Nipple - he moʻo kēia, ʻo ka mea wale nō o ka genus o nā kākini. Hāʻawi ke Kūlohelohe i nā kāne o kēia laha me kahi "hoʻonaninani" kū hoʻokahi - kahi ihu nunui, hāhā, kukumba e like me ka mea e hoʻomākeʻaka loa ai lākou. ʻO ka endomy ololi, kekahi o nā holoholona kupaianaha o ka mokupuni ʻo Borneo, kahi ʻano laha ke aneane make.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Nosach
ʻO ka inoa piha o ka mōneka he nosy maʻamau, a i ʻole ma ka Lākina - Nasalis larvatus. No ka ʻohana poʻokela kēia o nā mākua mai nā ʻohana mōnika. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka inoa Lakina o ka genus "Nasalis" me ka ʻole o ka unuhi ʻana, a ʻo ka huaʻōlelo kikoʻī "larvatus" ʻo ia hoʻi "uhi ʻia e kahi pale maka, uhi" ʻoiai ʻaʻohe makakiʻi o kēia mōneka. ʻIke ʻia nō ia ma Runet ma lalo o ka inoa "kakhau". Kachau - onomatopoeia, kekahi mea e like me ka ʻuā ʻana o ka nosy, ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka pilikia.
Video: Nosach
ʻAʻohe koena o nā mōʻalihaku i ʻike ʻia, no ka mea maoli paha ua noho lākou i nā wahi pulu, kahi e mālama pono ʻole ʻia ai nā iwi. Manaʻo ʻia aia lākou i ka hopena o Pliocene (3.6 - 2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala). Ma Yunnan (Kina) i loaʻa kahi keiki bipi wahine ʻōiwi mai ka genop Mesopithecus, i manaʻo ʻia he kūpuna no ka nosy. Hōʻike kēia ʻo kēia ke kikowaena o nā mōʻī me nā ihu ʻē a me ko lākou mau hoahānau. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona morphological o kēia hui ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke ola i nā lāʻau.
ʻO nā pili pili kokoke loa o nā ihu nā ʻenekini ihu lahilahi (rhinopithecus, pygatrix) a me nā simias. He primata lākou āpau mai ka Hikina Hema ʻo Asia, hoʻololi ʻia hoʻi i ka hānai ʻana i nā meaʻai mea kanu a noho i nā kumulāʻau.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka sock
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka ihu he 66 - 75 cm i nā kāne a 50 - 60 cm i nā wahine, a me kahi huelo o 56 - 76 cm, kahi like like i nā kāne ʻelua. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kāne makua mai ka 16 a 22 kg, ʻo ka wahine, e like me ka mea i ʻike pinepine ʻia i nā mōneka, ʻaneʻane ʻelua manawa liʻiliʻi. Ma ka awelika, ma kahi o 10 kg. ʻAnoʻino ke kiʻi o ka mōneka, me he mea lā he nui ka holoholona: heʻe i nā poʻohiwi, kūlou i hope a me ka ʻōpū momona maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, neʻe kupaianaha ka wikiwiki a me ka wikiwiki, mahalo i nā lālā muscular lōʻihi me nā manamana lima paʻa.
ʻO ke keikikāne kāne ke nānā aku i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka ʻōlinolino. Me he mea lā e uhi ʻia kona poʻo pālahalaha me kahi beret huluhulu ʻeleʻele, mai lalo e nānā ai nā maka ʻeleʻele mālie, a kanu ʻia kona mau papalina tanned i kahi ʻumiʻumi a me nā pale o kahi kola huluhulu. ʻO kahi helehelena liʻiliʻi loa, lauoho ʻole ke nānā aku i ke kanaka, ʻoiai ka waha o ka ihu e hāʻule ana, e kū ana i 17.5 cm ka lōʻihi a uhi i kahi waha liʻiliʻi, hāʻawi iā ia i kahi caricature.
ʻO ka ʻili me ka lauoho pokole ma ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao he ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, mālamalama me ka ʻulaʻula i ka ʻaoʻao ventral, a me kahi keʻokeʻo ma ka ʻōpala. Hinahina nā lālā a me ka huelo, ʻeleʻele ka ʻili o nā palem a me nā wāwae. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi a wīwī hoʻi o nā wahine, me nā kua ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, me ka ʻole o ke kola i haʻi ʻia, a ʻo ka mea nui loa, me ka ihu ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻoi aku ka nani. ʻO ka ihu o ka wahine e like me ko ka Baba Yaga: e kuakea ana, me kahi piko iki i piʻo ʻia. Ihu ihu nā keiki a ʻano ʻokoʻa i ke kala mai nā mākua. He poʻoʻeleʻele ko lākou poʻo a me nā poʻohiwi, ʻoiai ke hina o ko lākou kino a me nā wāwae. ʻO kaʻili o nā keiki a hiki i hoʻokahi a me ka hapa makahiki ka uliuli-ʻeleʻele.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: No ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka ihu nunui, he cartilage kūikawā ka ihu ʻaʻohe mika ʻē aʻe.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o kahi kākini. E nānā kāua i kahi e noho ai kēia mōneka.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nosy?
