Honu nunui ʻO ia kekahi o nā holoholona i pili pinepine ʻia me nā Pae ʻo Galapagos. Manaʻo ʻia e iho mai ana mai nā kuhukukū mai ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa i holo i uka o Galapagos he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, aia kekahi mau lālā ʻē aʻe i pili ʻole i nā mokupuni like ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke noho no hoʻokahi haneli a ʻoi paha mau makahiki a pili pili ʻole i ka moʻolelo kanaka o nā mokupuni.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: honu nunui
Kū nā mea ʻelua e pili ana i nā honu nunui: ko lākou nui a me ko lākou kūpaʻa. Hiki i nā honu kāne kāne ke ulu aʻe ma kahi o 200 kg a hiki ke hali maʻalahi i kahi mākua ma ko lākou kua. ʻAʻole maopopo ke ola maoli o ka honu Galapagos hihiu, akā aia paha ma waena o 100 a me 150 mau makahiki. Ua hala ka honu kanaka makua o Madagascar, i manawaleʻa ʻia i ka Mōʻīwahine o Tonga i nā makahiki 1770, i ka makahiki 1966. Hiki wale lākou i ka moekolohe ma waena o nā makahiki 20 a 30.
Video: Turtle Nui
ʻO kekahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi aʻe ka ʻokoʻa o nā lāhui e noho ana i nā mokupuni ʻokoʻa. Ma mua he 14 mau lāhui, ua noho kēlā me kēia ma kahi mokupuni ʻokoʻa. ʻO nā heihei ʻelua, ʻo Floreana lāua ʻo Santa Fe, i pau i ka make i ka waena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāwalu. Lilo ka lāhui Fernandina i ke kenekulia iwakālua. Hoʻokahi wale nō kanaka, he kāne i kapa ʻia ʻo "Lone George", i ola i ka heihei Pinta. Ua kokoke loa ka lāhui Hispanola i ka nalowale, ke ola nei ia ma muli o ka papahana hānau o ka Darwin Research Station.
Hōʻike nā honu nunui i ka "gigantism," kahi ʻano e kōkua ʻia e nā wā lōʻihi o ke kaʻawale ka wā he aneane ʻole ka predation a nui nā kumuwaiwai. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻololi mua ʻia paha kēia, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka manawa kūpono o nā kānaka nui e pakele ai i ka huakaʻi me ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai osmotic a me ka hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i kahi ʻano maloʻo. Kākoʻo nā honu nunui Fossil mai ʻAmelika Hema i kēia ʻike.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka honu nunui
Nui nā ʻāpana o nā honu nunui i ʻike ʻia ma nā mokupuni ʻokoʻa a loaʻa i nā lāhui like ʻole. ʻO kēlā mau mea e noho ana ma nā mokupuni ʻoi aku ka nui me ka nui o ka ua ua loaʻa nā pūpū kime, ʻo ka poʻe e noho ana i nā ʻano maloʻo he mau honu liʻiliʻi a he pūpū noho.
Hele mai nā pū honu i loko o nā ʻano nui ʻelua, kohu kome a me kohu noho. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kuhukukū a noho i nā mokupuni kahi e nui ai nā mea kanu. Noho nā honu noho hulu liʻiliʻi i nā mokupuni me ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu e like me Pinzon a me Espanola. ʻO ke ʻano noho noho he mea hoʻololi e ʻae ai i ka honu e hoʻonui i kona ʻāʻī, e ʻae iā ia e hele kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ko lākou mau kaikuaʻana shell.
ʻAʻohe o nā honu me nā pūpū kihi i kahi kihi i mua o ka pūpū (pūpū), kahi e kaupalena ai i ka nui i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻāla i ko lākou mau poʻo. Noho lākou ma nā mokupuni nunui a pulu kahi e nui ai nā mea kanu. Piʻo nā honu noho kuhukukū mai luna a i mua o kā lākou pūpū, e ʻae iā lākou e kikoo e kiʻi i nā mea kanu ulu kiʻekiʻe. Noho lākou i nā mokupuni maloʻo o Galapagos, kahi i nui ʻole ai ka meaʻai.
