Weevil He pepeke o ke kauoha o coleoptera. ʻO ka ʻohana weevil kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma waena o coleoptera (ma kahi o 40,000 mau ʻano). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā weevil he antennae lōʻihi, ʻano kikoʻī i hiki ke pelu i nā kaumaha kūikawā ma ka ihu. ʻAʻohe o nā lālā o ka laha he mau eheu, ʻoiai he pailota maikaʻi loa nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Weevil
Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ka weevil e Thomas Say i ka makahiki 1831 ma ke ʻano he caryopsis mai nā laʻana i lawe ʻia ma Louisiana. ʻO ka moʻohelu hoʻokele waiwai mua o kēia kolo ʻo ia ʻo Asa Fitch o Nu Ioka, i loaʻa nā pi i loaʻa ʻia mai Providence, Rhode Island ma 1860. I ka makahiki 1891, ua hōʻoia ʻo J. A. Lintner, Nu Ioka, i ka hua o ka weevil legume i hana mau ʻia i nā pīni i mālama ʻia, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka weevil pea ʻEulopa kaulana.
Mea hoihoi: He nalo maoli nā wao. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā lāhui o kēia ʻohana ma mua o nā hui beetles ʻē aʻe. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema aia ma kahi o 1,000 mau ʻano welu i ʻAmelika Hema.
Video: Weevil
Aia he 3 ʻano nui o nā weevil:
- ʻO nā weevils laiki he mau nalo liʻiliʻi wale nō 1 mm ka lōʻihi. He hina hina ka makua i ʻeleʻele i ke kala a ʻehā mau kiko melemele ʻulaʻula ma kona kua. Keʻokeʻo a palupalu nā larvae, ʻaʻohe paws. ʻAno like nā Pupae o nā weevil me nā mākua me ko lākou mau ihu lōʻihi, akā keʻokeʻo. Hiki i kahi kanaka makua ke lele a ola a ʻelima mau mahina. Ke waiho nei ka wahine o kēia weevil i 400 mau hua i kona ola;
- ʻo nā wīwī kulina i manaʻo ʻia ma mua wale nō ka nui o nā laiki wīwī ma muli o ko lākou like o waho. ʻOi aku ka nui iki, a i 3 mm ka lōʻihi, e like me ka weevil laiki, mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻeleʻele, ʻehā mau kiko ʻulaʻula-melemele ma ke kua. Akā ʻeleʻele kona kala ma mua o ka laiki. ʻOi aku ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana o ka weevil kulina ma mua o ka weevil laiki. ʻO kāna larvae keʻokeʻo a palupalu hoʻi, ʻaʻohe paws. Pupae like pū kekahi me nā mākua me ko lākou mau ihu lōʻihi, a keʻokeʻo pū kekahi. Hiki ke lele ka kānana kulina;
- ʻoi aku ka nui o nā paukū ʻūlū o nā pā hale manu ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe a ma kahi o 5 mm ka lōʻihi. ʻO ko lākou kala mai ka ʻulaʻula a i ka ʻeleʻele. Ma kahi o 3 mm ka lōʻihi o ke kino a hoʻonui ka waha i lalo mai ke poʻo. He keʻokeʻo a palupalu kāna larvae, ʻaʻohe paws, a ua like nā pupae keʻokeʻo me nā weevil ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole hiki i kēia weevil ke lele, no laila hiki ke loaʻa ma kahi o nā wahi i loaʻa i ka maʻi. Hiki i nā mākua ke ola a 8 mau pule, i ka manawa a ka wahine e waiho ai i 200 mau hua.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka weevil
ʻIke ʻia nā ʻano weevil ʻokoʻa i ka nui o nā kala o ke kino a me nā ʻano.
- ka nui: ʻokoʻa ka lōʻihi o nā weevil mai 3 a 10 mm; ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau ʻano oval oval;
- kala: ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele (ʻeleʻele i ʻeleʻele);
- Poʻo: He poʻo elongated ke poʻo weevil makua e hana nei i kahi ihu. Aia ka waha ma ka hope o ka ihu. I kekahi mau weevil, ua like ka loa o ka ihu me ke kino. ʻO kekahi ʻohana o nā nalo, caryopsis, he ʻano ʻokoʻa kona. ʻAʻohe o lākou mau ihu elongated i loaʻa i nā weevil ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke ola ʻana o kahi weevil makua e pili ana i kāna exoskeleton a i kāna cuticle. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka cuticle i ka hui ʻana o chitin a me nā protein, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ʻekolu mau papa: ʻo ka epicuticle, ka exocuticle, a me ka endocuticle. Hoʻokumu ka cuticle i kahi hana paʻakikī i ʻike ʻia ʻo sclerotization a me melanization, kahi e koi ai i ke alo o ka compound dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
Loaʻa i ka midgut o kahi weevil nā ʻeke liʻiliʻi e hoʻonui ai i ka ʻāpana o nā ʻōpū, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka digestion a me ka lawe ʻana i nā meaola. Ma ka wēlau o kēlā me kēia cecum kahi bacteriome, kahi lālā loea i hana ʻia i nā hunaola i kapa ʻia he bacteriocytes e pale ai i nā koʻohune endosymbiotic mai ka hopena o ka ʻōnaehana paleʻāina o ka mea hoʻokipa. ʻAʻole loaʻa i nā bacteriocytes nā endosymbionts i kā lākou cytoplasm, akā hāʻawi pū lākou i nā meaola e pono ai e kākoʻo i ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi.
