ʻĀlia

ʻĀlia (Sorex) he holoholona insectivorous liʻiliʻi o ka ʻohana shrew. Noho lākou ma nā ʻāina āpau i ka hemisphere ʻākau, ka hapanui ma nā ululāʻau a me tundra. Hoʻopili kēia genus i nā mea lanakila i nā mahele mamamals "liʻiliʻi" a "voracious". Kūʻē i ke kānāwai o Bergman a hōʻike i ka hopena Denel. Aia ma kahi o 70 mau ʻano i ka genus, a he 15 - 17 mau ʻano ma Lūkia.

Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe

Kiʻi: Shrew

ʻO ka inoa Lākina o ka genus mai ka huaʻōlelo ʻo ia hoʻi "hāhū, hāwanawana, buzz." Pili kēia i nā leo a nā holoholona e hana ai i ka wā o nā huakaʻi. Hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa Lūkia o ka genus no ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula o nā piko o nā niho.

Aia kekahi ʻano e like me ke ʻano o nā niho, he paʻakikī loa ia no ka mea ʻōlapa. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka ʻauhau ʻauhau, i kēia lā aia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e like me kekahi o lākou, ʻekolu mau pūʻulu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia.

Wikiō: Shrew

Akā e like me kekahi - ʻehā:

• nā ʻano o nā kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia, e like me ka shrew liʻiliʻi (Sorex minutissimus) - ʻo ia hoʻi, ka mammal liʻiliʻi loa ma Rūsia a ʻo ka lua ma ka honua, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka dwarf shrew (shrew) o nā shrew like.
• ʻo ka subgenus Sorex, kahi nona ka shrew maʻamau, ʻo ia nō hoʻi ka shrew (Sorex araneus) - ka mea hoʻolaha ākea a laulaha hoʻi o ka genus a me ka nui o ka mammal ma ka ʻākau o ʻEulopa.
• ka subgenus Ognevia me hoʻokahi, akā ʻo ka mea nui loa, lunamakaʻāinana - ka nunui shrew (Sorex mirabilis);
• ʻO ka subgenus Otisorex e pili nui ana i nā ʻano ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ka mammal ʻōiwi liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo ka pygmy shrew ʻAmelika (Sorex hoyi).

Noho mau ka fossil mai ka luna Eocene, ka manawa i puka mai ai nā kauoha hou o nā mea mammal.

ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi shrew?

I ka nānā mua ʻana, ua like nā holoholona me nāʻiole, akā no lākou kahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa loa - nā insectivores. ʻOkoʻa ke ʻano o ke kino ma ka hoʻokolokolo pono ʻana i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa mai ka ʻiole. ʻO ka mea mua, he poʻo nui me ka muʻu elongated i loko o kahi proboscis hiki ke maʻalahi. Holo mau ka holoholona iā ia, e honi ana a e ʻimi nei i kahi pio. Liʻiliʻi nā pepeiao, hana ʻole mai ka huluhulu. ʻO nā maka he microscopic, expressionless loa.

Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo iā lākou ma ke aniani o ka ʻuhane, a laila ʻaʻohe ʻuhane o ka shrew - nā manaʻo āpau o ka holoholona e pili wale ana i kā lākou berena o kēlā me kēia lā. Akā ʻaʻole hiki i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, lilo ka nui o ka wela i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā mea nui, pono mau lākou i ka ikaika e hānai i nā hana metabolic i loaʻa iā lākou me ka wikiwiki. "ʻO ke kaupaona liʻiliʻi - ʻoi aku ka nui o ka meaʻai" - he lula maʻamau kēia no nā holoholona mehana koko. He 32 mau niho i nā pēpē, e like me ke kanaka, akā ʻo nā ʻūlū, ʻo ka mea haʻahaʻa hoʻi, lōʻihi loa. Hoʻololi ʻia nā niho waiū me nā mea mau a hiki i ka embryo, no laila hānau ʻia kahi holoholona i lako pono me nā niho āpau.

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino (me ka ʻole o ka huelo) i nā ʻano mea like ʻole mai 4 cm i ka shrew liʻiliʻi, a i 10 cm i ka pilikua; ke kau nei ke kaumaha mai 1.2 - 4 g a 14 g, i kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka nui awelika, no ka laʻana, o ka shrew maʻamau he 6 - 9 cm me ka huelo o 3 - 5.5 cm. Uhi ʻia ke kino me ka huluhulu huluhulu mānoanoa e paʻa ana i luna, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke kuʻi ʻia ka shrew i ka palaoa. ʻO ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka hulu ma ka ʻaoʻao luna he ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a hina hina a hoʻopuni maikaʻi i ka holoholona ma ka lepo, ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa hina hina ke kino.

