Pālolo ola i ka akau loa, ka mea i hoʻopakele i kēia laha mai ka luku ʻia e ka poʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke kūpaʻa i nā hau nui loa a ʻai i nā lālā paʻahau i nā mahina ke haʻalele nā holoholona ʻē aʻe i ka ʻākau a i ʻole hibernate. Lawe ʻia ka lawaiʻa ʻana no ka ptarmigan, akā me nā mea i kapu ʻia i mea e hōʻino ʻole ai i ko lākou lehulehu.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Pā keʻokeʻo
Nui a hewahewa ke kuhiakau e pili ana pehea a mai lākou mai hea mai nā manu. ʻO ka manu mua i manaʻo ʻia i kekahi manawa he protoavis, e pili ana i ka hopena o ka manawa Triassic - ʻo ia hoʻi, ua noho ma ka Honua ma kahi o 210-220 miliona mau makahiki i hala. Akā ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kona kūlana e nā ʻepekema he nui a, inā ʻaʻole manu kahi ka protoavis, ua liʻiliʻi lākou ma hope.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ke kūlana o Archeopteryx, ʻike ʻia nā mōʻalihaku he 150 miliona mau makahiki: he manu maoli kēia a, e like me ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka mua - ʻo kona mau kūpuna kokoke loa ʻaʻole i loaʻa. I ka manawa i puka mai ai ʻo Archeopteryx, ua mākaukau mua ʻia ka lele e nā manu, akā ʻaʻole lele mua lākou - aia kekahi mau kuhiakau e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mākaukau.
Video: Pāʻina keʻokeʻo
ʻO wai o lākou e pololei, ua lilo kēia i mea mahalo i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou ʻana o ke kino: kahi loli i ka iwi iwi a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mākala e pono ai. Ma hope o ka helehelena o Archeopteryx, no ka manawa lōʻihi i hele lohi ai ka ulu ʻana o nā manu, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hou, akā ua pau lākou āpau, a ua ala aʻe nā mea hou i ka wā Cenozoic, ma hope o ka pau ʻana o Cretaceous-Paleogene.
Pili kēia i nā manu o ka ʻohana pheasant - ʻo ia ka mea e komo ai nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo. ʻO nā koena mōʻalihaku o nā ʻano mōʻaukala ʻelua e pili ana i ka subfamily of partridges (Perdix) - ua loaʻa margaritae a me palaeoperdix. ʻO ka mua i noho ʻia e ka Pliocene ma Transbaikalia a me Mongolia, ka lua ma ka hema o ʻEulopa i ka Pleistocene.
ʻOiai ʻo Neanderthals a me Cro-Magnons i loaʻa he mau lunamakaʻāinana o nā ʻano Palaeoperdix; ua maʻa mau kēia mau palapū i kā lākou papaʻai. ʻAʻole maopopo loa nā ʻanoʻano o nā partridges, akā maopopo akāka i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano hou, he haneli, a i ʻole he ʻumi tausani mau makahiki paha. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka ptarmigan i ka makahiki 1758 e K. Linnaeus, a loaʻa iā ia ka inoa Lagopus lagopus.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ptarmigan
ʻO ke kino o ka ptarmigan hiki i 34-40 cm, a he 500-600 gram kaupaona. ʻO kona hiʻohiʻona nui ka loli kala ikaika i ka kau. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻaneʻane keʻokeʻo, nā hulu ʻeleʻele wale nō ma ka huelo. I ka puna, hoʻomaka ke kau moʻo, i kēia manawa i nā kāne, i mea e maʻalahi ai ka huki ʻana i ka maka o nā wahine, huli ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻula i ʻulaʻula, kū ikaika i ke keʻokeʻo.
A i ke kauwela, i nā kāne a me nā wahine, ʻeleʻele ka hulu, lilo i ʻulaʻula, hele pū nā wahi like ʻole a me nā kaha iā lākou, a ʻeleʻele pinepine lākou, i kekahi manawa me nā wahi ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo paha. Hoʻololi nā wahine i ke kala ma mua o nā kāne, a ʻoi aku ka māmā o ko lākou kapa kau. Eia kekahi, ʻike ʻia ka dimorphism moekolohe i ka nui - liʻiliʻi lākou. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā partridges ʻōpio e ko lākou kala ʻokoʻa, ma hope o ka hānau ʻana he uliuli gula ia a he ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo nā kiko. A laila, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā lau ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele iā lākou.
