Piraruku - ua hānai kahi iʻa nui a nani i ka poʻe i noho ma Amazon. He ʻiʻo ʻono loa kāna, koe ka nui o ia - ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli kilokika. Auē, ma muli o ka lawaiʻa nui ʻana, ke emi nei kona heluna kānaka i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ma hope o nā mea āpau, ua aʻo iki ʻia ka piraruku a me nā iʻa kahiko, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoihoi nui ai nā ʻepekema.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Piraruku
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Piraruku he mōʻī ola. ʻO nā koena kahiko loa o ka ʻohana Arawan, nona kēia iʻa, ua loaʻa ma Morocco a he 140-145 miliona mau makahiki. No laila, kuhikuhi lākou i ka hopena o ka Jurassic a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka mua o ka Cretaceous. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ua ala aʻe ka genus piraruku ma hope iki mai, a ʻo nā lunamakaʻāinana e noho ana ma ka honua i aneane like ʻole me nā mea o kēia au. Akā hōʻike wale ʻia kēia ma nā morphology kahiko o ka iʻa, akā ʻaʻohe mea i koe o ka archaeological e hōʻoia nei i kēia mana i loaʻa.
Video: Piraruku
Eia nō naʻe, hiki nō kēia, no ka mea, me ke kōkua o nā ʻike genetike ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ua kaʻawale ka ʻohana Aravan mai ke kauoha ʻo Aravan ma mua, i ka wā Triassic, 220 miliona mau makahiki i hala. A laila ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi ʻano ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻApelika Waena (i ka waena o ka wā Jurassic), a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻĀkia a me ʻAseteralia i ka hoʻomaka o ka Cretaceous. No laila, hiki ke hōʻoia me ka wiwo ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā kūpuna kokoke o ka piraruku i noho ma ka Honua a hiki i ka wā Mesozoic, akā pehea ka like o lākou e like me ia i hoʻokumu ʻole ʻia. ʻO nā koena o kahi iʻa, kahi like like i manaʻo ʻia e kekahi ʻepekema ʻo kēia ka pyraruku, no Miocene.
ʻO ka hopena, pono mākou e ʻae a hiki i kēia manawa he nui nā āpau i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā laha mai ka ʻohana Aravan, kahi e hoʻopiha ʻia me nā kuhi. Ua akaka he ʻohana ka ʻohana ponoʻī, akā pehea ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi o nā ʻāpana mai ia ia e ʻike ʻia. ʻO Piraruku ponoʻī ka mea i hana maʻalahi ʻole ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi, a i loko o nā makahiki he hala i hala aku nei ua hoʻomāhuahua ka hana i kēia ʻaoʻao ke maopopo leʻa he ʻano ʻokoʻa kēia iʻa. ʻAʻole i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ka hapa nui e pili ana iā ia. Ua wehewehe ʻia e R. Schintz i ka makahiki 1822, ka inoa ma ka Lākina ʻo Arapaima gigas.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka piraruku?
Ma waena o nā iʻa wai hou, ʻo ka piraruku kekahi o nā mea nui loa. Hoʻonui mau nā mākua i 2 mau mika, a i nā kūlana maikaʻi hiki iā lākou ke hōʻea i 3 m, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka ma mua o 4 m.
He kino lōʻihi ko ka piraruka, i uhi ʻia me nā unahi nui nani. Loihi loa ke poʻo o ka iʻa, nāna e hāʻawi i ka predatory, a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopunipuni, no ka mea, ʻo ka piraruku maoli he predator wikiwiki a dexterous. I ka helehelena, kū pū kekahi i kahi mamao mai ke poʻo o ka fin dorsal - noho ia ma kahi o ka hapaha o ke kino o ka iʻa i ka huelo ponoʻī.
Aia ka fin fin ma kahi kūpono o luna. Me kahi puʻu huelo pōkole, hana lākou i kahi ʻano hoe: hiki i ka iʻa ke lūlū iā lākou me ka ikaika, e loaʻa wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki, kahi mea pono loa i ka wā ʻimi holoholona. Liʻiliʻi kona peʻa pectoral a aia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka mua o ka piraruku e hina hina me kahi ʻoliva, a pinepine i kahi aniani polū-ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻOkoʻa loa ka hope iā ia: ʻoi aku ka pouli, i ka mua ʻulaʻula, a i ka hiʻu ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula. ʻOi aku ka laulā o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne, a ʻo ko lākou kala kala.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO nā unahi o ka piranha ikaika loa, nāna e hoʻopakele iā ia mai nā iʻa predatory kokoke e like me piranhas - ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke nahu ma o ia mea, no laila koho lākou i kahi māka maʻalahi.