Kiʻi: Sock i ke kūlohelohe
Aia ka palena o ka nosha i ka moku ʻo Borneo (no Brunei, Malaysia a me Indonesia) a me nā mokupuni pili liʻiliʻi. ʻO ke aniau o kēia mau wahi kahi pulu, tropical, me nā loli kau iki ʻike ʻole ʻia: ʻo ka awelika o ka mahana ma Ianuali he + 25 ° C, i Iulai - + 30 ° C, puna a me ke kauwela e hōʻailona ʻia e ka ua mau. I ka lewa mau o ka ea, ulu pono nā mea kanu, hoʻolako i kahi e hoʻomalu ai a me nā meaʻai no nā ihu. Noho ʻo Monkeys ma nā ululāʻau ma nā awāwa o nā kahawai pālahalaha, ma nā peat bogs a me nā mangroves o nā muliwai muliwai. Mai kahakai i uka, lawe ʻia aku lākou ma mua o 2 km, ma nā wahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 200 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia lākou.
Ma nā ululāʻau dipterocarp lowland o nā kumulāʻau nui mau loa, manaʻo ʻoi aku ka maluhia o ka ihu a moe pinepine i ka pō ma laila ma nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe loa, kahi e makemake ai lākou i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 10 a 20 m. wai i ka wā ua. Hoʻololi kūpono nā ihu i kēlā ʻano noho a hiki ke maʻalahi i nā kahawai a 150 m ākea. ʻAʻole lākou e makaʻu i ke kaiāulu o ka poʻe, inā ʻaʻole komo nui ko lākou alo, a noho lākou i nā māla o hevea a me nā lāʻau pāma.
Aia ka nui o nā panalāʻau a lākou e neʻe ai i ka lako o ka meaʻai. Hiki i kekahi hui ke hele wāwae ma kahi o 130 a 900 hectares, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke ʻano o ka ululāʻau, me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻole i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hānai ma aneʻi. I nā pāka aupuni kahi e hānai ʻia ai nā holoholona, hoʻemi ʻia ka wahi i 20 hectares. Hiki i kahi ʻohana ke hele i 1 km i kēlā me kēia lā, akā ʻo ka maʻamau ʻoi aku ka pōkole o kēia mamao.
He aha ka meaʻai a ka nosy?
Kiʻi: Monkey Nosy
ʻAneʻane piha ka mea ʻai i ka mea hānai. ʻO kāna papaʻai nā pua, nā huaʻai, nā ʻanoʻano a me nā lau o nā mea kanu o 188 mau ʻano, a he 50 mau kumuhana o nā lau. Hana ʻia nā lau i 60-80% o nā meaʻai āpau, nā hua 8-35%, nā pua 3-7%. I kahi mea liʻiliʻi, ʻai ʻo ia i nā mea kolo a me nā pāpaʻi. I kekahi manawa ʻūnū ʻo ia i ka ʻili o kekahi mau kumulāʻau a ʻai i nā pūnana o nā lāʻau lāʻau, ʻoi aku ke kumu o nā minelala ma mua o ka protein.
ʻO ke kumu, ʻume ʻia ka ihu e:
- nā lunamaka o ka lā nui Eugene, ka mea maʻa mau i ka tropic;
- maduka, nona na hua i waiwai i ka aila;
- ʻO Lofopetalum kahi mea kanu papaka Java a me nā lāhui hana nahele.
- ficuses;
- durian and mango;
- nā pua o ka limnocharis melemele a me ka agapanthus.
ʻO ka predominance o kekahi a i ʻole kekahi kumu meaʻai e pili ana i ke kau, mai Ianuali a Mei, ʻai ka nosy i nā hua, mai Iune a Kekemapa - lau. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lau e nā ʻōpio, wehe wale ʻia, a ʻaʻohe ʻai nā mākua. Hānai nui ia ma hope o ka hiamoe ʻana i ke kakahiaka a me ka pō ma mua o ka hiamoe ʻana. I ke ao, hoʻopilikia ʻo ia me nā meaʻai māmā, nā kāʻei a me ka nau ʻana i ka gum no ka mea pono o ka digestion.