Ma hea e noho ai ka weevil?
Kiʻi: ka nalo Weevil
I nā kau mahana, ʻai nā lau nahelehele i nā lau o nā kumu lāʻau, nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu i waho. Eia nō naʻe, i ka hāʻule o kēia, hoʻomaka kēia mau mea ʻai ʻai ʻai mea kanu i wahi no ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano, e like me ka ululāʻau ʻoka ʻĀkia, ʻume ʻia i ka malamalama. Akoakoa lākou a puni nā puka a me nā puka aniani o nā hale. ʻIke kekahi mau mea hale i kekahi manawa i nā haneli nāhelehele i ʻōpili ʻia ma waho o ka home. Ke loaʻa nā nāhelehele i nā māwae a puka paha ma nā puka aniani, neʻe lākou i loko o ka hale. Komo lākou i loko o nā puka makani naha a i nā puka hā. Hiki iā lākou ke kolo ma lalo o nā puka i hōʻino ʻia e ke aniau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka hapa nui o nā weevil e hoʻouka i ka home e hoʻolilo i ka hoʻoilo i ka paia o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ka attic a me ka hale kaʻa he mau hale hoʻomaha hoʻoilo nō ia no nā weevil. Hiki i kēia mau nalo ke hoʻolilo i ka hoʻoilo me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka mea hale.
Eia nō naʻe, pau kekahi mau wīwī i ka nohona o kahi home. Hiki iā lākou ke hele ma waena o ka māwae i ka paia a i kahi ākea paha e kokoke ana i ka paipu. Hiki iā lākou ke kolo i waho ma ke āpau ma lalo o ka baseboard. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i ka lua kukui e heʻe ai i waho o ka attic.
I ka hoʻoilo, ʻoi aku ka mahana o ka home ma mua o ka attic a i ʻole ka hale kaʻa. Hiki i kēia ke huikau i nā weevil. Ke komo lākou i kahi nohona mehana o ka home, hoʻomaka ka wīwī e hana e like me ka puna i hiki mai a hoʻāʻo e ʻimi i kahi ala e hele ai i waho.
Hiki i nā weevil ke hele mai i kahi hale i loko o ka hale ke hoʻopili i nā lumi āpau o ka hale. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia lākou i nā lumi me nā puka aniani. Akoakoa nā Beetles ma nā puka aniani e hoʻāʻo ana e hele i waho. ʻIke nā mea nona ka hale i kēia mau weevil e kolo ana i nā paia, nā puka aniani, a me nā kaupaku.
He aha ka ʻai a ka weevil?
Kiʻi: Weevil i ke kūlohelohe
E like me nā mea ʻino pantry ʻē aʻe, ʻai nā weevil i nā hua palaoa a me ka laiki, a pēlā pū me nā nati, nā pi, nā palaoa, nā ʻanoʻano, nā kulina, a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe.
ʻAi wale ka hapa nui o nā weevil i nā mea kanu. ʻO nā ʻiʻo momona, ʻaʻohe wāwae o ka hapanui o nā ʻano e hānai wale i kahi ʻāpana kikoʻī o ka mea kanu - ʻo ia hoʻi, ke poʻo pua, nā ʻanoʻano, nā hua momona, nā kumu, a me nā aʻa. Hānai nā larva he nui i nā ʻano mea kanu a i ʻole nā mea pili. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka loea o nā weevil mākua i kā lākou ʻano maʻamau.
