Holothuria ʻo ia hoʻi ka cucumber kai, a me kāna ʻano ʻoihana, i hopu ʻia ma ka Hikina Hikina, he trepang. He papa holoʻokoʻa kēia o nā echinod germ, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 1,000 mau ʻano, i kekahi manawa ʻokoʻa loa i kekahi i kekahi i ka helehelena, akā hoʻohui ʻia e kahi kumu maʻamau, ʻano like kūloko a me ka nohona.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Holothuria
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia nā fosil echinod germ ma muli o ka mālama pono ʻia ʻana o ko lākou iwi iwi mineralized a ʻike ʻia hoʻi. ʻO nā mea kahiko loa o nā echinod germ i hoʻi mai i ka Cambrian, aia ma kahi o 520 miliona mau makahiki. Mai ia manawa, ʻikea ka helu nui o lākou i ka manawa hoʻokahi, a lilo ka laulā i ākea.
Ma muli o kēia, hōʻike kekahi mau mea noiʻi ua ʻike ʻia nā echinoderm mua ma mua o ka Cambrian, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia mau mana i kahi hōʻoia lawa. Ma hope koke o ko lākou helehelena, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa e noho mau nei ma ka Honua, me nā kukama kai - ua ʻike ʻia lākou mai ka wā ʻo Ordovician, nā mea kahiko i loaʻa ma kahi o 460 miliona mau makahiki i hala.
Video: Holothuria
ʻO nā kūpuna o ka echinod germ nā holoholona ola manuahi me ka symmetry ʻelua. A laila ʻike ʻia ʻo Carpoidea, he sedentary lākou. Ua uhi ʻia ko lākou kino i nā pā, a ua kau ʻia ko lākou waha a me ko lākou mau anus ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka pae aʻe ʻo Cystoidea a i ʻole globules. Ua ʻike ʻia nā Groove no ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka meaʻai a puni ko lākou waha. Mai nā globule i ulu pololei nā kukama kai - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā papa o nā echinodermia ʻē aʻe, i iho pū mai hoʻi me lākou, akā e kāpae ana i nā pae ʻē aʻe. A ʻo kahi hopena, loaʻa nō i nā holothurians nā ʻano primitive he nui i kūlike i nā globular.
A ʻo nā kukama kai lākou iho kahi papa kahiko loa i loli iki i loko o nā haneli miliona mau makahiki i hala. Ua wehewehe ʻia lākou e ka mea loea ʻalani Palani A.M. ʻO Blanville i ka makahiki 1834, ʻo Holothuroidea ka inoa Lakina o ka papa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Aia ka nui o ka vanadium i ke koko o nā kukama kai - a i 8-9%. A ʻo kahi hopena, hiki ke huki ʻia kēia metala waiwai mai iā lākou i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka holothurian
ʻOkoʻa ka nui o nā kukama kai. ʻO nā holothurians makua, nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa, ulu a 5 mm, a ʻo nā mea e pili ana i nā mea nui hiki ke piʻi i hoʻokahi mika, ʻelua, a i ʻole ʻelima paha, e like me kahi synapt spotted. He mea hoihoi nā lunamaka o kēia laha ka nui loa a me ka hana ma waena o nā kukama kai.
Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kala o kēia mau holoholona, aia nā kukama kai o kēlā me kēia kala o ke ānuenue. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i monochromatic, speckled, spotted, striped: ʻoi aku, ʻo nā hui kala hiki ke lilo i mea i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, ʻo kahi laʻana, aia nā mea polū-ʻalani. Pili ka mea like i ka ʻōlinolino a me ka māʻona o ke kani: hiki i nā holothurians ke mae a mae loa. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻokoʻa loa i ka hoʻopā ʻana: paheʻe kekahi, paheʻe kekahi, a ʻo nā mea ulu he nui i waho. Kū like lākou i ke ʻano me nā ilo, lahilahi a hānai maikaʻi ʻia paha, e like me ka kukama, spherical, a pēlā aku.
I loko o kahi huaʻōlelo, he mau mea ʻokoʻa loa ka poʻe holothurians, akā ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e hōʻike ai, inā ʻaʻole āpau, a laila kokoke i nā ʻano āpau. ʻO ka mua: clumsiness. ʻO ka pinepine, ua like nā kukama o ke kai me nā ʻenuhe mololo; moe lākou ma lalo ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a neʻe mālie me ia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou e ka symmetry ʻelima, ʻoiai ma waho ʻaʻole ʻike koke ʻia kēia. He paia mānoanoa ko ke kino. Ma kekahi wēlau o ke kino, aia kahi waha e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā tentacles. ʻO ka maʻa mau mai hoʻokahi a i ʻekolu mau kakini o lākou, me kā lākou kōkua ke kiʻi mai nā kukama kai i nā meaʻai.