Mea hoihoi: Noho nā honu nunui i ka inoa "pilikua", he 400 kg ke ana ana a me ka ana ʻana he 1.8 m ka lōʻihi. I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke ulu nui aʻe ma mua o ka nāhelehele.
Ma hea e noho ai ka honu nunui?
Kiʻi: honu nunui i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO ka honu nunui ʻo Galapagos kekahi o nā holoholona kaulana loa ma nā mokupuni, a ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo ka pae moku (Galapago kahi huaʻōlelo Sepania kahiko no ka honu). Ua hōʻea ka honu nunui i nā Mokupuni ʻo Galapagos mai ʻAkalakala Hema 2-3 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai lākou i 15 mau ʻano, ʻokoʻa i kā lākou morphology a me ka hāʻawi. Mai ka make ʻana o Lonely George ma 2012, ka honu hope loa ma ka Pinta Island, aia paha he ʻumi mau ola e waiho nei ma Galapagos. Kuhi ʻia ko lākou araulation ma 20,000 i kēia manawa.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO nā ʻāpana pili o nā honu Galapagos ʻo ia hoʻi ka honu nui Seychelles (Aldabrachelys hololissa), ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ua nalo i ka waena waena o nā makahiki 1800.
ʻO nā honu, kahi i lawe ʻia mai ka inoa ʻo Galapagos, ua lilo i hōʻailona o nā mokupuni, kā lākou kū hoʻokahi holoholona a hoʻoweliweli iā lākou. ʻO nā lāhui honu nunui ʻē aʻe wale nō i puni ka honua e noho nei ma ke Kai ʻInikia ma Madagascar a me Seychelles.
ʻO ka mauna kiʻekiʻe ʻo Santa Cruz a me ka lua pele ʻo Alsedo ma Isabela kahi home o ka honu nui loa. Hiki ke loaʻa nā heluna kanaka i Santiago, San Cristobal, Pinzona a me Espanola. Aia nā honu nunui ʻo Galapagos i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Hana nui lākou i ke awakea i ke kau anuanu a i ke kakahiaka a i ʻole ke ahiahi i ka wā wela.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka honu nunui. E nānā kāua e ʻai ai kēia mea kolo.
He aha ka ʻai a ka honu nunui?
Kiʻi: honu nunui ma ka ʻāina
ʻO nā honu nunui nā mea ʻai a ʻike ʻia e hānai ma luna o 50 mau ʻano mea kanu i nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos, me nā mauʻu, nā lau, nā laikini, a me nā hua. ʻAi lākou ma waena o 32 a me 36 kg i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hu. Holo mālie lākou a akāka ʻole hoʻi, ʻaʻai i ka mea i loaʻa iā lākou.
Hiki i nā honu Galapagos ke hele wāwae no nā wā lōʻihi me ka inu ʻole o ka wai, a i 18 mau mahina. He waiwai nui ia i ke kūlohelohe, akā ua hana ia i mau honu nunui i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lawaiʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā biscuits maloʻo a me ka puaʻa paʻakai, he mea maikaʻi loa kaʻiʻo honu hou. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā kuhukukū i lalo, i nakinaki ʻia i nā pākaukau a me nā ʻūlū ʻana no nā mahina, maopopo ʻole ka hopena o kā lākou makemake.
Mea hoihoi: He nui nā kuhukukū nunui e neʻe: neʻe lākou i loko o ko lākou wahi noho i nā manawa like ʻole o ka makahiki, e ukali nei i ka ua i nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi e nui ai ka meaʻai.
