ʻEtʻī lepo

ʻEtʻī lepo He nalo me ka kua kala nui e noho kokoke ana i nā wahi āpau. Aia kekahi mau inoa ʻē aʻe: nā bombardiers, nā lele lele, nā nalo māla. ʻO kekahi o lākou he mea pono loa no nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia, a ʻo kekahi mea ʻino wale nō. ʻO wai nā nalo lepo e hoʻāʻo nei mākou e ʻike.

Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe

Kiʻi: ka nalo honua

ʻO nā nalo honua (Carabidae) kahi ʻohana o nā nalo, nā mea kolo papa, e like me nā arthropods, o nā beetles kauoha. ʻO ka inoa o nā nalo mai ka huaʻōlelo "buzz". ʻIke nā Entomologists e pili ana i 40 tausani mau ʻano o nā nalo honua, a ma ka liʻiliʻi he 3 tausani mau ʻano hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma Rūsia wale nō. Pili lākou āpau i ka genus like, akā i ka manawa like he ʻokoʻa ko lākou i waena o lākou iho: ka nui, ke kala, a me nā hiʻohiʻona.

Wikiō: nalo nalo

ʻO nā nalo honua, ma ke ʻano he ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele i ke kala, i kekahi manawa me ka hinuhinu kila ʻalani o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka uliuli a me ke gula. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā aka ʻulaʻula a me nā ʻulaʻula. Inā ʻoe e nānā pono i ka sheen metallic, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kaha lahilahi loa. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o nā ʻano nalo o ka honua i ʻokoʻa mai 1 a 10 cm.

Nā ʻano hoihoi loa o nā nalo honua:

• nalo nalo Caucasian. Noho nui ia ma ka ʻākau o ka Caucasus, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia ma ka Teritori Krasnodar. He bluish ʻulaʻula ka Caucasian ground beetle, i kekahi manawa ʻulaʻula a me nā kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ke emi wikiwiki nei ka helu o nā laha, ʻo ia ke kumu i helu ʻia ai i ka Red Book o Russia;
• ʻO Crimean beetle honua. ʻIke ʻia ka laha ma ka ʻāina o ka Crimean Peninsula a hana nui i ka pō. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia beetle - piʻi pinepine kona kino i 6 cm.

ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Ma ke kua o ke kino, he mau gland me ka caute ka Crimean ground beet, akā ʻaʻole ia he wai ʻawahia, me ke kōkua o ia mea "pana" i kona mau ʻenemi ma kahi mamao a 2 mau mika.

ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nalo honua

Liʻiliʻi ke poʻo o nā ʻano carabid āpau a kuhikuhi maʻamau i mua. Ma luna ona he ʻano ʻūlū o nā mea kōkua waha me nā ʻāʻī ikaika a ʻoi loa hoʻi. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kinona o nā ā a pili i nā makemake o ka meaʻai o kekahi a i ʻole kekahi ʻano.

ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻike ʻia nā predators e nā mandibles ʻano lōʻihi, me ke kōkua o lākou e lālau a hoʻopaʻa paʻa i kā lākou mea pio. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā beet ground groundetarian e nā ā nunui a puʻupuʻu paha, i kūpono kūpono no ka wili ʻana i nā olonā mea kanu.

ʻO ka nui o nā maka o nā nalo honua e pili ana i ko lākou nohona: i ka lua ʻana a me nā ana o ka liʻiliʻi, liʻiliʻi lākou, ʻike ʻole ʻia, ma nā ʻano ncturnal nui lākou, ma crepuscular a me nā lā o ke ao nui nā maka. Lahilahi nā antennae o nā beetles, he ʻumikūmākahi mau ʻāpana.

ʻO ke kino no ka hapanui he oval, elongated iki, akā naʻe, aia kekahi mau ʻano i ʻano like ʻole.

• poepoe, biconvex;
• lau lau;
• kūpale me kahi constriction a me kahi poʻo nui, like me nā ants;
• poepoe, kihi ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao;
• lāʻau kū.

ʻO nā nalo honua, e like me nā mea kolo āpau, he 6 mau wāwae, me nā ʻelima ʻāpana. ʻO ko lākou hiʻohiʻona, helehelena a me nā hana i ka hilinaʻi i ke ʻano o ka neʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana, hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano burrowing e nā lālā pōkole a ākea me nā niho ʻoi, a no nā mea ʻē aʻe, lōʻihi a lahilahi. He mea nui ia ma ka tibia o kēlā me kēia paw aia kahi notch kūikawā me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o nā beetles i kā lākou antennae.