Aia he 15 mau poʻomanaʻo, ʻoiai ma waho he ʻokoʻa iki lākou, ʻo ka pinepine i ke kauwela a me ka nui. Aia he ʻelua mau mea ola e noho nei ma Great Britain a me ʻIlani: ʻaʻohe o lākou lole hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo, a pouli nā hulu lele. Ma mua, ua manaʻo kekahi mau ʻepekema iā lākou he ʻano ʻokoʻa, akā ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole pēlā ka hihia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hiki i kēia manu ke hui pū me ka grouse ʻeleʻele, a ma nā wahi e kuʻe ai ko lākou pae, hana ʻia kēia i kekahi manawa, a ma hope e hōʻike ʻia nā hybrids. Ua like lākou me nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo, akā i ko lākou kala ʻeleʻele i ʻike nui ʻia, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ko lākou nuku.
Ma hea e noho ai ka ptarmigan?
Kiʻi: keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma Lūkia
Noho kēia manu i nā wahi anuanu o ka hemisphere ʻākau - nā palena ʻākau o ka taiga a me ka tundra me ka ululāʻau-tundra.
Hoʻolaha ʻia i nā wahi aʻe:
- Kanaka;
- Alaska;
- Āina' Ōmaʻomaʻo;
- Ke aupuni Hui Pū 'Ia;
- ʻO ka Scandinavian Peninsula;
- ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Lūkia mai Karelia ma ke komohana a hiki i Sakhalin ma ka hikina.
I ka ʻākau, kaʻanahele ʻia nā ʻāpana ākea a hiki i ke kapakai o ka Moana Arctic, e noho ana ma nā mokupuni ʻo ʻAtika nui kokoke i Eurasia a kokoke i ʻAmelika Hema. Noho lākou ma nā mokupuni ʻo Aleutian. Ma ʻEulopa, ke emi mālie nei ka pae no nā kenekulia he nui: i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 18, ua loaʻa nā pale keʻokeʻo a hiki loa i ke kikowaena o Ukraine i ka hema.
Ma ka Hikina hikina, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi emi ʻana o ka pae: 60 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua loaʻa mau kēia mau manu i nā helu he nui kokoke i ka Amur ponoʻī, i kēia manawa ua hoʻi i ka ʻākau ka palena o ka mahele. I ka manawa like, i kēia manawa hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma Sakhalin, ʻaʻole ia ka hihia ma mua - ua hana ʻia kēia ma muli o ka ʻoki ʻia ʻana o nā ululāʻau coniferous pouli ma ka mokupuni.
Makemake lākou e noho ma kapa o nā momi moss. Noho pinepine lākou i nā kuahiwi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ke kāʻei subalpine. Hiki iā lākou ke pūnana i nā wahi ākea i ka tundra, kokoke i nā ululāʻau o ka nahele - ʻai lākou iā lākou.
Mai nā wahi akau anuanu, e like me nā mokupuni Arctic, neʻe nā manu i ka hema no ka hoʻoilo, akā ʻaʻole mamao. ʻAʻole lele ka poʻe e noho ana i kahi mehana. Lele pinepine lākou ma nā awāwa kahawai a pili kokoke iā lākou no ka hoʻoilo, a ma hope koke iho o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka pūnāwai hoʻi lākou i ke ala like.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka ptarmigan. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka mea a ka ptarmigan e ʻai ai?
Kiʻi: Manu ptarmigan
ʻO ka mea ʻai nui ka mea nui i ka papaʻai o ptarmigan - noho ia ma 95-98%. Akā pili wale kēia i kahi kanaka makua, ʻoiai hānai ʻia nā keiki moa e nā ʻeleka - koi ʻia kēia no ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana.
ʻAi ka makua:
- lau;
- na anoano;
- hua hua;
- nā puʻupaʻa;
- nā lālā;
- pākeke lio;
- ʻulā;
- nā mea kolo;
- pūpū.
I ka hoʻoilo, ʻo ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻāpana palu he monotonous ia, aia i loko o nā lālā a me nā wana o nā lāʻau: willow, birch, alder; ʻAi pū nā manu i nā ʻalakeke, akā i nā mea liʻiliʻi. I Nowemapa-Kekemapa, ke papaʻu ka uhi hau, hānai lākou i nā kumu blueberry. Ke ulu nei ka uhi o ka hau, ʻai ʻia nā lālā lāʻau ulu kiʻekiʻe. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e hānai i loko o ka hoʻoilo. I ke kau mua, ke pau ke kiʻekiʻe o ka uhi hau i ka ulu ʻana, pau koke kā lākou meaʻai. ʻO kēia ka manawa paʻakikī loa e hoʻololi nā manu i nā mānoanoa a mānoanoa - ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻai ʻana a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka meaʻai.