Ke make wai lākou, hiki iā lākou ke inu i ka nui o ka wai a mālama iā ia i loko o ka pākeke a me ka pericardium (ʻo ia ka mea e waiwai ai nā wai ma nā moku). I nā wahi maloʻo, he kumu waiwai ka prickly pear cacti o ka meaʻai a me ka wai. Ua hōʻike pū lākou i ka pulu ʻana o ka hau mai nā pōhaku ma nā mokupuni maloʻo, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i nā kaumaha i ka pōhaku.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: honu ʻāina nunui
Noho ka honu nunui i ka awelika he 16 mau hola i ka lā e hoʻomaha ana. ʻO ke koena o ka manawa a lākou e ʻai ai i ka mauʻu, nā hua a me nā uluna cactus. Makemake lākou e ʻauʻau i ka wai, akā hiki ke ola a hoʻokahi makahiki me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai a wai ʻole. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā manu liʻiliʻi e like me nā finches ma luna o nā kua o nā kuhukukū nunui. Ua hana nā manu a me nā kuhukukū i kahi pilina symbiotic kahi e ʻoki ai nā manu i nā mites mai nā pā o nā ʻili manu kuhukukū.
Ma ke ʻano he exothermic (ke kō anuanu), pono lākou e mehana no hoʻokahi hola a ʻelua paha e komo i ka wela o ka lā o ke kakahiaka ma mua o ka hānai ʻana a hiki i 9 mau hola i ka lā. Ma nā mokupuni maloʻo, neʻe nā honu i nā wahi mahiʻai ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hana ana i nā ala i wehewehe pono ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā ala kuhukana." Ma nā mokupuni momona, ʻākoakoa pinepine nā kuhukukū i nā hui kaiaulu, ʻoiai nā kuhukukū noho ma nā mokupuni maloʻo e makemake i kahi noho mehameha.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻopiha pinepine ʻia nā wahi lepo a me nā loko wai me nā kuhukukū e kaʻa ana. Hiki i kēia ke kōkua e pale iā lākou mai nā parasite, nā makika, a me nā kikiki. Pāʻauʻau lepo i ka lepo hoʻokuʻu e kōkua pū i ke pale aku i nā parasites.
ʻIke ʻia nā honu nunui i ka pilina pilina me nā lawaiʻa Galapagos kūikawā, kahi e hemo ai nā ectoparasite huhū. Lele ka finch i mua o ka honu e hoʻomaka ai e ʻohiʻohi. Hāpai ka honu a hoʻonui i kona ʻāʻī, ʻae i nā finches e ʻoki i kona ʻāʻī, nā wāwae a me ka ʻili ma waena o ka plastron a me ka pūpū.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: honu nunui mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
Hiki i nā kuhukukū nunui ke oʻo makua ma waena o 20 a me 25 mau makahiki, a ke kūpono ka manawa, e noho ke kāne ma luna o ka wahine a hohola i kona huelo lōʻihi ma lalo o kāna huelo, kahi i loaʻa ai kāna peni.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka pūpū kāne he convex, no laila pili pono ia i ka dome poepoe o ka wahine a ʻaʻole e heʻe.
Mea hoihoi: Nui ka walaʻau o ka honu kāne Galapagos a hiki ke lohe ʻia i kahi mamao mai kahi o 100 mau mika. ʻIke ʻia ʻo nā kāne, piha i nā homone, hāpai i nā pōhaku, a kuhi hewa iā lākou no nā wahine manawaleʻa. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha, ʻaʻohe palapala o kēia ʻano hānau.
Hiki i ka male ʻana i kēlā me kēia manawa, akā ma waena o Pepeluali a me Iune. Hele wāwae nā wahine i mau mile i ka hoʻomoana pūnaewele i nā wahi kahakai one maloʻo. Ke hoʻohana nei i kona mau wāwae hope, ʻeli ʻo ia i ka lua paukū hohonu a waiho i nā hua. ʻEli nā wahine wahine Dome i nā pūnana he 2-3 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, 20 mau hua ma ka pūnana. Noho nā wahine wahine noho noho i nā wā ʻoi loa ke ʻeli i nā pūnana he 4 a 5 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka awelika o 6 mau hua ma kēlā me kēia paʻa, e hoʻolaha i ka makaʻu. I kēlā me kēia hihia, mālama ʻo ia i ka sperm mai ka 1 copulate a hoʻohana iā ia e momona i nā ʻāpana hua manu.
Mea hoihoi: Hoʻoholo ka mahana o ka pūnana i ka moekolohe o nā pēpē, me nā pūnana mehana e hoʻonui ana i nā wahine hou aku.
