ʻO Cochineal He mau pepeke kupaianaha a hoihoi loa ia. Ma waho, ʻano like lākou me nā aphids, ʻoiai ʻo nā kānaka noiʻi a me nā zoologists i manaʻo iā lākou i nā ilo. Aia lākou ma ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina ʻApelika, a ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe a me nā wahi o ka honua. ʻO nā kāne o ke kāne a me ka wahine wahine he ʻokoʻa nui ʻaʻole wale i nā ʻōuli kūwaho, akā i ka pōʻaiapili ulu. Aia kekahi mau ʻano o ka cochineal e noho ana i nā wahi like ʻole. I nā kumuwaiwai he nui, loaʻa ia ma lalo o ka inoa worm cochineal.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Cochineal
ʻO ka cochineal he pepeke hemiptera. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke inoa i ka manawa kikoʻī o ke kumu o kēia mau kolo. ʻOiai i loko o ka Baibala, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka pena poni, i unuhi ʻia mai ka worm burgundy.
He mea hoihoi: he mea kupaianaha, lawe ʻia kahi kala kūikawā mai nā wahine o kēia mau mea kolo. No kēia, ʻohiʻohi nā ʻelima i loaʻa ʻole ka manawa e kau ai i nā hua. A laila, ma lalo o ka hana o nā mahana wela a i ʻole me ka acetic acid, hoʻomaloʻo ia a lepo i loko o ka pauka. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia hoʻokahi insect, ʻo ka nui o ia i ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku i ʻelua millimeter, hiki ke hana i kahi kala, i lawa e kala i ka mea, he mau kenimika ka nui.
ʻOiai ma Rūsia Kahiko, makemake nui ka poʻe i ka unuhi ʻana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o kahi kolo i loaʻa kahi kala. I ka makahiki 1768, ua hāʻawi ʻo Catherine II i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻoholo a ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka pono e ʻimi i kahi ilo ma nā panalāʻau o ka Lūkia Hui. Ma hope iki, ma 1804, huli ʻo Prince Rumyantsev iā Prince Kurakin me kahi noi e hana i ka ʻike āpau e pili ana i ka ilo i aʻo ʻia ma ka ʻāina o Little Russia. ʻO Kurakin, ʻohiʻohi i kahi papa inoa piha o ka ʻike: kahi wehewehe o ka helehelena, ke ola pōʻai, ka nohona, ke kumukūʻai ma ka manawa o ke aʻo. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i ke kikoʻī i nā lula a me nā ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a me ka ʻenehana no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pigment color.
Video: Cochineal
Ma hope o kēlā, ua hānai ākea ka pepelu i nā ʻano hana e loaʻa ai kahi kala kala. Ua hoʻohana ākea ʻia ia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole. I ke kenekulia 20, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana o nā kala synthetic, i mea e hōʻemi nui ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kala maoli i lawe ʻia mai ka cochineal. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā meaʻai, nā mea ʻala, a pēlā aku.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka cochineal
ʻOkoʻa ka poʻe o ka wahine a me ka wahine kāne i kekahi i kekahi i ka helehelena. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahine wahine e kahi kino elongated, convex kino. ʻAʻohe o lākou ʻeheu a ʻano like me nā ʻūlū liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka nui o ke kino ma kahi o 1-10 milimita, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kino o nā kāne, a ʻo 2-6 millimeter. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kino he mau gram wale nō. Pena ʻia ke kino i ke kala cherry momona.
Ma ke kino o nā wahine he mau wao huna hū kūikawā e hūnā i kahi mea huna kūikawā e hana ana i ka pūpū pale. Hinahina-keʻokeʻo kona kala. Uhi ʻia ke kino o nā ilo me nā olonā lahilahi. Ma ke kino o nā kolo he mau groove i kapa ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kino i nā ʻāpana longitudinal a me nā apo transverse. Loaʻa nā ʻāpala i kahi ʻāpana poʻo, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ke kino e kahi ʻūlū hohonu. I ka ʻāpana o ka māhele poʻo, aia wale nō ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, nā maka pelu iki. I nā kāne, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā maka, helehelena, ʻoi aku ka nui.
ʻO nā kāne o ka moekolohe kāne, i hala i ke pōʻaiapuni piha o kā lākou ulu ʻana, e like me ka makika i waho. He ʻeheu kā lākou a hiki nō ke lele. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻi lākou mai nā wahine e kekahi ʻano mea hoʻonaninani - nā kaʻa lōʻihi o nā olonā keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka waiū. ʻO ko lākou lōʻihi he mau manawa ka lōʻihi o ke kino. ʻEkolu mau lālā o nā ʻāpala, me ke kōkua o lākou e neʻe ai, a hiki ke waiho i ko lākou mau hale, e kolo ana i luna.
Ma hea e noho ai ka cochineal?
Kiʻi: ʻenekia Cochineal
ʻO ka ʻāpana hoʻokaʻawale o kēia ʻano nāhelehe he nui loa. Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano mea kolo, e noho ana kēlā me kēia mea i kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hema ʻo ia ka homeland moʻolelo.
