Centipede Mosquito kamaʻāina i nā mea he nui mai ka wā kamaliʻi. ʻO ka helehelena makaʻu i ʻike pinepine ʻia e like me ke ʻano o "nā makika malaria" a hoʻoweliweli i ka hapa nui. ʻOiai ʻo lākou nā ʻino ʻino ʻino ʻole ʻole i nahu a i ʻole nahu. ʻO kēia mau mea kolo e like me kahi kope hoʻonui ʻia o ka makika maopopo. Makaʻu nā kānaka āpau e ka makika nui me nā wāwae lōʻihi, e kau ana mai ke kaupaku a lele paha a puni ka lumi, akā he holoholona maikaʻi ʻole loa kēia na ka poʻe.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: centipede Mosquito
ʻIke ʻia nā makika ʻōiwi lōʻihi i nā kānaka mai ka chalk a me nā waihona amber tertiary. ʻO ka hōʻike kahiko loa ka amber Lebanona (Lower Cretaceous, ma kahi o 130 miliona mau makahiki), ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona ʻōpio i loaʻa i Dominican amber, kahi i loaʻa ai mai ka Miocene (Neogene wā) mai 15 a 40 miliona mau makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia nā lunamakaʻā o nā moʻomeheu he 30 a ʻoi i ka amber Baltic, aia nō kekahi o ia mau mea.
Video: centipede Mosquito
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO Tipulidae kekahi o nā hui nui o nā makika, me ʻoi aku ma mua o 526 genera a me subgenera. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hapa nui o nā namu centipede e ka entomologist Charles Alexander, kahi loea makika, ma loko o 1000 mau puke ʻepekema.
ʻAʻole maopopo ke kūlana filogenetic o ka makika Tipulidae. ʻO ka manaʻo kuʻuna he lālā mua lākou o Diptera - malia paha me nā makika hoʻoilo (Trichoceridae), kahi hui pili o nā Diptera ʻē aʻe - e hāʻawi ana i nā lā hou. I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka ʻikepili o nā noiʻi mole, hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i nā huapalapala i loaʻa o ka larva, e like me nā ʻenekā Diptera "ʻoi loa".
ʻO Pediciidae lāua ʻo Tipulidae nā hui pili, nā limoniid he paraphyletic clades, a ʻo ka Cylindrotominae me he hui relict ia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā makika Tipulidae i hoʻomaka ʻia mai nā kūpuna o ka luna Jurassic. ʻO nā hiʻohina kahiko loa o nā makika wāwae lōʻihi i loaʻa i ka limestones o ka luna Jurassic. Eia hou, ua loaʻa nā lunamakaʻāinana o ka ʻohana ma ka Cretaceous o Brazil a me Sepania, a ma hope ma ka Teritori Khabarovsk. Pēlā nō, hiki ke loaʻa nā koena o nā ʻano kolo i nā limestones Eocene ma kahi kokoke iā Verona.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka namu centipede?
ʻO nā makika wāwae lōʻihi (Tipulidae) he mau ʻenemi no ka ʻohana Diptera, subtect long-wattled. Hōʻike lākou i nā makika nui loa a hiki i kahi lōʻihi o ke kino o aneane 40 mm a me kahi ʻēheu o 50 mm o lākou. I loko nō o ko lākou nui, he wīwī loa nā wīwī nahelehele me nā ʻeheu ololi.
ʻO ke kala i waho ke ʻano maʻamau mai ka hina a i ka brown, i kekahi genera hiki ke melemele a ʻeleʻele-melemele a ʻeleʻele-ʻulaʻula. ʻEleʻele pinepine nā ʻeheu, a i ke kau hoʻomaha e waiho i hope. E like me nā ʻēheu ʻelua āpau, huli nā fender o hope i nā ʻūlū ʻāwīwī (nā mea paʻa). I kekahi mau ʻano, stunted nā ʻēheu o mua. Loaʻa i kā lākou antennae a 19 mau ʻāpana. He sute kohu kohu ko V ko ka pepeke i ka umauma.
Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ke poʻo, i ke ʻano o kahi "stigma". Pahu aku ia i mua, e palupalu ana i ka proboscis a hiki ke omo wale i nā wai. Mānoanoa ka hope hope a hāpai i nā keena momona o ke kāne a me ka ovipositor wahine, i hana ʻia mai nā ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū. Aia nā antennae lōʻihi ma ke poʻo.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā wāwae lōʻihi, i loaʻa pinepine i nā helu haki a, no laila, hele koke mai. Lōʻihi loa lākou. I nā namu centipede (me ka ʻokoʻa o ka genus Indotipula, he mau kaʻina hana nui ko nā wāwae i kapa ʻia he spurs. Ma waho aʻe o ʻelua mau maka helehelena nui, he mau maka maka maka ʻole kekahi ma nā poʻo.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe inā weliweli paha ka makika centipede ʻaʻole paha. E nānā ma kahi e loaʻa ai kēia mau mea kolo.