Ma hope o 4-8 mau mahina, puka mai kekahi mau ʻōpio mai nā hua a ʻeli iā lākou i luna. Noho lākou i nā wahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mehana no nā makahiki he 10-15. Inā lākou e ola i nā maka mua o ka wela loa, ke kahakaha, nā luina pololi a me nā ʻio o nā Pae ʻo Galapagos, e ola nō paha lākou i ka ʻelemakule.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā kuhukukū nunui
Kiʻi: honu nunui
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā honu nunui:
- ʻiole, puaʻa, a me nā naonao e ʻimi manu honu;
- ʻīlio hihiu e hoʻouka i nā honu makua;
- pipi a me nā lio e hehi wāwae ana i ko lākou mau pūnana;
- kao e hoʻokūkū ai me nā kuhukukū no ka meaʻai.
Hoʻopilikia ʻia lākou e nā mea keakea i ka neʻe ʻana, e like me ka pā ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai a me nā alanui, a me ka hiki i nā pilikia olakino mai ke kokoke loa ʻana i nā holoholona mahiʻai.
ʻO nā mea ʻaihue nui loa a nā honu nunui i ʻike ai he kanalua ʻole nā kānaka. ʻO kā lākou heluna nui i kēia lā he 10% wale nō o kā lākou piko i manaʻo ʻia e ʻōlelo nui e pili ana i ka nui o nā meaʻai a me nā aila i make i nā kenekulia i hala. Wahi a ka helu kanaka i ka makahiki 1974, ua hōʻea kā lākou helu i 3,060 kanaka. ʻO ka noho mua ʻana o ke kanaka i hōʻemi i ka heluna kānaka i ka wā e ʻimi ʻia ai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ko lākou wahi noho no ka mahiʻai. ʻO ka hoʻolauna ʻana o nā laha malihini he mea weliweli loa ia i nā honu nunui e like me nā ʻano endomas ʻē aʻe he nui.
Ua hōʻole nui nā heluna honu nunui ma nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻia e nā koholā, nā pōā a me nā poʻe huluhulu huluhulu. ʻO nā honu kahi kumu o kaʻiʻo hou i hiki ke mālama ʻia ma ka moku no kekahi mau mahina me ka ʻole o ka meaʻai a wai ʻole. Ua hopena kēia i ka lilo o waena o 100,000 a me 200,000 mau kuhukukū. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou no kā lākou ʻaila, i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kuni i nā kukui. Hoʻokomo hou ʻia ka hopena kanaka i kekahi mau laha i nā heluna honu.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka honu nunui
Ua makemake nui ʻia nā kuhukukū nunui e nā pōā a me nā koholā i kipa pinepine aku i nā mokupuni mai ka 17 a i ka 19 mau kenekulia, no ka mea hiki ke mālama ʻia i luna o nā moku no nā mahina, no laila e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻiʻo hou a hoʻopiha i nā mea pono he papaʻai maikaʻi loa. I ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, a i 200,000 mau kuhukukū paha i lawe ʻia. Ua pau nā lāhui he nui, a ua hoʻemi nui ʻia nā lāhui ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa aia wale nō ma kahi o 15,000 mau kānaka e noho nei ma Galapagos. ʻO kēia mau mea, ma kahi o 3000 e noho nei ma ka lua pele ʻo Alcedo.
Ke manaʻo ʻia nei ʻo Galapagos nā honu nunui he "palupalu" e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, a ke hoʻomaka nei nā hana he nui e mālama i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Aia nō nā mea pōpilikia i kēia manawa, a ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 200 mau holoholona i luku ʻia e ka poʻe mākaʻi holoholona i nā makahiki i hala aku nei. Ke ulu nei ka lehulehu a piʻi ka nui o nā mākaʻikaʻi, hoʻomau ke kaomi.