Ma hea e noho ai ʻo Piraruku?
Kiʻi: Piraruku i ka Amazon
Noho ʻo Piraruku ma ʻAmelika Hema. Ma nā panalāʻau o nā ʻāina e like me:
- Palakila;
- Pelū;
- Guiana;
- Wenezuela;
- Ekuakola.
I kēia mau mokuʻāina āpau, kahe nā kahawai mai ke kahawai ʻo Amazon, a noho kēia iʻa i loko o lākou. Eia kekahi, aia kekahi mau piraruki i loaʻa pololei ma ka Amazon, no ka mea makemake ʻo ia i nā kahawai a me nā loko i piha i nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me nā wai mālie, a ʻano like ka Amazon me ia ʻano wehewehe: he kahawai nui ʻino loa ia. Noho ʻo Piraruku ma ka noho mālie, nā kahawai liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā loko, i kekahi manawa i nā kauhā. Aloha i ka wai mehana, ʻo ke kaha wela ʻoi loa no 25-30 ° C. E hoʻonui nui ʻia nā panakō ʻoi. I ka wā maloʻo, noho ia i nā kahawai a me nā loko, i ke kau ua neʻe i nā nahele i hoʻopiha ʻia e ka wai.
Māhele ʻia ka nohona o ka piraruku i ʻelua mau ʻāpana e ka muliwai ʻo Rio Negro: he waikawa nā wai o kēia ʻāpana nui o Amazon, ʻaʻole makemake ʻo ia iā lākou a noho ʻole i loko o kēia kahawai, a loaʻa ʻelua mau lehulehu kaʻawale i ke komohana a me ka hikina o ia. ʻOiai ʻaʻole paʻakikī loa kēia ʻāpana, no ka mea, ʻuʻuku nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā heluna lehulehu: e ʻauʻau ana paha ka Piraruku ma ka ʻaoʻao o Rio Negra. ʻO ia, hui ka iʻa ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o kēia muliwai, ʻaʻole naʻe pinepine.
ʻO ka likelihood o ka hui ʻana i kahi piraruka ma kekahi wahi e hiki ke hoʻoholo mua ʻia e nā mea kanu: ʻo ka nui o nā mea kanu i ka muliwai, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kūpono, kahi ākea ākea o nā mea kanu, i kapa ʻia he lau nahele e lana ana, hiki ke ʻike ʻia kokoke i ke kahakai. No laila, loaʻa ka nui o ka piraruku ma Rio Pacaya, kahi e ulu ai nā lau nahele o nā mimosa lana a me nā hyacinths, loaʻa pinepine kēia iʻa i waena o Victoria regia a me nā ferns. Noho ʻo ia ma lalo loa, a makemake ʻo ia he kaulike ʻole, piha i nā lua.
Ua hoʻolauna ʻia i nā muliwai o Thailand a me Malaysia: kūpono ke aniau ma laila, no laila ua aʻa ke iʻa i kahi hou, a ke ulu nei kona lehulehu. I kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ke hoʻomau ʻia nei ka hana hānau. I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi i loaʻa ai ka piraruka. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a piraruku?
Kiʻi: iʻa Piraruku
ʻO Piraruku kahi mea hoʻomake, a ʻo ke kumu o kāna papaʻai he iʻa ʻē aʻe. Huhulu pinepine ʻo ia ma lalo, e ʻimi ana i ka mea pio a wili pono iā ia me kona alelo: ʻoʻoleʻa loa ia, hoʻohana nō nā kamaʻāina iā ia ma ke ʻano he one. Ma waho aʻe o ka iʻa liʻiliʻi, hiki i kahi piraruku makua ke ʻimi i kahi iʻa nui aku, a ʻo ka manu wai hoʻi ua lawa.
