele. Ke hiki mai kū kaulike ʻōnaehana, a laila hele ka mahele i nā pae. eia ka mea nui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea o ka nānā. Manaʻo ʻia lāʻau biocenosis, a laila ka limu a me nā laikini - hoʻokahi papa, mauʻu a me ka ulu liʻiliʻi - kekahi, lau o nā kumulāʻau - kekahi, nā piko o nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa - ke kolu, nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe - ka hā. Ke ulu a makua, noho nā lāʻau ʻōpio i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka biocenosis.
Loaʻa nā pae honua i nā biocenoses. I ʻole e waiho ʻole ʻia me ka momona, koho ke ʻōnaehana aʻa o kēlā me kēia ʻano mea kanu i kekahi hohonu nona iho. ʻO ka hopena, hāʻawi nā aʻa i nā papa lepo i waena o lākou iho. Hana ʻia ka mea like i ke aupuni holoholona. Hana nā ʻenuhe like i kā lākou mau ʻaoʻao i lalo i nā hohonu ʻē aʻe i mea e komo ʻole ai a hoʻopilikia ai i ka noho ʻana o kēlā me kēia.
Pēlā nō ia no nā holoholona a me nā manu. ʻo ka papa haʻahaʻa ka puʻuhonua no nā mea kolo. Ma luna aʻe ka puʻuhonua o nā mea kolo a me nā mea hānai manu. Noho nā manu i nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa kēia mahele i nā kamaʻāina o nā waihona. ʻO nā ʻano iʻa like ʻole, molluscs a me nā mea kolo kai e neʻe pū kekahi i hoʻokahi kī spatial.
Aia kekahi ʻano o ka mahele o ka hanana o ka biocenosis - papamoe... ʻAʻole e loaʻa ka hāʻawi like ʻana o nā mea ola ma luna o ka panalāʻau o hoʻokahi kaiāulu. Pinepine holoholona biocenosis noho i nā hipa, a ulu ka limu i nā moena. ʻO kēia ka mosaic papamoe like.
- Kūlohelohe
Eia mākou e kamaʻilio nei e pili ana i ka hana a kēlā me kēia laha i hoʻokahi biocenosis. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hiki i nā meaola ola i nā kaiāulu like ʻole ke ʻokoʻa, a like ke ʻano o kā lākou launa ʻana. ʻO nā poʻe Vicarious kēlā mau mea i hāʻawi ʻia me nā hana like, akā hoʻokō kēlā me kēia iā lākou i kāna "ʻohana" ponoʻī. Eia kekahi, nui nā kumuwaiwai kahiāila hanana trophic (tropika biocenosis) ma muli o nā kaulahao meaʻai.
Ua wili ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa o ka biocenosis ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka ikehu (meaola) e holo ai i loko ona, e hele ana mai kekahi a i kekahi. Maʻalahi loa ia - e ka ʻai ʻana i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā mea kanu mea kanu a nā mea ʻaihue. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano hana ʻo ke kaulahao trophic (a i ʻole ka meaʻai).
E like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻatikala, hoʻomaka ia a pau me ka ikehu o ke kino lani, nā ʻano lāʻau laʻalāʻau, nā mea kanu, nā lāʻau e hana ʻia i "uku" i loaʻa i ka lehulehu. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, hala kēia uku like ma kahi o 4 mau loulou. A me kēlā me kēia pae hou nalowale kona ikaika.
Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hoʻolilo ka mea ola i loaʻa i kēia uku no ka hana nui, ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka neʻe, a pēlā aku. No laila loaʻa i ka mea hoʻohana hope o ke kaulahao nā kaona negligible.
ʻO kēlā mau kānaka e ʻai e like me ke kumumanaʻo like, a ʻo ia ka loulou like i ke kaulahao, noho like pae trophic... hiki i ka ikehu o ka lā iā lākou, ke hala i nā helu o nā ʻanuʻu like.
Kiʻikuhi kaula meaʻai ʻo kēia:
- Autotrophs (ʻōmaʻomaʻo, mea kanu). ʻO lākou ka mea mua i loaʻa i ka "ʻai o ka lā".