Loaʻa i ka piko i ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi a me ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi lōʻihi o nā kino liʻiliʻi. Hōʻike kēia e omo maikaʻi ʻo ia i ka meaʻai. Hiki i ka mōlika ke ʻai pū me ka ʻoki a huki ʻana i nā lālā iā ia iho, a i ʻole ke kau ʻana ma kona mau lima, ma ka maʻamau ma kekahi, ʻoiai ʻai ka mea ʻē aʻe.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: nosy maʻamau
E like me ka mea pono i kahi moʻo maikaʻi, hana ka nosy i ke ao a hiamoe i ka pō. Hoʻolālā ka hui i ka pō, e noho ana ma nā kumu kokoke, makemake i kahi kokoke i ka muliwai. ʻAi lākou i ke kakahiaka, hele lākou i ka hohonu i ka nahele no ka hele wāwae, mai kēlā me kēia manawa hoʻomaha lākou a ʻai paha. I ka pō ʻana, hoʻi lākou i ka muliwai, kahi e ʻai ai ma mua o ka hiamoe ʻana. Ua helu ʻia ua 42% o ka manawa i ka hoʻomaha, 25% i ka hele wāwae, 23% ma ka meaʻai. Hoʻomaha ke koena o ka manawa ma waena o ka pāʻani ʻana (8%) a me ke kāhiko ʻana i ka ʻahu (2%).
Neʻe nā ihu i nā ala āpau i loaʻa:
- holo i ka holo;
- lele i kahi mamao, e hoʻokuke nei me ko lākou mau wāwae;
- ke lele nei i nā lālā, hoʻolei lākou i ko lākou kino kaumaha i luna o kekahi kumulāʻau ʻē aʻe;
- hiki ke kau a neʻe i nā lālā ma ko lākou mau lima me ke kōkua ʻole o ko lākou mau wāwae, e like me nā acrobats;
- hiki ke piʻi i luna i nā lālā ʻehā;
- e hele kū pololei me ko lākou mau lima i luna i ka wai a me ka lepo ma waena o nā lau nahele mangu, ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o nā kānaka a me nā gibbons;
- ʻauʻau nui - ʻo kēia nā mea ʻauʻau maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā primata.
ʻO ka mea pohihihi o nā ihu kā lākou mea kupaianaha. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui ka ihu i ka uē o ke kāne i ka wā o ka male ʻana a ʻumeʻume i nā hoa hou aku. ʻO kahi mana ʻē aʻe - kōkua i ka lanakila i ka paio no ke alakaʻi, i loko o ka outbursting o ka hoa paio. I kēlā me kēia hihia, pili pono ke kūlana i ka nui o ka ihu a ʻo nā kāne nui i ka ʻohana nā ihu nui loa. ʻO ka uē ʻana o ka ihu o nā ihu, a lākou i hoʻopuka ai inā pilikia a i ʻole i ke kau rutting, lawe ʻia ma kahi mamao - ma kahi o 200 mau mika. Noho nā ihu a 25 mau makahiki, lawe mai nā wahine i kā lākou hānau mua i ka makahiki 3 - 5 mau makahiki, lilo nā kāne i mau mākua ma 5 - 7 mau makahiki.
Mea hoihoi: I kahi manawa he nosy, e holo nei mai kahi mea hahai holoholona, ʻauʻau ma lalo o ka wai no 28 mau minuke me ka hōʻike ʻole i ka papa. Maliʻa paha he exaggeration kēia, akā ʻauʻau maoli lākou i 20 mau mika ma lalo o ka wai.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ihu pēpē
Noho nā ihu i nā hipa liʻiliʻi i loaʻa i kahi kāne a me kāna harem, a i ʻole nā kāne kāne wale nō. Aia nā pūʻulu he 3 - 30 mau ʻīlio, kūpaʻa, akā ʻaʻole i kaʻawale loa a me nā kānaka pākahi, nā kāne a me nā wahine, hiki ke neʻe mai kekahi a i kekahi. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia e ke kaiāulu a i ʻole ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hui ʻokoʻa no nā noho pō. ʻAʻole kūpilikiʻi nā ihu i ka huhū, a i nā hui ʻē aʻe. Kākaʻikahi loa lākou e hakakā, ʻoi aku ka uē i ka ʻenemi. ʻO ke kāne nui, i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka pale ʻana mai nā ʻenemi kūwaho, mālama i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilina ma ka ʻohana a hoʻopuehu i ka hakakā.