Ma hea e noho ai ka makika centipede?
Kiʻi: centipede makika insect
Ma nā wahi āpau nā kolo. Hele wale lākou ma nā wahi wai ʻole ʻole, ma nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi o ka moana me ka hau a puni ka hau a i ʻole ka uhi hau, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke kikowaena o ka Arctic + Antarctic. Kuhi ʻia ka ʻōpuna o ka honua ma kahi o 4200 mau ʻano kolo. Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hunahuna i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano laha like ʻole ma ka ʻaneʻane o kēlā me kēia wahi biogeographic (koe ka Antarctica).
Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka helu o nā laha i loaʻa e ka māhele ʻāina penei:
- ʻĀpana palaearctic - 1280 mau ʻano;
- Aupuni kokoke loa - 573 mau ʻano;
- ʻāpana neotropical - 805 ʻano;
- ʻĀina Afrotropical - 339 mau ʻano;
- Kahi Indomalayan - 925 mau ʻano;
- australasia - 385 laha.
Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā wahi noho Larval i nā ʻano wai piha a me nā wahi paʻakai. ʻIke ʻia kekahi ʻano i nā cushions mākū o nā lumina a i ʻole marshchants. Loaʻa ka lāhui Ctenophora Meigen i loko o nā lāʻau popopo a i ʻole nā kūpau turf. ʻO nā ʻūlū o kēlā ʻano me nefrotoma Meigen a i ʻole Tipula Linnaeus he mau mea kipa pinepine i nā lepo maloʻo o nā wahi hānai, steppes a me nā lau nahele.
Loaʻa nā larvae o ka hui Tipulidae i ka lepo momona a me ka lepo, i nā wahi momona o ka ululāʻau, kahi e nui ai ka humus saturated, i nā lau a i ʻole ka lepo, nā ʻāpana mea kanu a pala i nā pae i nā ʻano palaho. He mea nui ka Larvae i ka kaiaolaolaola honua i kā lākou hana hou ʻana i nā meaola a hoʻonui i ka hana microbial i nā sediment.
He aha ka ʻai a ka makika centipede?
Kiʻi: centipede makika nui
ʻAi nā mākua i ke koola hāmama o nā mea kanu e like me ka wai a me ka wai nectar, a me ka pollen. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke omo i nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe ma o kā lākou waha. ʻOiai ke ʻimi nā larvae i nā mea ulu palaho i koe, akā ʻokoʻa kēia, nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ola, kahi mea e pōʻino nui ai ka ulu lāʻau a me ka mahiʻai. ʻAʻole ʻike ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i nā makika nui mai kēia ʻohana, kuhi hewa iā lākou no nā makika malaria weliweli. Manaʻo ka hapa nui he nahu nui lākou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ke kuhi ākea i ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo nā makika kihi lōʻihi "hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka poʻe noiʻi e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hiki i ke kuʻi o kēia makika ke komo i loko o ka ʻili kanaka.
ʻIke ka ʻōnaehana digestion iā ia iho. ʻO ka ʻāpana nui o kā lākou papaʻai nā meaʻai mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea hoʻomau i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī e ʻeli. ʻO fibre a me lignin. No kā lākou asimilation, hele mai nā meaola ola hoʻokahi hoʻokahi e kōkua i nā larvae, i ʻike nui ʻia i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā lū. Hūnā kēia mau meaola pūnaewele i nā enzyme e kōkua i ka digestion o ka fiber.
ʻO nā huahana meaʻai nui no nā larvae o nā makika wāwae lōʻihi pū me:
- humus;
- nā aʻa mea kanu;
- limu;
- limu;
- mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino.
Kōkua nā meaola unicellular kūloko o ka ʻūlū i ka meaʻai e waiwai me nā mea e pono ai, a ʻo ka hopena e komo maʻalahi ai ka meaʻai. Eia kekahi, i loko o nā ʻōpū o nā ʻūlū aia nā ulu makapō kūikawā kahi e mālama ʻia ai ka meaʻai a kahi e hana ʻia ai nā kūlana kūikawā no ka hana hou ʻana o nā microorganism. Loaʻa kekahi ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana digestive i nā vertebrates e like me nā lio, ʻaʻole wale nā pepelu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: centipede Mosquito
ʻOi aku i nā ahiahi, hana pinepine nā makika centipede i nā hipa liʻiliʻi. Lele nā ʻano ʻokoʻa i nā kau like ʻole. Lele ka makika Swamp (Tipula Oleracea) mai ʻApelila a Iune, a i ka lua o ka hanauna mai ʻAukake a ʻOkakopa. ʻO ka centipede ʻino (T. paludosa) lele wale i ʻAukake a me Kepakemapa, ʻo Art Tipula czizeki - ma ʻOkakopa a me Nowemapa wale nō. Malia paha, ʻo kēia ʻano kūlohelohe ʻokoʻa kahi hana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā laha a pale i ka crossbreeding.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: He hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā leʻaleʻa ko kēia mau lūlū - he haltere ko lākou e pili ana i nā lanai. Hiki ke kōkua i kēia mau ulu ulu i ke kaulike i ka lele ʻana, e hoʻonui ana i ka maneuverability.