- Phytophages (nā holoholona me nā mea kanu i kā lākou papaʻai)
- ʻO nā mea āpau ʻole e ʻai i ka ʻiʻo o haʻi. Hoʻopili pū kēia i kēlā me nā meaola parasitizing.
- ʻO nā mea ʻaihue nunui, e ʻai nei i kā lākou mau "hoapaahana" liʻiliʻi a nāwaliwali hoʻi.
A ʻoi aku ka maopopo, a laila: phytoplankton-crustaceans-whale. Aia kekahi mau kanaka like ʻole e hoʻowahāwahā ʻole i ka mauʻu, ʻaʻole i ka ʻiʻo, a laila e komo lākou i ʻelua mau pae trophic i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Aia kā lākou kuleana ma laila i ka nui o nā meaʻai o kekahi ʻano.
He aha ka hana inā huki ʻoe i hoʻokahi loulou mai ke kaulahao? E nānā hohonu i ke kumuhana e hoʻohana ana i ka laʻana o ka biocenosis o ka nahele (ʻaʻole ia he mea nui inā he ulu lāʻau paina maʻamau ia, a i ʻole ulu lāʻau ulu ʻia me nā kumu waina). ʻAneʻane ʻo kēlā me kēia meakanu e pono i kahi mea lawe, ʻo ia hoʻi. he kolo, a he manu paha, ʻo ia ka ʻelele o kona pollen.
ʻAʻole hiki i kēia mau pōpō ke hana maʻamau me ka ʻole o ka pollen. ʻO ke kumu kēia ke hoʻomaka koke kahi ʻano, e laʻa, he ulu lāʻau, e make koke, e wikiwiki kāna hoa lawe e haʻalele i ke kaiāulu.
ʻO nā holoholona e hoʻopau i nā lau o ka nahele e noho me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai. E make paha lākou a hoʻololi paha i ko lākou wahi noho. Hoʻoweliweli ka mea like i ka poʻe ʻaihue e ʻai nei i kēia mau mea kanu lāʻau. No laila e hemo wale ka biocenosis.
Kūleʻa paha nā kaiāulu, akā ʻaʻole mau loa. no ka mea hoʻololi i ka biocenosis hiki ke hana ma muli o nā loli i ka mahana o ka mahana, ka wela, ka momona o ka lepo. E ʻōlelo mākou wela loa ke kauwela, a laila hiki i nā mea kanu ke hoʻomaloʻo i kahi koho, a ʻaʻole e ola nā holoholona i ka nele i ka wai. E hiki hoʻololi o ka biocenosis.
Hāʻawi pinepine kekahi i kāna hāʻawi ponoʻī, e luku ana i nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia.
Kāhea ʻia kēia mau kaʻina hana āpau kūliʻiliʻi... ʻO ka pinepine, ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokahi biocenosis i kahi ʻē aʻe. Ke hoʻololi ʻia kahi loko i loko o ka loko wai pohō. Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo i kahi kaiāulu i hana ʻia i hana ʻole ʻia, a laila kahi māla mahi ʻia me ka mālama pono ʻole ʻia e ulu i nā nāhelehele.
Aia kekahi mau hihia ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kaiāulu mai ka wili, mai ka ʻōpala. Hiki i kēia ke hana ma hope o nā ahi nunui, nā hau ʻino a i ʻole ka pele pele.
E loli ka biocenosis i kāna hanana a hiki i ka lilo ʻana i mea maikaʻi no ke biotope i koho ʻia. Aia kekahi ʻano maikaʻi loa o nā biocenoses no nā wahi ʻāina like ʻole. Lōʻihi loa ka manawa e hana i kahi kaiāulu kūpono no ia wahi. Akā waiho nā cataclysms like ʻole i kahi manawa kūpono no ke kūlohelohe e hoʻopau ai i kēia kaʻina hana.
Aia kekahi mahele o nā kaulahao meaʻai i nā ʻano:
- Hanai holoholona. He kiʻiona maʻamau kēia e wehewehe nei nā loulou i ka biocenosis... Hoʻomaka ia me nā mea kanu a pau me nā mea ʻino. Eia kahi laʻana: inā ʻoe e lawe i kahi nāhelehele maʻamau, a laila hoʻopau mua ka pua i ka lā, a laila hānai kahi butterfly i kāna nectar, a lilo i mea hōʻino ʻia i kahi rana momona. ʻO ia, a laila, hele mai i kahi nahesa, a lilo i mea pio o ka herona.