He hierarchy kaiāulu nā hui, i hoʻomalu ʻia e ke kāne nui. Ke makemake ʻo ia e ʻumeʻume i ka wahine, ʻuā nui ʻo ia a hōʻike i nā genitalia. ʻO kahi scrotum ʻeleʻele a me kahi peni peni ʻulaʻula e hōʻike pono i kāna mau makemake. A i ʻole kūlana kūlana. ʻAʻole e kāpae kekahi i kekahi. Akā no ka wahine ka leo hoʻoholo, e lūlū i kona poʻo, protrudes i kona mau lehelehe a hana i nā neʻe ʻē aʻe, e akāka ana ʻaʻole ʻo ia i kūʻē i ka moekolohe. Hiki i nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka pack ke ʻakeʻa i ke kaʻina hana, ma ke ʻano nui, ʻaʻole pili ka nosy i ka pono koʻikoʻi i kēia mea.
ʻAʻole pili ka hana hou i ke kau a hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa ke mākaukau ka wahine no ia. Hānau ka wahine i hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole ʻelua mau keiki me kahi wā ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki ma ka awelika. ʻO ke kaumaha o nā keiki hānau hou ma kahi o 0.5 kg. No 7 - 8 mau mahina, inu ka cub i ka waiū a holo ma luna o ka makuahine, e paʻa ana i kona huluhulu. Akā mau ka pili o ka ʻohana no kekahi mau manawa ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻana. ʻO nā keiki, ʻo ia hoʻi nā keiki hānau hou, ʻoluʻolu i ka nānā a me ka mālama ʻana o ke koena o nā wahine, ka mea hiki ke komo iā lākou, ka hahau ʻana a me ka palaki ʻana iā lākou.
Mea hoihoi: He ʻoluʻolu nā ihu i nā mōneka ʻē aʻe, kahi e noho ʻaoʻao ai lākou i loko o nā kalaunu o nā kumu lāʻau - nā macaque huelo lōʻihi, nā langurs kālā, nā gibbons a me nā orangutan, kahi e moe ai lākou i ka pō.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka ihu
Kiʻi: Nosy wahine
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe primordial o ka ihu i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole i emi iki a liʻiliʻi loa ma mua o kāna iho. Ke ʻike nei i kahi wahi ʻimi holoholona i ke kūlohelohe, paʻakikī e hoʻoholo i ka mea e kōkua ai: ka nosy a i ʻole kona hoa paio.
No laila, i nā lāʻau a ma nā wai, hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka nosy e nā ʻenemi e like me:
- aloha ka crocodile gavial e ʻimi i nā mangrove;
- ka leopadi kapua Bornean, ʻo ia ka mea ʻaneʻane make;
- nā aeto (me nā aeto ʻohe, ʻo nā manu ʻai manu ʻeleʻele, e ʻai i nā moʻo kolo) hiki ke maiʻu i kahi moʻo liʻiliʻi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku paha kēia ma mua o kahi hanana maoli.
- ʻO Breitenstein's motley python, kahi hopena kūloko, nui loa, hoʻohālua a ʻokiʻoki i nā mea i loaʻa iā ia;
- King Cobra;
- ʻo ka moʻo pepeiao pepeiao Kalimantan, kahi ʻano laha loa ma mua o ka nosy ponoʻī. ʻO kahi holoholona liʻiliʻi, akā hiki iā ia ke hopu i ka nosy pēpē ke pili ʻo ia i loko o ka wai.
Akā nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa o nā mea āpau no ka ihu ma muli o ka hana a ke kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mahiʻai, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā ululāʻau kahiko no nā mahi kanu laiki, hevea a me nā lāʻau ʻaila e hoʻonele iā lākou i nā wahi noho.
Mea hoihoi: Manaʻo ʻia e noho ka moa i ka pō ma ke kapa o nā kahawai e pale pono iā lākou iho mai nā mea ʻino mai ka ʻāina mai. I ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana, hoʻolei koke lākou iā lākou iho i loko o ka wai a ʻau i kēlā kapa o kēlā kapa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka sock
Wahi a nā wānana hou loa, aia ma lalo o 300 mau kānaka ma Brunei, ma kahi o hoʻokahi kaukani ma Sarawak (Malaysia), a ʻoi aku ma mua o 9 tausani ma ka ʻāina ʻo ʻInidonesia. I ka huina, aia ma kahi o 10-16 tausani mau kākini i koe, akā ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka mokupuni ma waena o nā ʻāina like ʻole e paʻakikī e helu i ka nui o nā holoholona. Hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia lākou i nā waha o ka muliwai a me nā pele kahakai; loaʻa kekahi mau pūʻulu i loko o ka mokupuni.