Kūlike ke ʻano o ka tentacles ma muli o ka mea a nā ʻano kukama kai e ʻai ai. Hiki iā lākou ke pōkole a hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi, e like me ka scapula, a i ʻole ka lōʻihi a me ka lālā nui. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mea mua e ʻeli i ka lepo, ʻo ka lua e kānana i ka plankton mai ka wai. Kaulana ʻo Holothuria no ka mea ʻo ka lua o ka wehe, ka anal, lawelawe no ka hemo ʻana o ka ʻōpala wale nō, akā no ka hanu pū kekahi. Huki ka holoholona i ka wai i loko ona, a laila komo i loko o kahi meaola e like me nā māmā o ka wai, kahi e kānana ʻia ai ka oxygen mai ona aku.
Nui nā wāwae o nā kukama kai - ulu lākou ma ka lōʻihi o ke kino. Me kā lākou kōkua, manaʻo nā holoholona i ka lewa a puni, a neʻe kekahi: ʻo nā wāwae no ka neʻe hiki ke hana maʻamau a lōʻihi paha. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano no ka neʻe ʻana o ka wāwae ʻaʻole hoʻohana a hoʻohana iki paha, a neʻe ka hapanui ma muli o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o nā mākala o ka paia o ke kino.
Ma hea e noho ai ka kukama kai?
Kiʻi: kūkamo kai
He ākea loa ko lākou ākea a komo i nā moana āpau a me ka hapa nui o nā kai o ka Honua. ʻO nā kai kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā kukama kai, he kakaikahi loa ia, ma waena o lākou, ʻo kahi laʻana, ʻo ka Baltic a me Caspian. Noho ka hapa nui o nā holothurians āpau i nā wai mehana o ka tropic, makemake lākou e noho kokoke i nā koʻa, akā noho lākou i ke kai anuanu.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hui me nā holothurians ma ka wai papau kokoke i kahakai, a i ka hohonu, a hiki i nā kaumaha hohonu: ʻoiaʻiʻo, he mau ʻano ʻokoʻa loa kēia, ʻokoʻa loa i kēlā me kēia. Ma kahi hohonu o ka honua, ʻo ka Mariana Trench, ma lalo loa, e noho pū nā kukama kai. Hana lākou i kahi ʻāpana nui o ka heluna kanaka o ka lalo, i kekahi manawa ke ʻano maʻalahi wale ia me lākou. I nā hohonu hohonu - ʻoi aku ma mua o 8000 m, ʻo ka macrofauna (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka mea e ʻike ʻia e ka maka o ke kanaka) e hōʻike mua ʻia e lākou, ma kahi o 85-90% o nā mea ola āpau āpau e pili ana i ka papa o ka holothurians.
Hōʻike kēia, no nā primitiveness āpau o kēia mau mea ola, ua hoʻololi pono ʻia lākou i ke ola i ka hohonu a hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi poʻo nui i nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. E emi wale kā lākou ʻano ʻokoʻa ma hope o ka mika 5,000, a laila mālie hoʻi. He kakaikahi loa nā holoholona i hiki ke hoʻokūkū me lākou i ka unpretentiousness.
Aia kekahi mauʻano o nā kukama kai, ka lole e hōʻoia i ka hiki ke lana i loko o ka wai: wehe wale lākou mai lalo a neʻe mālie i kahi hou, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻauʻau kūikawā no ka maneuvering. Akā noho nō lākou ma lalo, koe wale nō kekahi ʻano e noho ana i ke kolamu wai: ʻo Pelagothuria natatrix ia, a ʻau mau i ke ala i hōʻike ʻia.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ke kukama kai. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka mea a ka kukama kai e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Holothuria i ke kai
ʻO ka papaʻai o nā kukama kai:
- plankton;
- ke koena i hoʻonoho ʻia a noho i lalo;
- limu;
- koʻohune.
Ma ke ʻano o ka meaʻai, hiki i nā lāhui ke ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, hoʻopili nā kukama kai i ka wai, hōʻiliʻili i nā meaola liʻiliʻi mai iā ia, a ʻohiʻohi paha i ka meaʻai mai lalo. Hoʻohana ka mea kahiko i nā tentacles uhi uhi slime no ka kānana, kahi e hoʻopili ai nā lāʻau plankton a pau, a laila hoʻouna lākou i ka mea pio i loko o kā lākou waha.
Hoʻohana ka mea hope i nā tentacles i ke ala like, akā hōʻiliʻili i ka mea pio mai ka lalo. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hoʻouna ʻia kahi hui o nā mea āpau i loaʻa i ka lalo i ka ʻōnaehana digestive, a ma laila e hana ʻia ai ka meaʻai olakino, a hoʻolei ʻia nā mea āpau āpau: pono e hoʻoneʻe pinepine i nā ʻōpū o ka kukama kai, no ka mea ke omo ia i nā ʻōpala lapuwale he nui ʻole.