- ʻO Detrital. Hoʻomaka kēlā kaulahao me ka ʻoki a i ʻole me nā ʻōpala holoholona. ʻO ka pinepine ma aneʻi e kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā kaiāulu benthic i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hohonu o nā kino wai.
Me nā lako a me ka lā ma laila, ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā mea āpau, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana i ka ikehu mai ka palaho e noho ana mai nā papa wai kiʻekiʻe. A inā i ke ʻano o ke kaulahao e ulu ka poʻe i komo i ka nui me kēlā me kēia loulou, ma aneʻi, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻo nā mea āpau ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe - pau nā fungi āpau a i ʻole bacteria.
Hoʻololi lākou i ka meaʻai i nā mokuʻāina maʻalahi, a laila hiki ke ʻai i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. No laila hoʻomaka kahi pōʻai hou.
Nā ʻano o ke kamaʻilio interspecies
ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka biocenosis like hiki ke ʻano like ʻole:
1. kūlike ʻole. ʻO nā meaola kekahi ʻāpana o kahi kaiāulu, akā ʻaʻole pili i kekahi me kekahi. E ʻōlelo mākou he squirrel paha ia a he elk mamao loa mai ia mea. Akā ʻo ia mau pilina hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā biocenoses lehulehu wale.
2. Amensalism. ʻO ka hoʻokūkū paʻakikī kēia. I kēia hihia, hūnā kekahi o nā ʻano like i nā mea i hiki ke hoʻohuli i ka luku ʻia o ka hoa paio. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke lilo i mea ʻawahia, nā waikawa.
3. Predation. Aia kahi pilina paʻa loa ma aneʻi. Lilo kekahi poʻe i ka ʻaina awakea a haʻi.
4. Palekana. I loko o ia ʻano hana, lawelawe kekahi kanaka ma ke ʻano he awa no kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Hānai a ola kēia "kamaʻāina" ma ke kumu kūʻai o kāna "lawe". No ka mea hope, ʻaʻole hala pinepine kēia me ka ʻole o kahi kuhi, akā kumu ia i kahi pōʻino nui. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i ka make i kēlā me kēia kekona.
Aia kekahi ʻano o nā parasites e pono ai kahi hoʻokipa mau. A aia kekahi e huli i ke kōkua o kahi mea ola ʻē aʻe inā pono, no ka laʻana, hoʻololi i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, a i ʻole no ka hānai ʻana (nā makika, nā kikiki).Hiki i nā Parasite ke hoʻonohonoho i nā mea ʻelua ma ka ʻili o ke kino o ka mea hoʻokipa a ma loko o ia (tapeworm bovine).
5. Symbiosis. Kahi e hauʻoli ai kēlā me kēia, a hoʻomanawanui nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i nā pono o ka launa pū. A i ʻole he hiki ke koho: aia kekahi mea i ka ʻeleʻele, akā ʻaʻole pili ka pili i ka ola o kekahi. ʻO ia kahi hihia a mākou e ʻike ai ke hele pū ʻia kahi manō me kahi ʻano iʻa kūikawā, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka patronage o kahi mea ʻino.
Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻai ʻia kēia mau freeloaders i nā ʻāpana o nā meaʻai i waiho ʻia ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i kahi monster moana. Pēlā nō nā hyena e ʻohi nei i nā koena o nā liona. ʻO kahi koho ʻē aʻe no ka launa like ʻana ke kaʻana like.
Inā mākou e lawe i nā kamaʻāina kai like, a laila ma ke ʻano he laʻana, iʻa e noho ana ma waena o nā kākalaioa o nā kahiki kai. Ma ka ʻāina, palupalu lākou, noho ʻia i nā lua o nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
Hana ʻia ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi mau kānaka ke noho me ka ʻole o kekahi. Akā ʻaʻole ke kumu aloha iki. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā anaina, a me ka noho unicellular e noho ana i loko o ko lākou mau ʻōpū. ʻAno ʻoluʻolu ka hope ma laila, aia kahi mea e ʻai ai, a ʻaʻohe mea weliweli.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā kolo ke hana i ka cellulose e komo nei i ka ʻōnaehana digestive, ʻo ia ka mea a nā mea noho i kōkua ai. ʻIke ʻia ʻaʻohe mea i waiho ʻia i hope.