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā ʻeheu o nā nalo honua a hiki i nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻano like: pōkole a lōʻihi paha, hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ʻaʻole paha. Kūleʻa ka elytra i nā nalo, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia a uhi ʻia paha me nā ʻūlū a i ʻole nā ​​puʻupuʻu o nā ʻano like ʻole. I nā ʻano manu ʻole, ulu pū ka elytra a hōʻike i kahi papa hoʻohui.

Hōʻike nui ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe ma ka honua beetles. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne. I nā kāne, hoʻolaha ākea ʻia nā forepaws a me nā antennae lōʻihi a ʻike ʻia he pubescent. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kala o nā nalo honua, akā me ka predominance o nā leo ʻeleʻele, a me ke aniani a me ka aniani iridescent. ʻO nā ʻano o nā nalo honua e noho ana ma nā mea kanu a kokoke i nā kino o ka wai e mālamalama maʻamau: polū, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, poni.

I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka nalo honua. E nānā kāua i kahi e noho ai kēia nalo.

Ma hea e noho ai ka nalo lepo?

Kiʻi: ka nalo honua ma Lūkia

ʻO nā nalo honua nā ʻelele i puʻunaue ʻia ʻaneʻane i nā wahi āpau a puni ka hona, koe wale no Antarctica. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻApelika, ʻAukekulelia, ʻAkau ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema, a ma nā ʻano pae kai. Aia kekahi mau ʻano i hiki ke ola i nā mahana subzero a me nā ʻano i hoʻomanawanui i ka maloʻo.

Ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻokoʻa o nā beetles honua, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i nā tropika a me nā subtropics, i nā aniau, i nā taiga a me tundra. ʻOkoʻa loa ko lākou wahi noho: kahi o nā ululāʻau a me nā steppes, nā sabana a me nā wao akua, nā ululāʻau a me nā semi-wao nahele, nā ulu lāʻau wela a me nā mauna.

No ko lākou ola, nā nalo honua, e like me ke kānāwai, koho:

• nā papa lepo o luna (i nā māla, nā kula a me nā māla);
• ka ʻili lāʻau kahiko a hāʻule nā ​​lau (i nā ululāʻau a me nā pāka);
• nā māwae, nā ana a me nā kahawai (i nā kuahiwi).

Ma waena o nā ʻano nui o nā nalo honua, ʻike pū kekahi nā entomologists i nā lā a me nā pō he nui, akā me kahi mālama liʻiliʻi. Aia ke kumu i loko o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka palena palena pau loa o ka hana no nā beetles ʻaʻole ke alo a me ka ʻole o ka lā i kekahi manawa a i kekahi o ka lā, akā hoʻonui i ka ea i ka ea. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e hoʻonui ʻia ai ka ea o ka lewa, e hana nui nā ʻano nocturnal i ke ao.

He aha ka ʻai a ka nalo honua?

Kiʻi: Crimean ground beetle

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, noho nā nalo honua i nā māla, nā ululāʻau, nā pāka, i nā wahi ponoʻī, i nā māla, i ka nui, kahi e nui ai nā holoholona liʻiliʻi e holo, kolo a lele paha. Nā makemake o ka meaʻai o nā nalo honua: nā nīnū, nā slug, nā larvae o nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe, nā ʻenuhe, nā ʻapīpī.

Mahalo i kēia "papa kuhikuhi", mahalo nui ʻia nā beetles kahua karnivorous e nā māla, ʻoiai lākou e kōkua nui i ka hakakā mau ʻana i nā mea ʻino. He maʻalahi ka loina o ka ʻimi holoholona ʻana i nā nalo honua. Ke ʻike ka nalo i kāna mea pio a mākaukau hoʻi e hoʻouka iā ia, ʻike ʻia kahi wai lōlō kūikawā i loko o kāna mau aʻa. Hoʻopiʻi ka nalo i kāna mea pio me kēia wai, kali no kekahi mau minuke a hoʻomaka e ʻai.

Loaʻa kēia wai i nā mea immobilize a palupalu i ka mea i pā ʻia, a lilo ia i gruel semi-wai. Hoʻokomo ka beetle i kēia gruel a hoʻi i ka hale hoʻomaha no kekahi mau lā - e ʻeli i ka meaʻai a hoʻomaha. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, puka mai ka nalo mai ka puʻuhonua a hoʻomaka hou i ka ʻimi holoholona.