No laila, inā huki ke kauwela anu, lilo ka nui o nā paona i nā paona. A laila ʻaʻohe o lākou manawa e ola ai, a laila ʻaʻole lākou e kau i ka lālau. Ke hōʻike ʻia nā pākuʻi thawed, loaʻa kahi papaʻai ākea iā lākou: nā lau, Veronica a me nā hua cowberry, ʻike ʻia ka horsetail mai lalo o ka hau.
A laila kū mai nā greens hou, a ma hope nā pilikia āpau me ka meaʻai. I ke kauwela, ʻokoʻa ka papaʻai, hoʻopili ʻia i ka mauʻu, nā hua, nā ʻanoʻano, ka limu, nā pua mea kanu, a hiki i ka ʻāpana ʻāpau ke ʻai pū i nā ʻulā. Ma ʻAukake, hoʻomaka lākou e ʻai i nā hua a nui aʻe: ʻo kēia ka meaʻai ʻono loa na lākou. ʻAi nui lākou i nā blueberry, blueberry, lingonberry a me nā pua rose. Waiho ʻia ʻo Cranberry i ka hoʻoilo a ʻai ʻia i ka puna.
ʻO nā moa wale nō e ʻimi kikoʻī i nā pepeke, akā hana lākou me ka eleu, ʻai pū lākou i nā mollusks a me nā spider Pono lākou e hoʻopau i ka nui o nā protein no ka ulu wikiwiki. Hopu wale nā manu makua i nā mea ola, a hāʻule pono lākou i ka nuku, ʻo ia ke kumu e noho ai lākou i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi i ka papa kuhikuhi papa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Ptarmigan i ka hoʻoilo
Noho lākou i nā hipa, hoʻopuehu wale i ka manawa wale nō ke hoʻomaka ka wā hānau. Loaʻa i ka ʻohana he 8-12 kānaka maʻamau. I ka wā o ka lele i ka hema, hana lākou i nā hui nui aku o 150-300 partridges. Hana nui lākou i ke kakahiaka a me ke ahiahi, hoʻomaha i ka waena o ke ao, hiamoe i ka pō. ʻEleu nā kāne i ka pō holoʻokoʻa i ka wā o ka male ʻana. Alakaʻi nui ka manu i kahi ola honua a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hemo i ke ao, ʻoiai hiki ke lele i kahi mamao loa. ʻIke ʻo ia i ka holo wikiwiki ʻana a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ma ka honua: i ka hoʻoilo e hui me ka hau, i ke kauwela me nā snags a me ka honua. Inā pono ʻoe e pakele mai kahi predator, hiki ke lele, ʻoiai i ka manawa mua ke hoʻāʻo e pakele.
ʻOiai ka neʻe ʻana i ka hema, hoʻolilo nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo i ʻeono mahina a ʻoi paha i waena o ka hau, a i kēia manawa huki lākou i nā tunnels ma lalo ona a hoʻolilo i ka hapa nui o ko lākou manawa i loko o lākou: I ka hoʻoilo, hele lākou i waho i ke kakahiaka a hānai ma kahi kokoke. Ke pau ka meaʻai, hoʻomaka koke lākou ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka lele i kahi hānai: maʻamau ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o nā haneli mau mika. Neʻe lākou i kahi liʻiliʻi. Ke hānai ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke lele i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 15-20 cm, e hoʻāʻo nei e kiʻi i nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā lālā kiʻekiʻe.