Hiki i ka huelo ke pōkole a aneane like paha i ke kino, i uhi ʻia me nā huluhulu kolohe. Ma nā ʻaoʻao a ma ke kumu o ka huelo, he mau glands ka mea e hūnā i kahi huna musky ʻala e pale aku ai i ka shrew mai nā mea ʻino. Loaʻa i nā wahine he 6 a 10 mau nipples. I nā kāne, aia nā hōʻike i loko o ke kino, a hiki i ka ʻōpena copatory ke piʻi i 2/3 o ka lōʻihi o ke kino.

Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka iwi poʻo o ka shrew ua like ia me ka triangle elongated - he wahi lolo nui a hoʻonui ʻia e pili ana i ka ihu, no laila ua like nā iwi ā me nā tweezers. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻemi ka iwi poʻo, e hoʻemi ana i ka nui o ka ʻaoʻao cerebral, a hoʻonui i ke kauwela (ʻo ka "Danel effect" i kapa ʻia "). Hoʻokumu ka lolo i 10% o ke kaumaha o ka holoholona holoʻokoʻa, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kēia lakio ma mua o ke kanaka a i ʻole, he dolphin. Kohu mea lā, ʻo ka pono mau e hoʻonā i nā pilikia meaʻai e kōkua i ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo.

Noho ma hea ka shrew?

Kiʻi: Shrew ma Lūkia

Uhi ka laulā o ka genus i nā wahi subarctic a me nā temperate o nā ʻāina āpau o ka hemisphere ʻākau. I nā wahi hema hou aku, e like me ʻAmelika Waena a i ʻole Central Asia, loaʻa nā shrew ma nā mauna kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO kahi lunamaka maʻamau, ka shrew maʻamau, ʻo ia ka mea maʻalahi a hoʻololi ʻia i ke ola i nā ʻano ʻāpana kūlohelohe mai ka tundra ʻākau a i nā steppes pālahalaha, kahi e koho ai i nā kahawai a me nā mauʻu mauʻu kiʻekiʻe no ka noho ʻana. ʻAʻole makemake nā holoholona i nā wahi hāmama, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū pololei i ka lā - malu a pulu hoʻi kā lākou mau wahi punahele. I ka hoʻoilo noho lākou ma lalo o kahi papa o ka hau, ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke hele i luna.

Ma Rūkia waena, ʻike ʻia nā shrew ma nā wahi āpau i nā ululāʻau a me nā pāka, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōpala, me ka ulu nui a me kahi mānoanoa o ka ʻōpala ulu. Noho lākou ma kapa o nā waihona kūmau i nā ulu ulu o nā mea kanu kahakai, kokoke i nā kahawai. Akā ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau i nā hale kauwela i mahi ʻia, i hōʻoia ʻia e nā pōpoki e lawe mai ana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he pio. Hoʻokomo ʻia lākou i ka hale o ke kanaka ma ka pō o ka hoʻoilo, ke hiki iā lākou ke piʻi i nā hale.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi: Noho ka laha liʻiliʻi loa i ka tundra a me nā mauna, hoʻomanawanui i nā hau ʻino o ke kikowaena o Siberia, ʻoiai, me he mea lā, e hoʻoikaika lākou i nā wahi mehana. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi o ka lehu ʻAmelika (Sorex cinereus) i ke kūkulu ʻākau o lākou e noho ai, ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ke kino o ka holoholona. Kūʻē kēia i ka lula Bergman kaulana, e like me ka mea e hoʻonui ai ka nui o kēlā me kēia kanaka i nā wahi anuanu o ka pae.

I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka shrew. E nānā kāua i ka mea a kēia holoholona e ʻai ai.

He aha ka meaʻai a ka shrew?

Kiʻi: Shrew mai ka Red Book

Ke ʻimi nei i nā meaʻai, alakaʻi ʻia nā shrew e ke ala o ka honi a me ka hoʻolohe maikaʻi; hoʻohana kekahi mau laha i ka echolocation. ʻO ka meaʻai holoholona, ​​ma ke ʻano he momona, hana i ke kumu o ka papaʻai. ʻAi ka shrew i nā mea āpau e hiki iā ia ke hopu a ʻūlū me nā niho ʻoi loa - nā nila.