Aia nā Amphibians a me nā koʻokoʻo i ka makaʻu kokoke iā ia ke ʻau aku lākou ma kēlā kapa o ka muliwai i ka wā o ka neʻe kau ʻana, a me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe i hele mai e inu. ʻO Piraruku kahi wānana kūpilikiʻi a mākaukau hoʻi, hiki ke huki i ka mea pio mai kahakai mai e like me ka manō. Koho ka poʻe mākua i ka mea pio a ʻaʻole ʻimi no nā mea āpau, akā pono nā pyrukos ulu e ʻai i nā manawa āpau, no laila hiki iā lākou ke lālau i kekahi mea e ʻai wale ʻia.
Ke ʻai nei lākou:
- iʻa liʻiliʻi;
- ʻōpae;
- nahesa;
- manu;
- nā māmela;
- nā mea kolo;
- larva;
- kalaiwa.
Makemake lākou i ka iʻa, a makemake lākou i ka piraruka - he ʻano hanauna. Akā ʻaʻole e hāʻawi ka piraruck hānau i ka hoʻomaha i nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe, a ke hoʻomaka ka wā ua a kahe nā kahawai o ka Amazon ma luna o nā ululāʻau, ʻimi pū kekahi i nā holoholona nahele.
Hoʻonui, hānai ʻia kēia iʻa. I kēia hihia, no ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana, hānai ʻia ia me nā meaʻai waiwai protein, e like me ka iʻa, nā moa, nā amphibians, nā mollusks, ka pipi pipi. I mea e lilo ʻole ai ka piraruka i ko lākou ʻano, i kekahi manawa pono lākou e hoʻōla i ka iʻa ola i loko o ka waihona me lākou, a lākou e hopu ai. Inā ʻai ʻole ʻia lākou, e hoʻomaka lākou e alualu i nā ʻohana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Piraruku iʻa kahiko
No kona nui, ʻeleu loa ka piraruku: neʻe nui a wikiwiki ia, i nā manawa a pau e ʻimi ana i kahi e ʻai ai. I kekahi manawa hiki iā ia ke hau no ka manawa pōkole: ʻo kēia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka iʻa iʻa pio a ʻaʻole makemake kēia e hoʻoweliweli iā ia, a ke hoʻomaha wale nei paha. ʻO ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha pōkole wale nō nāna: ma hope o ka hoʻolilo ʻana no ka hapalua minute, hoʻomaka hou ʻo ia e ʻauʻau.
Huli pinepine ʻo ia i ka iʻa lalo, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke piʻi aʻe i luna a lele i waho o ka wai e hopu i ka mea pio. Kupaianaha kēia hiʻohiʻona, no ka mea nui ka pyraruku makua, pahu aku ʻo ia i ka wai me ke kōkua o kāna huelo mana a lele kiʻekiʻe, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 2 mau mika.
Ma hope o kēlā lele, ua pae ia me kahi bang nui a pīpī i ka wai i nā ʻaoʻao āpau, a laila, me ka mea pio, hoʻi i lalo. Akā ala ʻo ia mai ona aku ʻaʻole wale e alualu: pono nō ia e hana ia i mea e hanu ai.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka pharynx a me ka ʻauʻau ʻau o ka pyraruku me nā ʻano like me nā akemāmā, ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen ma loko o ka wai wale nō, akā pili pono hoʻi i ka lewa. Ua ulu kēia kiko ma muli o ka nui o ka oxygen ma loko o ka wai o nā kahawai a me nā loko o ka Amazon no kahi iʻa nui.
No ka hanu ʻana, puka mai kahi piraruku ʻōpio i kēlā me kēia 5-10 mau minuke, a ʻo ke kanaka makua i kēlā me kēia 15-20 mau minuke. Ke piʻi aʻe ia, ʻike ʻia nā ʻōhū mua ma luna o ka wai, e ulu ana a hiki i ka puka ʻana o ka piraruku ponoʻī, e hāmama ana kona waha a ʻoluʻolu i ka ea - he mea hoihoi loa.