No hoʻokahi hola hānai lākou i ka hana, ma hope o ka lohi, a ma ke awakea e hoʻomaha lākou, e hoʻi ana i kā lākou pūnaewele ma lalo o ka hau. I kekahi mau hola ma hope, hoʻomaka ka lua o ka hānai ʻana, ahiahi. Lilo ia i mea ikaika loa ma mua o ke ahiahi ʻana. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, 4-5 mau hola i hoʻolilo ʻia i ka hānai ʻana, no laila, inā pōkole loa nā lā o ke ao, pono ʻoe e haʻalele i ka hoʻomaha. Inā ikaika loa ka hau, hiki i nā manu ke noho ma lalo o ka hau no kekahi mau lā ʻelua.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka mahana o ke kino o kahi ʻāpana he 45 kekelē, a hoʻomau ia pēlā i nā hau nui loa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pā keʻokeʻo
I ka puna, hoʻāʻo nā kāne e moe i lalo no nā wahine ma nā ʻano like ʻole: lawe lākou i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, hana i kahi lele kūikawā a ʻuwā. Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe iā lākou mai kahi mamao aku, a hiki iā lākou ke kamaʻilio i ka lā holoʻokoʻa me ka ʻole o ke kahakaha. Hana nui lākou i ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi. Kāpena wahine Kū aʻe paha nā hakakā ma waena o nā kāne no ka ʻāina ʻoi loa, a hakakā lākou me ka ikaika nui, i kekahi manawa e hoʻopau ʻia kēlā hakakā me ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā mea i komo. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā pālua no kahi manawa lōʻihi: ʻoiai ke loli ke aniau.
Ke pau ka wela, maʻa mau i ka hapa lua o ʻApelila a Mei paha, hoʻopaʻa paʻa paʻa ʻia nā pālua no ke kau holoʻokoʻa. Kūleʻa ka wahine me ke kūkulu ʻana o ka pūnana - he kaumaha liʻiliʻi wale nō ia. Paina ʻo ia iā ia me nā lālā a me nā lau e hoʻomāliu ai ia, ʻike pinepine ʻia ia i nā ulu lāʻau, no laila ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻike ʻana aku.
Ke pau ka pūnana, hana ʻo ia i kahi lālau o 4-15 mau hua, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka nui. ʻO ke kala o ka pūpū mai ka melemele melemele a i ka melemele ʻōlinolino, he mau ʻāpana brown ma luna ona, he ʻano peʻa ke ʻano o nā hua. Pono pono e hoʻoulu iā lākou no ʻekolu mau pule, a i kēia manawa āpau e noho ke kāne ma kahi kokoke a pale i ka pūnana: ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pale aku mai nā mea hōkai nui, akā hiki iā ia ke kipaku aku i kekahi mau manu a me nā koʻokoʻo. Inā hoʻokokoke kahi kanaka i ka pūnana, hana ʻole ka ptarmigan a hoʻokuʻu iā ia e pili kokoke i ka pūnana ponoʻī.
Ma hope o ka huki ʻana i nā moa, lawe nā mākua iā lākou i kahi wahi palekana, i kekahi manawa hui pū nā keiki he 2-5 a noho pū kekahi - hāʻawi kēia i ka pale maikaʻi loa no nā moa. No ʻelua mau mahina pili kokoke lākou i ko lākou mau mākua, i kēia manawa ulu a aneane lākou i ka nui o kahi manu makua, a hiki iā lākou iho ke hānai iā lākou iho mai nā lā mua o ke ola. Ua hōʻea lākou i ka moekolohe ma ke kau moena e hiki mai ana.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ptarmigan
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ptarmigan
Hiki i nā mea ʻino he nui ke nahu i loko o ka ʻāpana keʻokeʻo: ʻaneʻane i kekahi o nā mea nui, inā hiki ke hopu iā ia. No laila, nui nā mea kūlohelohe no ia, akā i ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe o ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻino i kā lākou papaʻai mau. ʻO ia, hopu wale lākou iā ia mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa, a mai alualu iā ia, a no laila ʻaʻole e hōʻino nui i nā helu.
ʻElua wale nō holoholona e ʻimi mau i ka ʻāpana: ʻo ka gyrfalcon a me ka fox arctic. Weliweli loa ka mea ma mua, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke pakele iā lākou i ka lewa: lele ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka wikiwiki. Hiki i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ke waiho wale iā lākou i nā lua i ka hau, akā i ke kauwela ʻaʻohe wahi e peʻe ai.
No laila, maikaʻi loa nā gyrfalcons e kūʻē i nā partridges, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e ka poʻe e alualu i kēlā mau manu. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau gyrfalcons i ke kūlohelohe, a ʻoiai ke koi nei kēlā me kēia o lākou i ka nui o nā mea pio e hānai ai, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopōʻino nui i ka heluna partridge. ʻO nā ʻalopeke Artctic kekahi mea hou aʻe. Aia he nui o kēia mau mea ʻaihue i loko o nā wahi noho o nā ʻāpana, a ʻimi kūpono lākou, a no laila ʻo lākou ka mana nui loa i ka helu o nā laha.