Aia i waena o nā nalo lepo he mau ʻano predatory, nā ʻano me ka ʻai huikau, a me nā mea ʻai. Ma waena o nā mea hope loa, ʻo ka mea weliweli loa no nā mea kanu kekahi o nā ʻelele o ka genus Zabrus - beetles berena. ʻAi nui lākou i nā hua semi-pala o nā mea kanu cereal: rai, palaoa, bale, ʻoka, kulina, kahi e hōʻeha ai i ka mahiʻai.

ʻAi ʻia nā ʻelala beetle honua i ka like like me ke ʻano o nā mākua, koe wale nō kekahi o nā laha. I ka larvae, maʻi nui loa ka parasitism ma nā larvae o nā mea kolo ʻē aʻe.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona

Kiʻi: ka nalo honua

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā nalo honua e alakaʻi i kahi nohona terrestrial, makemake i kahi papa o nā lau pala pala a i ʻole ka papa o ka mauʻu mauʻu o ka makahiki i hala. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau nalo honua e noho nei ma nā mea kanu, ka lepo a me ka parasite.

ʻO ka pinepine, hoʻonohonoho nā beetle i kahi puʻuhonua no lākou iho i waena o nā lau i hina, ma lalo o nā pōhaku, i nā aʻa o nā kumu lāʻau, i ka mauʻu. Noho kekahi ʻano ma nā lālā lāʻau i ke kiʻekiʻe a ʻekolu mau mika. ʻO nā kūlana nui no ko lākou wahi noho kahi mahana mahana, hoʻoweliweli kiʻekiʻe, a me ka malu.

Wahi a nā ʻike ʻepekema hou loa, ua manaʻo ʻia nā nalo beetle i nā ʻupena e noho ana i nā hui liʻiliʻi, i ʻae iā lākou e ʻimi kūleʻa ʻaʻole wale i nā kolo, akā ʻo nā mea pio nui aʻe kekahi, e laʻa me nā moʻo liʻiliʻi.

ʻO ka nalo honua ka hapanui o ka pō, ʻoiai aia wale nō nā lā i ke ao. I ka pō ʻana, hele nā ​​lālā a pau o kahi ʻohana liʻiliʻi i ka hopu holoholona, ​​a i ke kakahiaka nui, a ma mua o ka wanaʻao, peʻe ka poʻe āpau i ka malu.

Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, ma ke ala waena, aia kēia ma waena o ʻOkakopa, ke haʻahaʻa ka awelika o kēlā me kēia lā, burrow ka honua i loko o ka honua a hohonu ka hapalua mika a me hibernate. Ma kahi o ke kau waena o Malaki a i ʻole iki, ma muli o ke anilā, hele i waho ka nalo a hoʻomau i ko lākou ola holoʻokoʻa.

ʻOkoʻa ke ola o nā ʻano nalo o ka honua, a radical. ʻO kahi laʻana, aia nā nalo lepo e noho hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō a hāʻawi i hoʻokahi hanauna o nā keiki i ko lākou ola pōkole. Aia kekahi mau lāhui e noho nei no 2-5 mau makahiki a ʻoi.

ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou

Kiʻi: Pīhā lepo māla

Hoʻomaka ka hana hou ʻana i nā nalo honua i ka makahiki 9-12 mau mahina.

Hoʻomaopopo ka Entomologists i kēia mau ʻano o ka rhythm makahiki o ka nalo honua.

• hiki ke kau moʻo i ka puna (ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka larvae i ke kauwela, a ʻo nā mea kolo i ka hibernate pae makua i ka wā hoʻoilo);
• kū ke kau moʻo i ke kauwela a i ʻole ke kauwela (ʻo ka hibernates larva, ʻaʻohe hibernation kauwela);
• hiki ke kau male ma ke kauwela a i ʻole ke kauwela (ʻo ka hibernates larva, aia kahi hibernation kauwela);
• hoʻololi i ke kau male ʻana (hiki ke hana kope ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, nā ʻelua a me nā nalo beetles mau makahiki);
• ʻo ke kau moʻo a me ka ulu ʻana ma mua o hoʻokahi makahiki.

ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO kekahi ʻano o nā nalo honua e noho ana i nā tropic a me nā subtropics e hana hou i ʻelua mau manawa i ka makahiki.