Hiki i nā larvae o ka makika keneta ke hōʻeha inā hoʻolaha ākea, keu hoʻi i nā mea kanu. Hiki i 400 larva i kēlā me kēia mika mika ke noho i ka lepo, kahi e hiki ai iā lākou ke luku i nā mea kanu me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā aʻa, a i ka pō e hōʻeha ana i nā mea kanu. Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻino ʻoi loa ka centipede noxious (T. paludosa), ka marsh centipede (T. oleracea), T. czizeki a me nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe, kahi e hānai ai i nā mea kanu ʻōpio i ka nahele.
Pau pū nā ʻūlū o kekahi mau ʻano i nā invertebrates wai kūlohelohe a me nā kolo, i hiki ke komo ʻia i loko o nā larvae namu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. He mau makahiki pōkole ka nui o nā mākua e ʻai wale lākou i ka mea ʻole, a ʻoiai ka nui o ka manaʻo o ka makika centipede mākua e ʻai i ka nui o nā makika, hiki ʻole iā lākou ke pepehi a ʻai paha i nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: namu centipede ʻeleʻele
ʻO ka wahine makua, ma ka hapanui o nā hihia, ua loaʻa i nā hua makua ke kolo ʻo ia i waho o ka pupa, a kokoke koke nā kāne inā he kāne. ʻImi nā kāne i nā wahine ʻoiai e lele ana i kēia manawa. Lawe ʻia ke kope ʻana mai kekahi mau minuke i kekahi mau hola a hiki ke hana ʻia i ka lele ʻana. Loaʻa i nā mākua ke ola o 10 a 15 mau lā. Hoʻomoe koke ka wahine i ka oviposition, ma ka lepo momona a i ʻole i ka limu.
Kakaikahi ka poʻe e hoʻāla i kā lākou mau hua ma luna o ka loko iʻa a i ʻole ka lepo maloʻo, a hoʻolei wale kekahi iā lākou i ka lele. Ma ke ʻano he kūlana, lele iki ka wahine ma luna o ka honua e ʻimi nei i kahi waihona kūpono. I kekahi mau laha (e like me Tipula scripta a me Tipula hortorum), ʻeli ka wahine i kahi lua liʻiliʻi i ka lepo, a laila hoʻomoe i nā hua. I kekahi mau laha, hana nā wahine i mau hua manu.
Cylindrical, maʻa maʻamau nā larvae hina me ka ʻole o nā wāwae a i ʻole nā organomotion ʻē aʻe i heʻe i waho o nā hua. ʻAʻole like me nā larvae lele, he capsule poʻo nā larvae mosquito, akā ʻo kēia (ʻokoʻa ka mosquito) aia ma hope o kahi pani paʻa ʻole (hemisphere). ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o nā lūlū he ʻelua stigmas hope, kahi e hoʻopuni ʻia e kahi kahua pouli a me ʻeono mau ʻano kikoʻī kikoʻī.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā makika i nā ʻaleme ʻeleʻele. Me ke kōkua o kahi wili kūikawā, hiki iā lākou ke heleuma i ka hua manu i kahi wai wai a i ʻole hoʻomeamea. Ua loaʻa kēia mau lele lele-larvae o ka makika centipede i nā ʻano wahi like ʻole ma ka ʻāina a me ka wai. He cylindrical lākou i ke ʻano, akā, taper i mua o ka hopena, a kiʻi pinepine ʻia ka cephalic capsule i ka umauma. Māmā ka ʻōpū ponoʻī, uhi ʻia me nā lauoho, protrusions a i ʻole kiko, e like me ka welt.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hiki i nā ʻūlū ke ʻai i ka microflora, limu, noho a palaho paha i nā sediment o nā mea kanu, me ka lāʻau. ʻO kekahi o nā centipedes he carnivores. ʻO nā mandibles o nā larva ikaika loa a paʻakikī e haki. ʻO Larvae kahi loulou nui i ka hana ʻana i nā lau a me nā nila.