ʻAʻole ʻo ia e hānai wale i nā meaola ola, akā, i nā ʻaʻa hoʻi i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia o nā mea ola - detritus, i kāna papa kuhikuhi he hapa nui ia. Hoʻopomo pū kekahi ia i nā bacteria he nui, no ka mea, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi loa ia, aia ka nui o lākou i loko o ka wai a ma lalo, a pili pū lākou i nā tentacles pili.
Mea hoihoi: Ma hope o ka lawe ʻana mai loko mai o ka wai, e kāpīpī iā ia me ka paʻakai e paʻakikī ai. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hana koke i kēia, e palupalu kona mau kino mai ka lewa, a e like ia me ka jelly.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Holothuria, a i ʻole hua manu kai
ʻOiai he mea ola ke kumulāʻau kai, ʻaʻohe pono e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi ʻano, a he maʻalahi a monotonous kona ola. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kukama o ke kai e waiho wale ma ka lalo me kahi kiʻekiʻe i hāpai iki ʻia, kahi e kau ai ka waha. Lohi loa ʻo ia, a me ka meaʻai, ma ka nui, kāna hana wale nō.
Holo mālie ʻo ia ma ke kai, a i ʻole lele i ka wai me ka hana ʻole. I ka hōʻea ʻana i kahi i makemake ʻia, momona i ka meaʻai, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻai, a laila moe wale i lalo a pololi hou.
Moe mau ia ma ka ʻaoʻao like, i kapa ʻia he trivium. ʻOiai ʻoe e huli kikoʻī iā ia i kēlā ʻaoʻao, a laila e huli hou ia. I kekahi manawa hoʻomaka ka kukama kai e haehae i ka lalo, akā ʻaʻole ia e hana wikiwiki i kēia. Ma ke ʻano he mea nui nā mea hoʻoponopono detritus, hana nui nā kukama kai i ke ʻano.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: ʻO Carapus affinis, kahi iʻa liʻiliʻi loa, e noho pono i loko o nā kukama kai, i loko o kā lākou ihu. No laila, pale ʻia ia, a mai ka hanu ʻana o nā kukama kai ma o kēia lua, aia mau ka wai hou i loko. Ma waho o ia, hiki i nā kukama kai ke lilo i hale no nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe e like me nā pāpaʻi a me nā ilo.
Aia kekahi ʻano o nā kukama kai i pale ʻia mai kēlā poʻe kamaʻāina ʻole i kono ʻia: aia nā niho i ko lākou anus e ʻeha a pepehi paha i ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻea i laila.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Holothuria ma lalo o ka wai
I nā manawa maʻamau, ʻaʻole pili ka pilina kanaka ma waena o nā kukama kai ʻoiai lākou e noho kokoke ana kekahi i kekahi, ʻoiai i nā hui nui. ʻAʻole lākou e pane i kā lākou mau hoa ʻohana, mai komo i nā hakakā ma luna o ka ʻāina a noho wale i kahi kaʻawale, a inā ʻaʻohe, neʻe lākou a ʻike lākou.
ʻO ka manawa wale nō e hoihoi ai i ka ʻohana ka wā hānau. Ke hiki mai ia, hoʻomaka ka poʻe holothurians e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona, me ke kōkua o lākou e loaʻa ai kahi hoa. ʻO ka mea hoʻomomona i loko o lākou he kūwaho: hoʻokuʻu ka wahine i nā hua i loko o ka wai, hoʻokuʻu ke kāne i ka sperm - pēlā e hana ai.
Eia hou, hiki i nā hua manu momona ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa: hopu nā lunamaka o kekahi mau ʻano iā lākou a hoʻopili iā lākou i ko lākou kino, no laila ke pale nei. Ua lilo koke ka makemake o kekahi poʻe iā lākou, no laila e hina lākou i lalo a lawe ʻia e ke au. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa loa ka lōʻihi o ke kūkulu ʻana no nā ʻano ʻokoʻa.
Akā aia kekahi mea like me nā kukama kai o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa: he nui nā pae o kā lākou larvae. Ua like ka mea mua me nā echinodermia ʻē aʻe āpau a ua kapa ʻia he dipleurula. Ma ka awelika, ma hope o 3-4 mau lā, ulu ia i auricularia, a ma hope o kekahi manawa i ke ʻano kolu - dololaria.
ʻAno like ke ʻano mua no nā laha āpau, akā hiki i ka lua a me ke kolu ke ʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia ʻo vitellaria a me pentacula. ʻO ka maʻamau, i ka huina, noho ka kukama kai i kēia mau ʻano ʻekolu no 2-5 mau pule, e hānai nei i nā limu unicellular.