Nā ʻāpana ʻāina ʻo Cochineal:
- ʻO Armenia, ka hapa nui o ke kahakai o ka muliwai Arak;
- kekahi mau ʻāpana o ʻAzerbaijan;
- Crimea;
- kekahi mau ʻāpana o Belarus;
- ʻaneʻane pau o Ukraine;
- Māhele ʻo Tambov;
- ʻāpana ʻokoʻa o Europe komohana;
- Nā ʻāina ʻĀkia;
- ʻO Samarkand.
Noho nā pepeke i nā helu he nui i nā wao akua saline, a me kahi e ulu ai nā māla cactus. I ke kenekulia 16, he ʻano cactus, kahi i hoʻomāinoino nui ʻia e nā mea kolo, i lawe ʻia i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa a aʻo ʻia e ulu ma laila. Ma hope o kēia, ua hoʻomaka pono e hānai maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻulaʻula i nā ʻano hana.
I kekahi mau ʻāina a me nā ʻāina, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mahiʻai kūikawā kahi i hānai nui ʻia ai ka cochineal. ʻO ia mau māla i kū ma Guatemala, nā Mokupuni Canary, Sepania, a me nā ʻAilana ʻApelika. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he nui loa o nā mea kolo ma Mekiko a me Peru, kahi a hiki i kēia lā i unuhi ʻia ai kahi kala maoli mai nā ilo. Ma ʻEulopa, ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hana i nā mahiʻai like, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa kēia mau hoʻāʻo ma muli o nā peculiarities o nā kūlana aniau a me ka nele o ka ʻike a me ka ʻike.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e loaʻa ai ka cochineal. E nānā kāua i ka mea a kēia ʻenekia e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a ka cochineal?
Kiʻi: Cochineal ʻulaʻula
ʻO Cochineal kahi parasite. Noho ka ʻenekia ma nā mea kanu. Me ke kōkua o ka proboscis kūikawā, pili ia i ka mahele o nā mea kanu a hānai i ka wai i loko o kona ola. He mea maʻamau no ka neʻe ʻana o nā kāne mai kahi mea kanu a i kahi kanu ʻē aʻe. Hoʻolilo nā wahine i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa i hoʻokahi mea kanu. ʻAi maoli lākou iā ia. ʻO ia ke kumu e wili maoli ai nā limahana e ʻohiʻohi i nā kolo iā lākou i nā lau ākea me kahi palaki ʻoʻoleʻa.
ʻIke leʻaleʻa: Loaʻa nā kolo i ka hue cherry ma muli o ka hānai ʻana i ka wai o nā hua kakaka ʻulaʻula.
Inā lawa ka lako o ka meaʻai, a laila hana kope pololei nā kolo i ka ʻili o nā lau. Ma muli o kēia, ma nā mahiʻai he nui kahi i ulu ai nā ʻūpā i nā ʻano hana, ʻaʻole i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me nā palaki a i ʻole nā hāmeʻa ʻē aʻe, akā hemo wale i nā lau a waiho ʻia i nā hangar kūikawā. No laila, ʻoiai e ola mau ana ka mea kanu, ola nā kolo. Ke hoʻomaka a maloʻo nā lau o ka cactus, ʻohiʻohi ʻia ka cochineal a loaʻa i kahi kala ʻulaʻula.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: wahine Cochineal
No nā holoholona kolo ka ʻenekia, alakaʻi i kahi nohona ma lalo o ka honua. Koho ʻia ia ma luna wale nō i ka wā hānau. Alakaʻi nā wahine i kahi nohona parasite. Hoʻolilo lākou i ko lākou ola pōkole holoʻokoʻa ma ka mea kanu hoʻokahi, a haʻalele ʻole iā ia. Pili maoli lākou iā ia.
I kēia lā, ʻohiʻohi ʻepekema i ka nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hana nui a ka ʻeneto. Pili kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ulu hou ka hoihoi iā ia ma ke ʻano he kumu kala.
ʻIke ʻia e piʻi nā kānaka wahine i ka papa o ka lepo wale nō i ka manawa ke hiki ke hānau. Hana pinepine kēia i ka mahina o Kepakemapa. Aia i loko o kēia wā e pāhaʻi ai nā mea kolo, a ma hope iho make lākou. Noho nā wahine i hoʻokahi mahina ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā kāne. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka pono e haʻalele i nā keiki.
Kūleʻa nā kolo, ʻoi aku nā wahine. Neʻe iki aʻe nā kāne, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma muli o ke ʻano o nā lālā a me ke alo o hoʻokahi ʻēheu. Ma ke kūlohelohe, manuahi nā pepelu, keu hoʻi nā wahine i ka wā hānau.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e loaʻa i nā lū wahine i kahi ʻano pear, a laila elliptical, a puni wale paha. I kēia manawa, lilo lākou i nā antennae a me nā lālā, e hana ana i kahi cyst. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i nā cist ke ʻano o nā wahine a me nā kāne.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Cochineal
I kēlā manawa, ke mākaukau nā mea o ka wahine a me ke kāne e hānau hou, kolo lākou i ka honua. Ma hope koke o ka momona o ka wahine, make ke kāne. Noho kekahi wahine ma kahi o 28-30 mau lā hou aku. I nā wahine i piʻi i ka ʻili, ʻaneʻane paʻa ʻia ka lua o ka ʻōpū e ka ʻōnaehana hānau.