Hiki iā ia:

• nā mea kolo i nā pae āpau o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, coleoptera, dipterans a me lepidoptera, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā larva i ʻai ʻia;
• punawelewele;
• ʻenuhe honua;
• molluscs, me nā slugs, kahi a nā shrew e ʻai ai i nā ilo;
• invertebrates ʻē aʻe; ʻo kahi laʻana, ke kivsaki a ka pilikua i ʻai ai;
• nā cubs o nā rodine murine;
• amphibians liʻiliʻi;
• kalai, e like me ka manu a iole paha;
• i nā hihia koʻikoʻi, komo i ka cannibalism, ʻoiai ke ʻai nei i kāna mau keiki ponoʻī;
• i ka hoʻoilo e hoʻopau i nā mea kanu mea kanu, i loko o nā ʻanoʻano conifer, hiki ke hana i ka hapalua o ka papaʻai;
• ʻai pū nō hoʻi i nā fungus a me nā lepo.

I ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, hana ia i nā ala lālā ʻololī i ka hau. ʻO ka nui o nā meaʻai e ʻai ʻia i kēlā me kēia lā he 2 a 4 mau manawa ma mua o ke kaupaona o ka holoholona ponoʻī.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona

Kiʻi: Shrew maʻamau

ʻO ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia ko mākou hoalauna kokoke loa i ka honua kūlohelohe - ka shrew maʻamau. Ke hoʻohana nei i kāna laʻana, e noʻonoʻo mākou pehea e ola ai kēia mau holoholona a me nā mea a lākou e hana ai. He dexterous a he agile ka shrew. ʻOiai ʻo kona mau wāwae nāwaliwali, hele ʻoluʻolu ia i loko o ka mauʻu a me nā ʻōpala o nā ululāʻau, luʻu ma lalo o ka haule a me nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule, hiki ke piʻi i ka pū o nā kumulāʻau, ʻauʻau a lele. ʻAʻole ʻo ia e ʻeli i nā lua, akā hoʻohana i nā ʻaoʻao lalo o haʻi, makemake ʻole i ka manaʻo o ka mea nona. Kipaku ʻia ka ʻāpana kuko e ke koi o ka ʻōpū a ʻo ka make ʻana i ka pōloli he ʻoiaʻiʻo nona ma mua o nā niho o kahi mea ʻino. Me ka ʻai ʻole, make ʻo ia ma hope o 7 - 9 mau hola, a me nā laha liʻiliʻi - ma hope o 5.

Ma mua o ka hapalua o ka manawa, 66.5%, hoʻolilo ka holoholona i ka neʻe a no ka ʻimi mau ʻana i ka meaʻai. Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, hiamoe ʻo ia, a ma hope o ka hiamoe ʻana, hele ʻo ia e ʻimi i nā meaʻai a ʻo ia mau pōʻaiapuni i ka lā ke lilo ia mai ka 9 a ka 15, ʻo ka lohi iki o kēia pōʻaiapili e lilo ai kona ola. I ka wā o ka ʻimi ʻana, hele ʻo ia i 2.5 km i kēlā me kēia lā. Ke pau nā lako meaʻai, neʻe ia i nā wahi ʻē aʻe.

I ka hāʻule, a ʻoi loa i ka hoʻoilo, hoʻemi ka shrew i ka hana, akā ʻaʻole ia i hibernate. ʻAʻole hiki i ka pēpē ke hōʻiliʻili lawa i nā mālama no ka hoʻoilo a koi ʻia e huli a ʻoi i ke anuanu. Kupaianaha ʻo ia ke ola a hiki i ka puna. Hana ʻia ʻo Molting i ʻApelila - Mei a Sepatemaba - ʻOkakopa, e like me nā poʻe āpau o nā wahi me ke aniau kau. I ka hoʻoilo, e māmā ka ʻili. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā kani e like me ke kaniʻuhū, nā tweets, a me nā chirps maʻalea. Hoʻopuka nui ʻia lākou ma ka hālāwai a me ka hakakā e ukali aku ana.

ʻIke hoihoi: ʻai ka shrew liʻiliʻi 120 manawa i kēlā me kēia 10 a 50 mau minuke i ke ao. Eia kekahi, noho ia i kahi i ke anuanu anuanu o Eurasia ma mua o ka shrew maʻamau.

ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou

Kiʻi: Shrew cub

ʻAʻole noho pū nā Shrews a ke hui lākou, hōʻike lākou i ka hakakā, e hoʻouka nei kekahi i kekahi me ka uē a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kā lākou pilau inoa. ʻO kahi kāne a wahine wahine wale nō no kahi manawa pōkole no ka moena ʻana, kahi i ka shrew maʻamau hiki ke hana i 3 a 4 mau manawa mai ʻApelila a ʻOkakopa.