ʻO nā nalo honua he mau kolo me ka loli piha, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ko lākou ulu ʻana, hele lākou i ʻehā mau hanana: hua manu, ʻūlū, pupa, imago. Ma ke ala waena, hoʻomaka ke kau moʻa no nā nalo honua i ka hopena o ʻApelila a i ʻole mua o Mei. Ma hope o ka moʻo ʻana, hana ka wahine i kahi paʻa i ka hohonu o 3-5 knm. Hoʻokahi paha paʻa i nā hua 20-80. ʻO ka wahi o ka masonry e pouli, mahana a wela. Pono ka lepo i ka humus.

I nā ʻano nalo o ka honua, nā ʻano e ka mālama ʻana i nā keiki, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hua i loko o ka paʻa a ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou, ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe he liʻiliʻi nā hua, akā he nui nā manawa i ʻoi aku o lākou. I ke ʻano, hiki i nā hua ma ke ʻano oval elongated a i ʻole kahi paukū e hoʻopuni ʻia i nā wēlau me kahi melemele translucent melemele a keʻokeʻo pū, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka larva e ka hopena o ka incubation.

I ka hapanui o nā ʻano nalo o ka honua, mālama ka ʻōhua i ke koho ʻana i kahi kūpono loa no ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā hua, akā aia kekahi mau ʻano kahi e lawe ai i nā ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO kahi laʻana, i nā nalo honua Pterostichini, kiaʻi ka wahine i ka paʻa a hiki i ka hānai ʻana o ka larva, e pale ana iā ia mai nā mea i hoʻopili ʻia o nā nalo ʻē aʻe a mai ka maʻi me ka puna.

Ma Madagascar beetles Scartini, pale ka wahine i nā hua i loko o ka wā incubation holoʻokoʻa, a laila no kekahi manawa ke ola nei me nā larva, e hānai ʻana iā lākou me nā ʻenuhe a me nā ʻenuhe. I nā nalo lepo Harpalini, waiho ka wahine i kahi keʻena pūnana me kahi lako o nā ʻano mea kanu, a laila ʻai ʻia e nā ʻūlū pāpale.

Loaʻa i nā larvae beetle honua kahi kino elongated (a i 2 cm ka lōʻihi) me kahi poʻo nui, waha nui, ʻōpū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a me nā wāwae pōkole. ʻAi lākou i ka mea like me nā beetles makua. I ke kaʻina o ka ulu ʻana, molt ka larvae i ʻekolu mau manawa. He olohelohe nā pīpī o ka lepo beetles, me ka pūpū ʻole, e like loa me nā mākua. Moe lākou i loko o kahi kaumaha i hana ʻia i ka lepo; kekahi ʻano lūlū i loko o kahi kōpena. ʻO ka wā maʻamau o nā keiki he 7-12 mau lā.

ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o nā beetles honua

Kiʻi: nīnū lepo insect

ʻIke ʻia ka hānai ʻana o ka nalo honua i nā mea ʻino makua o nā māla a me nā māla mea kanu, a me nā mea i pale ʻia, e pale ana iā lākou mai ka hoʻonui wikiwiki ʻana a laila lawe mai i nā pono nui loa No laila inā he mau nalo lepo i loko o ka māla, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e luku iā lākou, no ka mea he waiwai nui kā lākou pōmaikaʻi. Ua koho ʻia, ma ka awelika, hoʻokahi nūnū lepo makua i kēlā me kēia kau e hiki ke luku i nā ʻenuhe 150-300, nā pupae a me nā larvae. No laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano o kēia mau nalo he orderlies o nā ululāʻau, māla, māla a me nā māla mea kanu.

ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā ʻano o nā nalo honua he mau mea kolo, nā nalo, kā lākou mau hua a me nā ʻelala i kū ʻole i ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻano nāhelehe he nui, no ka laʻana, nā popoki, a me nā ʻano manu o nā manu liʻiliʻi a nui hoʻi. Eia kekahi, makemake nā hedgehogs a me nā ʻino hānai e ʻahaʻaina ma nā nalo honua, a i ka taiga, ʻo nā holoholona nui e like me nā bea a me nā puaʻa hihiu e hoʻowahāwahā ʻole i kēia mau nalo.

Hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia ka makemake o nā nahele e piʻi i loko o nā keʻena o ka nalo e lawe i kā lākou mau hua, e ola ana a i ʻole nā ​​ʻūlū, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e noʻonoʻo i ka huki ʻana i kahi nūnū mākua make i loko o ka anthill. ʻAʻole pili ka ants i nā nalo ola, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou iho ke lilo i mea pio nāna. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, pīpī ka nalo lepo i kā lākou mea pio me ka wai, a lilo ia i gruel.

Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano

Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka nalo honua

He ʻohana nui nā ʻalalā ʻōpū o nā insole coleopteran, ka mea, e like me ka manaʻo o nā entomologists, he 25-50 tausani mau ʻano. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he mau kolo kolo, a laila hana maikaʻi loa ma ke ʻano he mea pale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea kolo.

ʻOiai ka nui a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā nalo honua, nui a hewahewa nā ʻano e emi ana nā helu:

• ka nalo honua Shagreenevaya (ʻike ʻia ma loko o ʻEulopa a ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia; ua helu ʻia nā nalo i ka Red Book o ka Smolensk Region, ʻo Chuvash Republic, Lituania, Belarus);
• nalo nalo Caucasian (noho ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ka Caucasus, a ma ke Teritori ʻo Krasnodar, i helu ʻia ma ka puke Red of Russia, Georgia);
• ka piʻo Crimean (loaʻa wale ma loko o ka Crimean Peninsula; ma muli o ka nui a me nā hiʻohiʻona kupaianaha, makemake nui ʻia ia me nā mea hōʻiliʻili, ʻo ia ke kumu e emi ai kāna helu, helu ʻia ia i ka Red Book o Ukraine);
• ka nalo lepo ʻaʻala (noho i nā ululāʻau o ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, ma Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, i kekahi mau ʻāina o Central Asia; ua helu ʻia ka ʻenekala ma ka Red Book o ʻEulopa a me ka Buke Ula o Lūkia);
• ka nalo lepo Lopatin-Yankovsky (i loaʻa ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa o Lūkia; i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book of Russia ma ke ʻano he ʻano laha nui loa).

Ka pale ʻana i nā nalo honua

Kiʻi: ka nalo honua mai ka puke ʻula

ʻO ka helu o nā ʻano laha ʻole o nā nalo honua e hoʻēmi mau nei i ko lākou wahi noho a pau.

Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia e nā mea aʻe:

• ke kālai lāʻau ʻana;
• hoʻonui i nā wahi leʻaleʻa;
• hiki ʻole i ka beetles neʻe e neʻe;
• ka mālama pinepine ʻana i ka nahele a me ka ʻāina mahiʻai me nā pesticides a me nā fungicides;
• I mea e mālama ai i nā ʻano laha o ka nalo honua a hoʻonui i kā lākou helu, pono e hoʻolauna i kahi pāpā koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kolo, ka hana ākea ākea o nā wahi paka o ka ululāʻau i loko o kā lākou wahi noho, a e hoʻomaka hoʻi i ka hoʻoulu nui ʻana i ka pio.

Eia kekahi, ua hana lōʻihi ʻia ka hope e hakakā i nā pests o nā mahi mahiʻai. No kēia, hoʻolako ʻia nā ipu kūikawā - nā hīnaʻi (nā aquarium) me ka lepo a me kahi papa o ka limu a me nā lau pala. Hoʻonoho ʻia ma laila kekahi mau paʻa o nā nalo honua, ka wai a me kā lākou meaʻai maʻamau. Noho nā nalo honua i laila, hoa a hoʻomoe pono i nā hua.

Ma hope o ka hatching, hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā lūlū a kau ʻokoʻa. Hānai pinepine ʻia nā larvae me nā nīnū, nā ʻenuhe, nā slug, nā ʻenuhe honua. No ka hoʻoilo, hoʻonoho ʻia ka hīnaʻi me nā ʻūlū i loko o ka lua i lalo e hoʻolako pono ʻia ai ka pahu hau.

I ka pūnāwai, i ka wā e pupate ai nā larvae, lawe ʻia nā ipu me lākou i kahi lumi mehana. Ma hope o kekahi mau pule he ʻelua mau lā, kolo ka beetles makua mai ka papa lepo, a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia i nā wahi me nā mea ʻino. ʻAʻole hoʻolaha ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalo honua i kahi hanana laha, no ka mea, paʻakikī ka hānau ʻana i kēia mau nalo i ka pio.

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā māla a me nā māla, i ka ʻike maka ʻana o kahi ʻeleka e like me nalo nalo honua ma kā lākou pūnaewele, ʻaʻole lākou e kānalua a manaʻo paha he hiki ke hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia mau mea kolo.No laila, ke ʻike lākou, hoʻāʻo koke lākou e luku iā lākou. Nui a hewahewa nā ʻano nalo o ka honua, a i waena o lākou aia wale nō hoʻokahi ʻano he pest nui - ka nalo honua (humpbacked peun).

Ka lā paʻi: 08/22/2019

Lā hou: 21.08.2019 ma 21:43