Noho nā wīwī a hānai i loko o nā hua a lākou e ʻai ai. ʻŪlū ka wahine i kahi lua i kahi hua a palaoa paha a waiho i kahi hua i loko, a laila pani ʻia ka lua, waiho ka hua i loko o ka palaoa a hua paha. Ke kū ka hua, e ʻai ka larva i ka mea o loko a ulu pono. Ke ulu aʻe kahi weevil makua, ʻai ʻo ia i ka palaoa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ke hoʻopuka nā wīwī wahine i nā pheromones, e kali nā kāne no lākou e puka mai i waho o ka palaoa a e ʻimi koke e hui pū me lākou i mea e hānau hou ai.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea hale ke ʻike i nā weevil ke ʻākoakoa lākou kokoke i ko lākou mau home. Akā inā hiki i nā ʻūhū ke loaʻa i kahi lua a komo i loko o ka hale, ʻike pinepine ka mea nona nā haneli he mau kolo e kolo ana ma nā puka aniani a me nā paia.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ulanahele pepelu
Ma waho, hiki i nā wīwī ke luku i nā mea kanu māla. I loko o ka hale, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole o kēia mau nalo ma mua o ka weliweli. Hoʻohaumia nā wao i nā meaʻai me nā feces a me nā ʻili, e hoʻonui ana i nā mea ʻino ma mua o kā lākou ʻai. Ma ka home, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā weevil i nā meaʻai pūʻolo, hiki ke hele mai hoʻi ma waho. Ke komo i loko, hiki i ka lehulehu ke ulu a hoʻonui i ka lilo o nā meaʻai kokoke inā ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia.
Hiki i kekahi mau weevil ke lilo i mau pest. ʻO kēia nā wīwī hoʻonāukiuki i nā mea hale no ka mea hoʻouka pinepine lākou i nā hale i ka nui. Hoʻouka kekahi o lākou i ka hāʻule. Hūnā lākou i ka hoʻoilo a haʻalele i ka puna. Hoʻouka kekahi i ke kauwela i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻomehana i ke anilā.
He pō nū nā wao a nā mākua a ʻimi i kahi e malu ai ma lalo o nā ʻōpala o nā mea kanu i ka lā. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia hana no ka nānā a me ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana. Hiki ke hāhai ʻia nā Weevil me nā pahele a me nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā i hopu mua ʻia ai nā weevil mākua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano hopu i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia nā "puʻuhonua," nona nā lau o kaʻuala me ka insecticide. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hei o ka uhi ʻana ma mua pono o ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea kanu ʻuala i nā māla hou.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ka nalo Weevil
ʻO nā pōʻaiapuni ola o kahi weevil kahi ʻano nui i hilinaʻi ʻia. Ke waiho nei kekahi mau mākua i kā lākou mau hua i ka honua ma kahi kokoke i nā mea kanu i ka puna. Ke hū nā hua, burrow ka larva i ka lepo a hānai i nā aʻa. ʻOiai aia ka larvae i lalo o ka honua, ʻaʻole ʻike iki ka poʻe iā lākou.
ʻOki nā mākua i ka palaoa i waho a hoʻomoe hoʻi i nā hua. Hiki i nā wahine ke hoʻomoe i 300 i 400 mau hua, ma ka maʻa mau hoʻokahi no ka lua. Hoʻomohala ka larvae ma o nā pae (instars) i loko o nā hua, a pēpē hoʻi i ka pūliki. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i kahi hanauna i hoʻokahi mahina i nā kūlana mahana. Noho pinepine nā mākua ma kahi o 7 a 8 mau mahina, akā hiki i kekahi ke ola ma mua o 2 mau makahiki.
ʻAʻohe loaʻa ka hua manu, ka larva, a me nā pae pupa o nā weevil i nā hua. Hana ʻia ka hānai ʻana i loko o ka palaoa a ʻoki nā mākua i nā puka no ka puka. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā puka o ka wili palaoa ma mua o ka weevil laiki a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka welu ma mua o ka laumania a me ka pōʻai.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe nā wahine i kahi lua liʻiliʻi i ka palaoa, waiho i ka hua i loko o ka lua, a laila pani i ka lua me ka huna gelatinous. Hoʻopili ka hua i loko o kahi ʻōpio, e pālahalaha aku ana i waenakonu o ka nukelea, hānai, ulu a pīpī ma laila. He puka nā mākua hou e puka aʻe mai loko mai, a laila hele i loko o ka moʻo ʻana a hoʻomaka i kahi hanauna hou.
Moe nā wahine o nā pā weuwelewa i waena o nā hua he 36 a me 254. Ma nā mahana mai 23 a 26 mau kekelē Celsius, pili ka wela o 75 a 90%, hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua i ka palaoa me kahi mākū o 13.5 a 19.6% no 3 mau lā. Makua nā mākua ma 18 mau lā a me nā pupae i nā lā he 6. ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni ke ola mai 30 a 40 mau lā i ke kauwela a me 123 a 148 mau lā i ka hoʻoilo, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka mahana. Ma kahi o 32 mau lā e hoʻopau ai i ke ola ola. ʻO nā pā a me nā ʻeke wili laiki ke kuhi i ka make ma ka lawe ʻana mai i kā lākou mau wāwae a kokoke i ke kino a hoʻohālikelike e hāʻule.