Ma hope o ka hui ʻana, ʻike ka wahine i kahi ʻōpala kahiko, hū, pahu, puka hakahaka a i ʻole he mau puʻu lāʻau palu a hana i kahi pūnana mai ka mauʻu, limu a lau paha. Poepoe ka pūnana me ka lua 8-10 knm ke anawaena. Ma hope o ʻekolu mau pule, hānau ka wahine i (3) 6 - 8 (11) mau pēpē. Ke kaupaona nei ke keiki bipi ma kahi o 0.5 g, ʻo ka lōʻihi ma lalo o 2 cm, ʻaʻole ia e ʻike, ʻaʻohe o ka lauoho a me kahi proboscis. Akā ma hope o 22 - 25 mau lā, mākaukau ka hanauna hou no ke ola kūʻokoʻa, a mākaukau ka wahine no ka hānau hou.

Ua oʻo a moekolohe nā ʻōpio i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻoiai hiki i ka ʻōpala puna mua ke hānau hou i loko o ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mahina. Ua kūpono loa ka wikiwiki - ola nā holoholona ʻoi loa ma mua o 2 mau makahiki. ʻO kēlā mea maʻamau no nā lālā āpau o ka genus.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: Inā pilikia ka pūnana, ʻo ka makuahine a me nā keiki ʻōpio o kekahi ʻano laha (shrew maʻamau, lehu lehu) i kapa ʻia ʻo "caravans" - hopu ke keiki mua i ka makuahine e ke kumu o ka huelo, ʻo ke koena e pili pū kekahi me kekahi. No laila neʻe lākou i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi uhi palekana. Aia kekahi manaʻo ʻokoʻa e hoʻopaʻa lākou i nā wahi a puni, alakaʻi, no laila e ʻōlelo ai, "nā huakaʻi i ke kūlohelohe."

ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā shrews

Kiʻi: Pākuʻi hina

He ʻenemi ko kēlā me kēia, a ʻo kēlā mau pēpē huhū a pilau hoʻi. Pepehi wale kekahi iā lākou, ʻoiai hiki i kekahi ke ʻai iā lākou, inā ʻaʻohe ona ʻaʻala maikaʻi.

ʻO:

• nā mea ʻai mammalian, e like me nā pōpoki kūloko, kahi e haʻalele maʻamau i ka mea ʻai me ka ʻai ʻole ʻana;
• pueo e ʻai iā lākou me ka pilau naʻe;
• nā hawks a me nā mea ʻaihue ʻē aʻe o ke ao;
• ʻūhini;
• na moonihoawa a me na nahesa e ae;
• hopu ka iʻa ʻaihue i nā holoholona ʻauʻau;
• weliweli nā shrew iā lākou iho kekahi;
• nā parasites (helminths, fleas a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe) e hōʻeha nui i ke olakino.

Noho maluhia nā Shrew me nā poʻe, ʻoiai ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki iā lākou ke hāʻule i lalo o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua kūʻē i nāʻiole a me nāʻiole. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pōʻino nui loa e nā poʻe me ka ʻole - e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nohona e ka ululāʻau ʻana a me nā hoʻomohala kūlanakauhale, e hoʻohana ana i nā pesticides.

ʻOiaʻiʻo: i ke aʻo ʻana i kekahi o nā heluna o ka shrew maʻamau, 15 mau ʻano helminths e pili ana i nā ilo a puni a i loaʻa i nā ʻūpā. Hoʻokahi kikoʻī i loaʻa i nā ilo he 497. Eia kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ke kūlike i ke kūlohelohe!

Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi shrew?

Hoʻololi ka nui o nā nui o nā lāhui like ʻole. ʻO ka lāhui nui a lehulehu hoʻi o Eurasia, ka shrew maʻamau, hiki ke loaʻa i kahi lehulehu o 200 - 600 mau kikoʻī no ka hectare. ʻO ka nui o nā meaʻai a me nā wahi huna no ka puʻuhonua, ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehulehu. ʻO nā wahi noho like ʻo Eurasia i ka liʻiliʻi, nā liʻiliʻi, a me nā niho manamana a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā wahi nunui a nunui hoʻi e uhi ana i ka tundra a me nā wahi ulu lāʻau he mea maʻamau ia i nā lāhui ʻAmelika he nui.