ʻO ka larvae mākua o Tipula maxima, ma kahi o ʻelima mau kenimika ka lōʻihi, e noho i nā kahawai ulu a hānai i nā lau kau. ʻO ke kōkua i ka hana ʻana i nā meaʻai cellulosic digestive maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ma o nā keʻena fermentation. Ma hope o nā pae Larval ʻehā, pupate lākou, ma muli o ka hopena o nā pepeiaohao liʻiliʻi e kau ʻia ma luna o ka pēpē ma ka umauma ma ke ʻano he hanu. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kino me nā kākalaioa, a maʻalahi ka pēpē iā ia iho. Kū pinepine ka pupation ma ka honua a i ʻole ka lāʻau popopo. I kekahi mau laha, pupae overwinter; i nā laha ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hanauna ʻelua i ka makahiki.
Nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka makika centipede
Kiʻi: he aha ke ʻano o ka namu centipede?
Holo ʻo Centipedes me ka paʻakikī ma nā lālā elongated nui loa. Hoʻopakele pinepine kēia mau wāwae i ko lākou ola. Ke kū mai kahi hoʻouka kaua mai ka ʻaoʻao o kahi mea ʻino a pili ia i kahi lālā e ʻōkuhi ana, haki koke ia, a laila ola ke kanaka a hiki ke lele.
Lilo nā larvae a me nā mākua i waiwai pio no nā holoholona he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi:
- nā mea kolo;
- iʻa;
- punawelewele;
- manu;
- poʻe amphibians;
- nā māmele hānai.
Ma waho aʻe o ka pāʻani ʻana i ke kuleana nui ma ke ʻano he recycler agents popopo, ʻo nā makika kūmau lōʻihi kahi kumu meaʻai maikaʻi loa no nā manu kūpuna i kēia manawa o ka makahiki. No laila, i kēia mau ahiahi pūmahana mehana, ke ʻike aku ʻoe i kēia mau namu nui e ʻū ana a puni ke kukui ma ka lanai, pono ʻoe e waiho i kāu mau makaʻu āpau a hoʻomaha.
Aia kekahi mau namu kenikeni e hāʻule ma waho o ka ʻohana Tipulidae a me Pediciidae, akā ʻaʻole pili pili iā lākou. Pākuʻi ʻia kēia me Ptychopteridae, nā makika hoʻoilo, a me nā makika tanderid (Ptychopteridae, Trichoceridae, a me Tanyderidae). ʻO nā mea kaulana loa o kēia ka phamom mosquito Bittacomorpha clavipe, kahi insect nunui e lele me nā wāwae i hoʻonui ʻia ("kapuaʻi"), e kōkua ana e hāpai i kona mau wāwae lōʻihi, ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo hoʻi i ka lewa.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: ka namu centipede i Lūkia
ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli ʻia kēia ʻohana e kekahi mea, ʻoiai ua ākea kona mau lunamakaʻāinana a ke piʻi nei ka nui o nā ʻano he nui. Nui nā laha i lilo i mea hoʻopilikia i kekahi mau wahi a hanaʻino i ka mahiʻai a me ka ulu lāʻau. Ua helu ʻia nā ʻano ʻohana i ka Red Data Book ma ke ʻano he mau pūʻulu ma ka liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai paʻakikī ka nui a me ka helu o nā heluna i kekahi manawa e kuhi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻOiai ʻo nā makika centipede i loaʻa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, loaʻa i kekahi ʻano laha i ka palena palena o ka mahele. He ʻokoʻa loa lākou i nā tropika, a he maʻa mau hoʻi ma nā kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe a ma nā latitu ʻākau.
ʻO ka makika ʻEulopa maʻamau ʻo T. paludosa a me ka marsh centipede T. oleracea nā mea mahiʻai mahiʻai. He mea waiwai kā lākou larvae. Noho lākou i nā papa o luna o ka lepo, a ʻai i nā aʻa, nā lauoho aʻa, ka lei aliʻi, a i kekahi manawa ka lau o nā mea kanu, kūlia a pepehi paha i nā mea kanu. He mau mea ʻino hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia o nā mea kanu.
Mai ka hopena o ka makahiki 1900. ʻO T. centipede makika ua lilo i invasive i nā ʻāina he nui, e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ua ʻike ʻia kā lākou larvae ma nā mea kanu he nui: nā mea kanu, nā huaʻai, nā palaoa, nā mea kanu kāhiko a me nā mauʻu mauʻu. I ka makahiki 1935, ʻo ke kahua pāʻani pōpeku ʻo Ladana kekahi o nā pūnaewele i pā ʻia e kēia mau ʻenekia. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia he mau kaukani kanaka e nā limahana a puhi ʻia no ka mea ua hōʻike lākou i nā wahi ʻōhule ma ka lau nahele o ke kula.
Lā paʻi: 08/18/2019
Lā hou: 25.09.2019 ma 13:46