Inā kipa aku ʻoe i ka Darwin Center ma Santa Cruz, ʻike ʻoe i nā hana mālama kaiapuni. Hānai ʻia nā ʻōpio a hoʻi hou i ka nāhelehele ma nā mokupuni kahi e noho ai kā lākou mau mea kōkua. ʻO ka ulu lohi, ka hopena o ka wā ʻōpio, a me ka endemism kikoʻī mokupuni, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kuhukukū nunui hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia me ka hana ʻole ʻole o ka conservationist. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua lilo kēia mea hoʻouluulu i ʻano nui no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā Pae ʻo Galapagos.
Ua heleleʻi nui ka heluna o nā honu nui hihiu ma nā Pae ʻo Galapagos. Ua koho ʻia ko lākou heluna kanaka ma kahi o 250,000 i nā makahiki 1500 i ka manawa i ʻike mua ʻia ai lākou. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopakele ʻia nā kuhukukū mai ka make ʻana ma o nā papahana hānau hānai, a lana ka manaʻo e hoʻomau nā papahana mālama i ko lākou heluna lehulehu i ka holomua.
Ka mālama ʻana i nā honu nunui
Kiʻi: honu nunui mai ka puke ʻulaʻula
ʻOiai ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā honu nui ma nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos, noho lākou ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli mai nā hopena kanaka, e like me nā ʻano invasive, urbanisation a me ka loli hoʻohana ʻāina. No laila, ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pono kaiaola o nā honu a hoʻokomo iā lākou i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina e pono ai no ka mālama pono ʻana.
Ma hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka Pāka Aupuni ʻo Galapagos, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā huamoa mai ka nahele ʻāhiu a hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka Charles Darwin Research Station. Ke mālama nei i nā honu hou i ka hopu pio e hiki ai iā lākou ke ulu nui a pale i nā hōʻeha a nā ʻiole a me nā ʻīlio ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia lākou.
Ke hoʻomaka nei nā hoʻolaha eradication e kāpae i nā lāhui i hoʻolauna ʻia e hoʻoweliweli i ke ola ʻana o nā honu nunui. ʻO ka Galapagos Turtle Movement Environmental Program, alakaʻi ʻia e Dr. Stephen Blake, ka pahuhopu e hoʻokō i kekahi mau pahuhopu noiʻi.
Me kēia:
- ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pono spatial o nā torgoises nunui Galapagos;
- ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hana kaiāulu o nā honu nui Galapagos;
- kahi loiloi i ka loli ʻana o ka heluna honu ma kahi o ka manawa, keu hoʻi i ka pane ʻana i nā hoʻoweliweli a me nā hana hoʻomalu mai
- ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o nā hana a ke kanaka ma ke ola honu.
Hoʻohana ka hui kime i nā ʻano loina kuʻuna (e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā hana) a me nā ʻenehana loea kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kau ʻana i nā kuhukukū e nānā i kā lākou neʻe ʻana. I kēia manawa, ua kau lākou i nā kānaka mai ʻehā mau ʻano honu - e like me ʻelua ma Santa Cruz a hoʻokahi ma Isabella a me Espanola.
ʻO ka torgoise nunui ʻo Galapagos kekahi o nā ʻano i loli ʻia e ka hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻana o nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos, ʻo ia ke kumu e komo nui ai ka hui i nā hana aʻoaʻo a me nā aʻo.Eia kekahi laʻana, ke hana pū nei lākou me nā mea kuleana nui e maopopo ai ka launa ʻana o nā kuhukukū me ka heluna kanaka e hōʻemi ai i ka hakakā honu-kanaka Hoʻopili pū lākou i nā hanauna ʻōpio i kā lākou mau hana noiʻi a kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kā lākou hana i nā kaiāulu kūloko.
Honu nunui ʻO ia nā lāhui honu ola nui loa ma ka Honua, hiki ke kaupaona a 300 kg i ka nāhelehele (ʻoi aku ka nui i ka pio) a manaʻo ʻia e ola ana ma kahi o 100 mau makahiki. Aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 mau ʻano honu ʻokoʻa nunui ma nā mokupuni ʻo Galapagos, ʻokoʻa ka nui, ke ʻano o ka pūpū, a me ka hoʻokaʻaʻike ʻāina.
Lā hoʻopuka: 01.12.2019
Lā hou: 07.09.2019 ma 19:08