ʻO kekahi mau ʻano i kūloko, e like me ka Caucasian shrew e noho ana i nā ululāʻau o Caucasus a me Transcaucasia, a i ʻole ʻo Kamchatka shrew mai Kamchatka a me kahakai o ke kai ʻo Okhotsk. Akā kākaʻikahi loa, kakaikahi i ka helu a loaʻa i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole maʻamau. Loaʻa i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa kā lākou rarities ponoʻī.

Aia nā puke ʻikepili ʻulaʻula o Rūsia i:

• pale ʻia ka shrew liʻiliʻi (S. minutissimus) ma nā moku ʻo Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Kaluga;
• ʻo ka shawed shrew (S. unguiculatus) a me ka ihu ihu lahilahi (Sorex gracillimus) i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka puke ʻula o ka moku Amur;
• ka Radde shrew (S. raddei) i ke KK o kekahi helu o nā North Caucasian republics;
• ka pākeke liʻiliʻi (S. minutus) kahi ʻano lahilahi Crimean. I kēlā me kēia hihia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Red Book o Moscow, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o nā ululāʻau i ola i kahi mokuʻāina ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia. ʻOiai ma ka laulā ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i ka laha;
• pale ʻia ka shrew niho-ʻoi loa (S. isodon) ma ka moku ʻo Moscow a me Karelia. Uhi ka wahi i ka wahi nahele o Eurasia mai Scandinavia a i ka Moana Pākīpika.

Ka pale ʻana i nā shrews

Kiʻi: Shrew mai ka Red Book

Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano ma ka Red Book o Lūkia: ua kuʻi ka pilikua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o ka genus. ʻO ka mahele 3 kahi ʻano laha ʻole me ka haʻahaʻa a me ka palena palena. Hāʻule ia i ka mahele o ka makaʻu haʻahaʻa e IUCN. ʻO kahi kamaʻāina o nā ululāʻau deciduous a kāwili ʻia o South Primorye, i loaʻa ma nā wahi ʻekolu wale nō: i nā waihona o Lazovsky a me Kedrovaya Pad, a kokoke i Lake ʻO Hanka.

ʻO ka IUCN International Red List me:

• ʻO Shrew ka niho nui (S. macrodon) kahi ʻano nāwaliwali me kahi pae e emi ana. ʻIke ʻia kekahi mau kamaʻāina ma nā kuahiwi o Mekiko ma nā ululāʻau ma kahi kiʻekiʻe mai 1200 a 2600 m. Hana ʻia ma kahi ʻona o 6400 km², ka ʻāpana i manaʻo ʻia o 33627 km ²;
• ʻO ka shrew o nā kuahiwi ʻo Carmen (S. milleri) kahi ʻano palupalu. Kū i loko o nā ululāʻau mauna o Mekiko ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 2400 - 3700 m ʻO ka wahi i manaʻo ʻia ʻo 11703 km²;
• ʻO ka Pribilofskaya shrew (S. pribilofensis) kahi ʻano mea ʻaneʻane pau ʻole i kū i nā nāhele kai kahakai ma kekahi o nā Pribilof Islands (USA) i ke kai ʻo Bering. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ka mokupuni ʻo 90 km². ʻO ka helu o nā laha he 10,000 - 19,000;
• ʻO ka Sklater shrew (S. sclateri) kahi ʻano ʻaneʻane weliweli loa. Aia he 2-3 mau wahi i ʻike ʻia ma Mekiko. Noho i nā ululāʻau e ʻūlū nei. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike e pili ana i ka helu;
• San cristobal shrew (S. stizodon) - kahi ʻano ma kapa o ka make. Noho i nā ululāʻau mauna pulu. Aia kahi wahi i ʻike ʻia ma Mekiko, laki ma kahi wahi pale.

ʻAʻole kumu nā pale pale: ka mālama ʻana i nā panalāʻau kūpikipiki ʻole, kahi e hiki ai i nā holoholona ke noho i kahi nui e lawa ai no ka hana hou. Hoʻowahāwahā ke kūlohelohe i kahi holo. Pono e noho i kēlā me kēia kaolaolaolaola, a ʻo nā meaola ephemeral e kū nei ma ka lihi o nā hiki o nā holoholona mehana koko e loaʻa kahi no lākou iho. Mai waiho ma lalo o ka lā, akā i ka malu o nā meaola ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka mea nui ka ʻōʻā hiki ke ola.

Lā paʻi: 11/04/2019

Lā hou: 02.09.2019 ma 23:06