Hoʻoemi i ka helu o ka hopu holoholona nosy, e hoʻomau nei me ka pāpā. Akā ʻo nā mea nui e hōʻemi i ka helu ka wao nahele no ka hana lāʻau a me ke puhi ʻana iā lākou e hana i ka mahiʻai. Ma ka awelika, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka wahi kūpono i ka noho ʻana o nā kākini e 2% i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Akā hiki i nā hanana o kēlā me kēia mea ke weliweli. No laila, i ka makahiki 1997 - 1998 ma Kalimantan (Indonesia), ua hoʻokō ʻia kahi papahana e hoʻolilo i nā ululāʻau i nā mahi laiki.
I ka manawa like, ma kahi o 400 hectares o ka ululāʻau i pau i ke ahi, a ʻo ka wahi nui o nā ihu a me nā primates ʻē aʻe i aneane pau loa. I kekahi mau wahi mākaʻikaʻi (Sabah), ua nalo nā kākini, ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i ke kaiāulu me nā mea mākaʻikaʻi puni honua. ʻO ka nui o ka lehulehu mai 8 a 60 mau kānaka / km2, ke kaukaʻi ʻia nei i ka haunaele o ka nohona. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma nā wahi me kahi mahiʻai hoʻomohala pilikino, e pili ana i 9 mau kānaka / km2 i loaʻa, ma nā wahi me nā mea kanu maoli i mālama ʻia - 60 mau kānaka / km2. Kuhi ka IUCN i ka nosy ma ke ʻano he lāhui ʻaneʻane pau mua.
Ka pale ʻana i nā ihu
Kiʻi: Nosach mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Ua helu ʻia ka nipple i ka IUCN Red List of Thornened Species a me kahi CITES supplement e pāpā ana i nā kālepa kūwaho i kēia mau holoholona. Hāʻule kekahi o nā wahi moʻo i nā pāka aupuni i pale ʻia. Akā ʻaʻole kōkua pinepine kēia ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa i ke kānāwai a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā mokuʻāina i ka mālama kūlohelohe. Inā ma Sabah ua ʻae ʻia kēia ana e mālama i kahi helu paʻa o ka hui kūloko, a laila i ka Kalimantan Indonesia ua hoʻemi ʻia nā heluna kanaka i nā wahi pale i ka hapalua.
ʻO kēia ana kaulana e like me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā zoo a hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia i ke kūlohelohe ʻaʻole holo pono ia ma kēia hihia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ola nā ihu i ka pio. Ma kahi liʻiliʻi loa mai ka home. ʻO ka pilikia me nā ihu ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻomanawanui i ke pio ʻana, koʻikoʻi a pīhoihoi e pili ana i ka meaʻai. Koi lākou i kā lākou meaʻai maoli a ʻaʻole ʻae i nā mea pani. Ma mua o ka ikaika o ka pāpā ʻana i nā holoholona laha ʻole, ua lawe ʻia nā kākini i nā zoo, a ma laila lākou i make ai a hiki i ka 1997.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi ʻano kuleana ʻole e pili ana i ka pono o nā holoholona ke ʻano o kēia moʻolelo. I ka pāka aupuni o ka mokupuni ʻo Kaget, ua nalowale loa nā mōneka, nona kahi o 300, ma muli o nā hana mahiʻai kū kānāwai ʻole o ka kamaʻāina kūloko. Ua make kekahi o lākou i ka wī, 84 i neʻe ʻia i nā ʻāina mālama ʻole a he 13 o lākou i make i ke koʻikoʻi. Ua lawe ʻia kekahi 61 mau holoholona i ka zoo, kahi i make ai ka 60 pakeneka ma waena o 4 mau mahina o ka hopu ʻia ʻana. ʻO ke kumu ma mua o ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana, ʻaʻole i huki ʻia nā polokalamu nānā, ʻaʻole i mālama ʻia kahi noiʻi o nā pūnaewele hou. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka hopu ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana mai i nā kākini me ka mea ʻono e koi ʻia i ka hana ʻana me kēia laha.
Nipple pono wale nō e loiloi i ke ʻano e pili ana i ka pale kūlohelohe i ka pae mokuʻāina a e hoʻoikaika i ke kuleana no ka ʻaihue ʻana i ke aupuni hoʻomalu i nā wahi pale. Hoʻoulu ka manaʻo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā holoholona e hoʻopili i ke ola o nā mahiko a hiki ke hānai i nā lau o nā niu a me ka hevea.
Lā paʻi: 12/15/2019
Lā hou: 12/15/2019 ma 21:17