Noho nā larva i ka hoʻoilo i ka honua a lilo i mau mākua i ka puna aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i nā mākua e hōʻike i ke kauwela a i ʻole hāʻule ke sneak i loko o nā hale no ka puʻuhonua. ʻO kekahi, e like me ka wili lāʻau ʻoka Asiatic, ʻume ʻia i ka mālamalama, no laila ua kau ʻia lākou i ko lākou mau home i ka pō. Huki paha kekahi i ka mehana mai ka home.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā mea ulana lole
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka weevil
He ʻenemi kūlohelohe kā ka Weevils.
ʻO nā pepeke Predatory kekahi:
- punawelewele;
- nalo nalo;
- predata nematodes.
Pākuʻi ʻia nā mea ʻai holoholona:
- moa moa;
- manu polū;
- warbler;
- wrens a me nā manu ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā lūlū ahi ʻulaʻula he mea hōkai maikaʻi i ka weevil pulupulu ma ka hikina o Texas. No 11 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole ʻeha nā wīwī i nā pohō hoʻokele waiwai ma muli o ka make ma muli o ka nahenahe. ʻO ka hemo ʻana i nā naonao ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hōʻino o ka weevil. ʻO nā insecticides i hoʻohana ʻia i nā meaola pulupulu e hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui i ka heluna ant. I mea e pōmaikaʻi ai mai kēia predation ant ant pono, pono e hōʻalo ʻia nā noi insecticide pono ʻole.
ʻO nā ʻenemi nui o nā wīwī ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo nei e kāpae iā lākou. ʻO ke ana maʻalahi a maikaʻi loa e ʻike i ke kumu o ka maʻi a hoʻopau koke iā ia. E hoʻohana i kahi ipukukui a i ʻole kumu kukui ʻē aʻe e nānā pono ai i nā wahi mālama a me nā meaʻai. Inā hiki, hoʻolei i nā meaʻai i hoʻohaumia nui ʻia i loko o ka wahī, nā ʻeke ea kaumaha a i ʻole nā ipu airtight no ka hoʻolei ʻana, a kanu ʻia paha i loko o ka lepo. Inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi maʻi i ka wā mua, hiki i ka hoʻolei wale nō ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Weevil
Manaʻo ʻia ka weevil kahi ʻano pest e pili ana i nā hana hoʻolei. ʻO ka weevil pulupulu, kahi mea hōʻino luku o ka pulupulu, i hōʻike mua ʻia ma United States (Texas) i ka 1894. I loko o nā makahiki he 30 e hiki mai ana, ma kahi o 87% o nā wahi i mahi ʻia i luku ʻia a ua luku ʻia ka ʻoihana pulupulu. Hoʻohana wale nā pepeke ʻōpala e kuhikuhi ana i nā weevil a hiki i ka 1960. Ua hoʻomaka ka papa aʻe o ka papahana hoʻokele weevil i ka makahiki 1962 i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka Weevil Research Laboratory ma ke Kulanui o Mokuʻāina ʻo Misisipi.
Ua hele mai kahi breakthrough nui i ka kāohi weevil me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kāna pheromone hōʻuluʻulu synthetic, ka mea i hōʻoia he mea pono e nānā pono pono i hiki ke hana nui i ka papahana weevil a me ka hana hoʻopau. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻopau i ka pailaka i ka makahiki 1971 a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahele pheromone, nā kāne kāne make a me nā insecticides.
Ma hope iho, ua alakaʻi ʻia kahi hōʻike hoʻoneʻe ʻelua e hoʻohana ana i nā pahele pheromone. I ka makahiki 1983, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papahana hoʻopau i ka kāʻei hema hema (North and South Carolina), a ua hoʻonui ʻia i nā ʻāpana o Georgia, Alabama a me Florida āpau. ʻO ke kia nui o ka papahana ka pale ʻana i ka diapause a me ka hana hou ʻana i nā weevil, i hui pū ʻia me ka kaohi i ka wā ulu. I ka makahiki 1985, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka papahana i ke komohana hema o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ma ka makahiki 1993, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka weevil ma Kaleponi, ʻAlikona a me Mekiko ʻākau komohana.
I loko o kahi papahana hoʻopau weevil i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pheromone, hoʻohana ʻia nā pahele no ka ʻike ʻana, ka helu kanaka ʻana, ka hopu nui ʻana a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻohana insecticide. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia i nā ʻāpana pale pale insecticide i loko o nā pahele pheromone e hiki ai i ka make a ma laila e pale ai i ka pakele.
Weevilua kūleʻa paha ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi ihu, i hoʻohana ʻia ʻaʻole wale no ke komo wale a me ka hānai ʻana, akā no ka hana ʻana i nā lua i hiki ai ke waiho i nā hua. Aia i loko o kēia ʻohana nā mea ʻino hoʻopōʻino loa e like me ka palaoa, ka hale ʻai a me nā weevil laiki.
Ka lā paʻi: 09/07/2019
Lā hou: 09/25/2019 ma 13:54