Mea hoihoi: He inoa hou kā ko kēia iʻa - piraruku. Hāʻawi ʻia e nā Indians a unuhi maʻalahi ʻia - "iʻa ʻulaʻula". Hāʻawi ʻia ia no nā ʻulaʻula ma nā peʻa a me nā unahi, a me ke kala o kaʻiʻo.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: iʻa Piraruku
Kū ka ʻōpū mua ma ka makahiki ʻelima o ke ola, ke hiki aku ka lōʻihi o ka iʻa i 160-210 knm. Piu ʻo Piraruku mai ʻApelila, koho no kēia wai papau me kahi one o lalo, a i ka manawa like me ka wai maʻemaʻe i hiki. Hoʻonohonoho ka iʻa i kahi pūnana ma mua: hana lākou i puka ākea a 20 cm ka hohonu, kahi e hoʻomoe ai ka wahine i nā hua.
He kuleana ko ke kāne, noho kokoke ʻo ia i ka lālau a pale mua i nā hua, a laila ka pā, i wikiwiki koke ʻia: 1.5-2 mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana. Hana pū ka wahine i ka pale, akā, ʻokoʻa ka kāne, ka mea i noho pono ma ka pūnana, hana ʻo ia iā ia i kahi mamao loa aku, e makaʻu ana i nā mea ʻaihue e ʻau mai iā ia ma kahi he ʻumi mau mika.
Ma hope koke o ka puka ʻana, hānai ka larvae i nā koena o ka ʻeke yolk. Mai nā ʻōpala ma ke poʻo o ke kāne, hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi mea e ʻumeʻume iā lākou, ma muli o ka mālama ʻana i kahi ʻāpana - ua manaʻo ʻia ua hānai lākou i kēia mea, akā ʻaʻole maoli kēia.
Ulu ka fry i kahi wikiwiki maikaʻi loa, a huli koke i nā predator liʻiliʻi iā lākou iho. Ma o 7-10 mau lā, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻimi holoholona, ʻai i ka plankton. A laila hoʻololi lākou i iʻa liʻiliʻi, a hele a māhuahua ka nui o kā lākou pio.
I ka makahiki o 3 mau mahina ua hoʻomaka lākou e haʻalele i ka ʻohana, hiki i kēia kaʻina hana ke lilo i mau mahina hou a hiki i kona nalowale loa ʻana. Ke hoʻomaka aʻauʻau ʻōpio wale nō, lohi kā lākou ulu ʻana, akā hoʻomau lākou e hoʻohui 3-7 cm i kēlā me kēia mahina no ka makahiki mua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka piraruk
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka piraruku?
ʻAʻohe holoholona i ka Amazon i hiki ke ʻimi kūleʻa i ka piraruka: nui a pale maikaʻi ʻia e ko lākou unahi ikaika. No laila, ʻaʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā iʻa makua, ʻoiai aia he mau hōʻike e hopu ʻia ana e nā caimans.
Akā ʻaʻole kēia i hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia, a inā ʻoiaʻiʻo ia, a laila liʻiliʻi iki ia, a ʻo nā mea maʻi wale nō e hopu i nā caimans. Inā ʻole, ua hoʻokele mua nā ʻepekema e nānā i ke kaʻina ʻimi holoholona, a i ʻole ʻike lākou i nā unahi o ka pyraruca i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā caimans. ʻO nā holoholona wai ʻē aʻe e noho ana ma Amazon, ʻoiai ke ʻano theoretically, ʻaʻole hiki ke kū i kahi piraruka makua.
ʻO kēia ka ʻenemi nui o ke kanaka, no ka mea, lōʻihi ka ʻihi ʻana o ka poʻe i ka iʻa. No nā India, he iʻa punahele kēia, ʻaʻole ia he mea pūʻiwa: nui ia, no laila lawa ka mea i hopu ʻia i kēlā me kēia mea no nā poʻe he nui, a ʻono pū kekahi. Maʻalahi nō hoʻi ke loaʻa ma muli o ka mea lana lana e hanu, ʻoiai e walaʻau nui.
Hopu lākou i kēia iʻa me ke kōkua o nā harpoons a i ʻole nā ʻupena, i ka hoʻohui i ka ʻiʻo, waiwai pū ʻia kona mau iwi: hana lākou i nā pā mai lākou, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā lāʻau lāhui, a hana lākou i nā faile mai nā unahi, kahi makemake nui nā poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e kūʻai. Ma muli o ia waiwai no ka poʻe, ma ka lima o ke kanaka e make ai ia.