Ma hope o kēlā, lilo ia i kanaka makua, e ola ana he 5-10 mau makahiki, ke make ʻole ia ma muli o kekahi predator. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka hana kolohe ʻana i nā kukama o ke kai, hiki nō hoʻi iā lākou ke asexual, e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana he nui, a laila ulu aʻe kēlā a me kēia i makua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā holothurians
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka holothurian
Nui nā kukama kai ma ka lalo, ʻoiai lākou lohi a pale maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, a no laila he nui nā mea ʻaihue e ʻimi iā lākou mai kēlā me kēia manawa.
I waena o lākou:
- tetraodones;
- hoʻoulu iʻa;
- pāpaʻi;
- ʻulaʻula;
- pāpaʻi hermit;
- hōkū kai.
Akā he mau kakaikahi wale nō ka hānai iā lākou mau. Loaʻa kēia i ka hōʻiliʻili o nā toxins i loko o kā lākou mauʻaʻaʻa (ʻo ka mea nui i kapa ʻia kūpono - holothurin), a ʻo ka ʻai pinepine ʻana o nā kukama kai i nā meaʻai e hoʻopōʻino i ke ola kai.
ʻO nā laha i loaʻa ai nā kukama kai ke kumu nui o ka meaʻai, he mea nui ke kuhi, ʻo ka mea mua, nā barela. Hoʻouka kēia mau mollusks i nā kukama kai ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka lāʻau make i loko o lākou, a laila e omo ana i nā mea palupalu mai ka mea maʻi lōlō. ʻAʻole weliweli nā Toxins no lākou.
Hiki i nā iʻa ke hānai i kēia poʻe noho ma lalo, akā hana iki lākou, ʻo ka mea nui i kēlā mau hihia ke hiki ʻole ke loaʻa iā lākou nā mea pio ʻē aʻe. Ma waena o nā ʻenemi o ka holothurians, pono e ʻike ʻia ka poʻe, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻano mea ʻono a paʻa ʻia i kahi pae ʻoihana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: hiki iā Holothuria ke pale iā ia iho mai nā mea ʻaihue i hoʻokahi wale nō ala: hoʻolei ʻo ia i kekahi o kāna mau mea kūloko, a me lākou nā mea make e hoʻoweliweli ai nā poʻe ʻimi i loko o ka wai. No ka kukama o ke kai ponoʻī, ʻaʻole ia he mea make, no ka mea hiki iā ia ke ulu i nā mea hou ma kahi o nā mea nalowale.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Holothuria
ʻAʻole hiki ke helu ʻia ka heluna nui o kēlā me kēia ʻano o nā kukama kai ma muli o ka noho o lākou i ka moana. A inā hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka helu o kekahi mau laha ma ka liʻiliʻi, no ka mea, noho lākou i ka hohonu pāpaʻu, i nā ʻāpana i aʻo maikaʻi ʻia o ke kai, a laila ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka heluna o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻIke wale mākou he nui ka nui o lākou, kokoke lākou e uhi i ka lalo o ka moana: ʻo ko lākou nui ma kēlā me kēia mika mika o ka ʻili he mau kakini mau kānaka. No laila, na lākou e hāʻawi i ka hāʻawi nui i ka hana ʻana o ka lepo a me nā ʻāpana meaola e hāʻule ana ma luna.
Hoʻohana ʻo Holothurian a me nā poʻe iā ia no nā kumu like ʻole. ʻAi ʻia lākou i ka hapanui - ma Kina a me nā ʻāina o Hikina Hema Asia, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai lākou i nā ʻano kīʻaha like ʻole, mai nā salakeke a i nā soups. Hoʻohana ʻia nā toxins a lākou e hana ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lāhui i nā ʻāina ʻĀsia. Hana ʻia nā kalima a me nā aila mai kā lākou lole.
Ma muli o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, ua loli nui ʻia kekahi mau ʻano ola e noho ana ma kahakai, ʻo ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka nā aupuni o nā ʻāina Hikina Hema e hakakā me ka lawena hewa ʻole o nā trepangs, e hoʻokau ana i nā palena ma ke kumu kūʻai, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻa kālā o ke kālepa ʻana i nā ʻano lāuna a pipiʻi hoʻi. I kēia mau lā, ulu nui nā kukama kai i ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana, no ka mea, hoʻoliʻiliʻi kēia i nā kumukūʻai. Akā ʻo ka poʻe i ulu i ke kūlohelohe e hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai.
Holothuria he mea nui loa ia no ke kaiaolaola o ko mākou honua, ʻo ia nā macroorganism maʻamau o ka moana. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou ma mua, akā ma muli o kēia, hiki iā lākou ke noho i loko o nā ʻano i hiki ʻole i nā holoholona ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ke ola. Pono no nā poʻe: hoʻohana mua ʻia ia i ka kuke ʻana, akā i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau.
Lā paʻi: 12/30/2019
Lā hou: 12.09.2019 ma 10:25