Hōʻike ʻia e nā kino aʻe:
- ʻelua mau ovaries;
- nā oviduct pālua a pālua ʻole ʻia;
- ʻāpala;
- spermathecae
Ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, kanu ʻia ka wahine i loko o ka lepo a hohonu o 1.5-2 kenimika. I ka lepo, hoʻohana nā wahine i kā lākou glands e ulana i nā pae kūikawā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi ʻeke, a i ʻole ka ʻoka no nā hua. Hānau kēlā wahine kēia wahine i hoʻokahi keiki. Hiki iā ia ke kau i nā hua he 800-1000 i ka manawa. Ma hope o ka hūnā malū ʻana o nā hua i loko o ka cocoon, moe ka wahine i lalo a make a uhi ʻia me kona kino. Ma hope, e lilo ia i pale no nā keiki e hiki mai ana.
I ka lepo ma lalo o ke kino o ka wahine, i kahi cocoon pale, hoʻolilo lākou ma kahi o 7-8 mau mahina. I ka hopena o Malaki, i ka hoʻomaka o ʻApelila, ua kū mai nā ʻūlū loloa loihi mai nā ʻūlū. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ke alo o nā antennae, nā lālā, a me nā bristles lōʻihi like proboscis. Me ke kōkua o kēia mau hulu, pili nā wahine i nā mea kanu a lākou e lūlū ai. A laila hoʻonui iki ka wahine i ka nui, nalo i ka antennae a me nā lālā, a hana i kahi cyst. He mea mau no nā kāne e hana i kahi cyst. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka nui o ka cyst kāne e like paha me ka hapalua o ka cyst wahine. Ma kahi o ka hopena o ke kauwela, hana ka poʻe cista i ka metamorphosis, i ka manawa e hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā lālā a me nā antennae i nā wahine.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o cochineals
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka cochineal
Ke noho nei i nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ʻaʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā kolo. Loaʻa kēia ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole lākou kahi kumu o ka meaʻai no nā manu, nā kolo ʻē aʻe a holoholona paha. Manaʻo ʻia ke kanaka ka ʻenemi wale o ka cochineal. Ma mua, ua luku ʻia nā mea kolo i nā nui he nui i mea e loaʻa ai ke kala i kapa ʻia ka waihoʻoluʻu - carmine. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano kala ma lalo o ka inoa carmine, a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai E 120. He ākea loa ka laulā a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka carmine.
Ma hea ka pigment kala e hoʻohana ai:
- ʻOihana meaʻai. Hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea inu kalapona a me nā mea ʻona, i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana iʻa, confectionery, jelly, marmalade, ice cream, nā mea ʻono, nā wahi maloʻo maloʻo;
- Hana i nā mea hoʻonani a me nā mea poni. Hoʻohui ʻia ka pigment i lipstick, lip gloss, blush, eyeshadow, a pēlā aku.
- Nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe pilikino. Hoʻopili kēia i nā kopa, nā ʻāpana gel, nā niho niho, a pēlā aku.
- ʻOihana lole. Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka penaʻana o nā lole, nā pae, nā olonā;
- Iecaianoaaiiuo o nā meaʻai meaʻai waiū. Ke hana nei i ka aniani, jam, mālama, kekahi ʻano momona.
Loaʻa ka manawa kūpono i loko o ka carmine i loko o nā meaʻai e ʻono a ʻaʻala paha e like me nā strawberry, raspberry, strawberry a i ʻole nā cherry.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ʻenekia Cochineal
I kēia lā, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli ka heluna cochineal. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau manawa ke kūlike ʻole i loko o kāna ʻano maoli. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hōʻiliʻili nui o ka pepeke i nā nui, a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā lau cactus ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā mea kolo.
I ke kenekulia 19, aneane pau loa nā mea kolo. Ma hope o kēlā, hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā mahiʻai no ka mahi ʻana i ka hana a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka cochineal. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mālama kūlohelohe. Ua hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke hoʻomohala i kahi hoʻolālā kūikawā e ʻae iā ʻoe e piʻi a i 5-6 mau manawa o nā ʻino i hiki i nā kūlana kūlohelohe.
I ka manawa i aʻo ai ka poʻe e hana ikaika i nā kala synthetic, nalowale wale ka pono e kiʻi i ka carmine. Hoʻomau ka noho ʻana o nā mahi hānai i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o nā mea kolo a pale i ko lākou pau loa ʻana i ka make. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua hoʻomaka ke kanalua nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kala synthetic, a laila ua hoʻolaha lākou i ko lākou ʻano carcinogenic a me ka ʻeha i ke olakino.
ʻO Cochineal - he mau kolo kupaianaha kēia i hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia e ke kanaka e kiʻi i ka carmine ʻulaʻula. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i kēia manawa i nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā meaʻai.
Ka lā o ka paʻi ʻana: 28.01.2020
Lā hou: 07.10.2019 ma 23:42