I kēia kaulahao, noho pū kekahi nā mea lemu i kahi wahi nui: hoʻomaka nā mea āpau me ka hoʻonui ʻana o kā lākou helu, a ma hope o laila he nui nā ʻalopeke Arctic e ʻimi nei no lākou, ua emi ka helu o nā lemema ma muli o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hana, hoʻololi nā ʻalopeke Artctic i nā paina, ua liʻiliʻi hoʻi ia mau mea, ma muli o ka emi. ke emi nei ka helu o nā ʻalopeke Arctic. Lemmings, a laila hoʻokaʻawale, hana kope hou, hoʻomaka ka pōʻaiapuni hou.
No nā keiki ptarmigan, nui aku nā mea weliweli: hiki iā lākou ke kauō ʻia e nā manu e like me ka gull herring, gaucous gull, skua. Hoʻopau pū lākou i nā pūnana a ʻai i nā hua. No nā partridges, ʻaʻole he ʻenemi koʻikoʻi ka poʻe: aia kekahi o lākou i nā wahi noho o kēia manu, a ʻoiai e ʻimi ʻia nei, make wale kahi ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo ma muli o ia.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Pā keʻokeʻo
Aia ka ʻāpana i waena o nā lāhui o ka liʻiliʻi hopohopo. Hana ʻia ka ʻimi hānai ʻoihana iā lākou, ʻoiai e ʻae wale ʻia i ka nahele-tundra a i ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻoilo. Pono kēia mau kapu i mea e hōʻino ʻole i ka heluna manu a pale i ka hōʻemi o kāna pae. I nā wahi noho ʻē aʻe, hiki nō hoʻi ka hopu holoholona, akā no nā haʻuki wale nō a i ka hāʻule - hoʻoponopono pololei ʻia ka pana ʻana o nā manu. Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻoweliweli i ka laha, ke emi nei ka heluna kanaka o ptarmigan, e like me kā lākou pae.
ʻO ka nui o ka heluna kanaka o ptarmigan ma Lūkia ma kahi o 6 miliona - he helu awelika kēia o ka makahiki. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki iā ia ke loli nui mai kēlā makahiki a kēia makahiki, holo ka pōʻai 4-5 mau makahiki, a i ka wā o kāna papa hiki i ka heluna kanaka ke hoʻemi a laila hoʻonui nui.
Kūkulu kēia pōʻaiapuni no Rūsia, no ka laʻana, ma Scandinavia, he pōkole iki ia, a ma Newfoundland hiki i 10 mau makahiki. ʻO ke kumu maikaʻi ʻole kī no ka helu o nā partridges ʻaʻole ʻo ia e alualu a i ʻole nā mea ʻaihue, akā nā kūlana anilā. Inā anuanu ka puna, a laila ʻaʻole pūnana ka hapanui o nā partridges. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lehulehu ma hummocky tundra, hiki iā 300-400, a i kekahi mau hihia a hiki i ka 600 pālua i kēlā me kēia heketa. Ma mua aku o ka ʻākau, hāʻule ia i nā manawa he nui, a i 30-70 pālua ma ka hectare.
I ka hoʻopaʻa pio ʻana, ʻaʻole hānai ʻia ʻo ptarmigan, no ka mea hōʻike lākou i nā helu ola haʻahaʻa i loko o nā pā. ʻAʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka hoʻolauna: ʻoiai inā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā partridges i kēlā mau wahi i noho mua ʻia e lākou, lele wale lākou i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa a hana ʻole i nā hipa, kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke ola ʻana.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻopili nā kānaka noiʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka pae o nā manu ma Eurasia me ka hoʻomehana ʻana. I ka wā ma mua, ke mau ke anu a hiki i ka waena o ka puna, a laila hoʻomehana nui, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana o nā partridges iā lākou, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu e nahu i nā lālā paʻahau. Ke nahu nā lālā thawed, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e nalo ka uhi hau no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā partridges.
Pālena keʻokeʻo ʻo kekahi o kēlā mau manu hoihoi loa i ko lākou ʻano o ke ola - ʻokoʻa ka hapa nui, makemake lākou e hoʻololi i nā ʻano ʻoʻoleʻa loa kahi e paʻakikī e ola ai. Mahalo i kēia, ua lilo lākou i mea loulou nui i ka kaiaolaola tundra, me ka ʻole o ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi mau mea ʻai iā lākou iho.
Lā paʻi: 08/15/2019
Lā hou: 15.08.2019 ma 23:43