I kahi mea liʻiliʻi, pili kēia i nā iʻa ʻōpio: ʻimi nā mea ʻai like ʻole iā ia, ʻoiai e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli e ka mālama ʻana o nā mākua i nā hua a me nā ʻai, me ka makaʻala e pale ana iā lākou. Hele ka ʻōpio piraruku i ka ʻauʻau manuahi ʻana ua ulu a hiki ke kū i luna no lākou iho, akā i ka wā mua hiki ke hoʻoweliweli ʻia lākou e nā mea ʻino nui wai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Inā make ke kāne me ke kula kālua, hiki iā lākou ke pūnana me kekahi e hana like ana, a e pale aku ʻo ia i ka ʻai "hānai" e like me kāna.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Piraruku
Ma muli o ka lawaiʻa ʻeleu, ua hoʻemi ka heluna kanaka o ka pyraruku, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua lilo i mea nui ʻole kekahi. No ka pale ʻana i ka iʻa, pāpā ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana i nā iʻa ma kekahi mau panalāʻau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Red Book: ua ākea kona laulā, a ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kona heluna lehulehu.
ʻAʻole nō i ʻike ʻia no ka hōʻemi ʻana: ua hoʻokolokolo ʻia kēia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua lawaiʻa ʻia ka iʻa nui. A ʻo kahi hopena, inā ʻai mau nā kamaʻāina i ka piraruka mau, ke lilo nei ia i mea ʻono: hiki nō ke kiʻi ʻia i nā panalāʻau he nui, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hopu ʻana iā ia.
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hōʻino nui ʻia o ka iʻa ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia o ka lawaiʻa ʻana me ka ʻupena i ka waena o ke kenekulia i hala: ʻo nā mea nui wale nō i luku ʻia me kahi lira, a ua kū koke nā mea liʻiliʻi i ko lākou wahi, a ua paʻa nā iʻa āpau me ka ʻupena No ka hakakā ʻana i kēia, ua hoʻokau ʻia ka pāpā ma ke kūʻai aku ʻana i kahi pirate ma lalo o hoʻokahi mika a me ka hapalua ka lōʻihi.
Mālama ʻia ʻo Piraruka i kekahi manawa i nā aquarium hōʻike nui - pono ma kahi o 1,000 liters o kā lākou iʻa e ʻoluʻolu. Hāpai ʻia ia i ka hana ʻāpana i loko o nā loko wai mehana - ulu koke ia, no laila ua manaʻo ʻia kēia ala he mea hoʻohiki, ʻoiai ʻoiai hiki ke ulu i kēia ala i nā ʻāina anu.
Akā ma ʻAmelika Latina he maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i kēia, no ka mea hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohua i ka piraruca i nā waihona kūlohelohe. Ke hana ikaika nei ʻo Brazil ma kēia: ke lana nei nā manaʻo kūloko e hoʻomaikaʻi ana nā ʻano hana i ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā iʻa hihiu a hoʻololi loa i nā iʻa mahiʻai. ʻO ka pinepine, hana ʻia ka hānau ʻana i loko o nā loko wai - maʻalahi lākou no kēia.
Mea hoihoi: ʻOiai hiki i ka piraruku ke hanu i ka ea maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia e ʻike i ka nui o ka pilikia i ka wā maloʻo - pono ia e kanu iā ia iho i ka silt pulu a i ʻole ke one, a hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i kahi manawa lōʻihi e like me kēia. Akā lilo ka iʻa i mea nāwaliwali loa ma muli o ka lohe o kona hanu ʻana mai kahi mamao aku, a inā loaʻa ka poʻe iā ia, a laila ʻaʻole hiki ke waiho iā lākou ma ke one.
ʻO kēia iʻa relict kū hoʻokahi piraruku, i ola mau miliona mau makahiki, no ka mea ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hui liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka manawa pinepine. Pono ia e lawe i nā ana e pono ai e pale i ka hōʻemi hou ʻana o ka heluna kanaka - laki, ke hoʻokō ʻia nei, a no laila ke lana nei ka manaʻo e noho mau ka piraruku i kona ʻano kūlohelohe a ʻoi aku.
Lā paʻi: 10/25/2019
Lā hou: 01.09.2019 ma 19:58