Ke kuleana o ka biocenosis
ʻO ka mea mua, kēlā ʻano papahana o ka noho ʻana o nā mea ola āpau e hiki ai ke ulu. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, pono e hoʻopili pono nā meaola i nā mea hoʻololi o ko lākou kaiāulu, a i ʻole e nānā i kahi mea hou.
Eia kekahi ke kuleana o ka biocenosis i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike helu o nā mea maoli, ke hoʻoponopono nei i kā lākou helu. Mālama ʻia kēia e nā pilina meaʻai. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, inā nalowale nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o kekahi mea ola, hoʻomaka ka hope e hoʻonui i ka kaohi ʻole. Hiki i kēia ke hoʻonāukiuki i ke kaulike a alakaʻi i ka pōʻino.
Nā laʻana o ka biocenosis
E hōʻuluʻulu i kēia moʻolelo, e nānā i nā hiʻohiʻona kikoʻī o nā biocenoses. E lawe mākou i nā ʻano ulu ulu like ʻole ma ke ʻano he kumu. ʻOiai, aia i loko o ia mau kaiāulu ka hapa nui o ka lehulehu, a ʻoi aku ka biomass ma luna o ka awelika.
Ululaau Coniferous
He aha ka nahele? ʻO kēia kahi hōʻuluʻulu o nā mea kanu i kekahi wahi i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka wahi noho o nā spruces, pine, a me nā mea ulu ʻē aʻe nā wahi mauna. ʻO ke kiʻiona o nā kumulāʻau i loko o ia ulu lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka taiga, a laila ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke kaena i ka nui o nā ʻano o nā lau nui nui - kahi kiʻekiʻe o 5. Inā ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke aniau, a laila hiki i kēia kiʻi ke piʻi i 10.
E noho hou i ka taiga. No laila, a i 5 ʻano o nā conifers: spruce, pine, fir, kaʻaahi. Mahalo i kā lākou mau nila kiki kolohe, ola nā lāʻau i nā hoʻoilo ʻo Siberian ʻoʻoleʻa. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, lawelawe ka kēpau i pale no ka hau ʻawaʻawa. ʻO kekahi ala e "hoʻomehana" ai ka kokoke loa i kekahi i kekahi. A i ʻole e haki nā paona o ka hau i nā lālā, ulu lākou i lalo.
Me ka thaw mua, hoʻomaka ikaika nā conifers i ka photosynthesis, ka mea hiki ʻole i kā lākou mau hoa deciduous, i nele i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka holoholona o ka nahele coniferous: mai nā squirrels, nā bea, nā ʻiole, nā dia a me nā elks, mai nā manu he manu liʻiliʻi lākou, nā ʻau hazel. Nui ʻino nō hoʻi nā mea ʻino: lynx, mink, fox, sable, bear, ʻaeto pueo, manu koraka.
Wao nahele Deciduous
No laila, ʻo kāna ʻano spatial o nā lau nahele e like me kēia: ʻo ka pae mua - nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa: linden, a i ʻole ʻoka. ʻO kahi papa i lalo hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka ʻāpala, elm, a i ʻole maple. Eia kekahi aia nā lāʻau o honeysuckle a me viburnum. A ulu ka mauʻu kokoke i ka honua. ʻO nā mea hana nā kumulāʻau ponoʻī, nāhelehele, ʻōpala mauʻu, limu. Nā mea kūʻai aku - nā mea ulu lāʻau, nā manu, nā kolo. Nā Reducers - bacteria, fungi, invertebrates kino palupalu.
Reservoir biocenosis
ʻO nā Autotrophs (nā mea kanu hōʻuluʻulu) i ka wai nā limu a me nā mauʻu kahakai. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka uku lā i nā mea ola ʻē aʻe me lākou. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku ka iʻa, nā ilo, molluscs, a me nā ʻano ʻelala like ʻole. Hana nā bacteria āpau a me nā nalo i decomposers, pili ʻole i ka ʻai ʻana i ke kino.
