ʻUltureiwi ʻApelika - ʻo ka manu wale nō o nā mea āpau e noho ana ma kā mākou honua hiki ke piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 11,000 mau mika. No ke aha e piʻi ai kahi manu ʻĀlika nui loa? ʻO ia wale nō i kēia kiʻekiʻe, me ke kōkua o nā kahe kūlohelohe, loaʻa i nā manu ke manawa kūpono e lele i kahi mamao, ʻoiai e hoʻolilo ana i ka palena iki o ka hoʻāʻo.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: ʻAiwi ʻApelika
No ka ʻohana Hawk ka moʻokūʻauhau ʻApelika, ka moʻomeheu Vultures. ʻO Gyps rueppellii kona inoa lua. Ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ma hope o kahi Zoologist mai Kelemania, ʻo Eduard Rüppel. Kūleʻa nui ʻo ka ʻōiwi ma nā ʻākau ʻākau a me ka hikina o ka moku ʻApelika. Aia ka wahi o nā manu i kekahi wahi i ka nui o nā pua o nā ungulate.
Wikiō: ʻAiwi ʻApelika
ʻO ka manu lele ʻApelika kahi manu manu nui loa. Ua piʻi kona lōʻihi o ke kino i 1.1 mau mika, ʻo 2.7 mau mika kona eheu, a he 4-5 kg kona kaumaha. I ka helehelena, ʻano like ia me ka ʻāʻī, no laila ʻo ka inoa ʻelua ʻo ka ʻāʻī Rüppel (Gyps rueppellii). ʻO ka manu he poʻo liʻiliʻi kona e uhi ʻia me ke kukui i lalo, ʻo ka nuku like me ka nuku elongated me ka wax hina, ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi like, i hoʻopili ʻia e ke kola o nā hulu a me ka huelo pōkole like.
ʻO ka plumage o ka manu lele ma luna o ke kino he kala ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, a ma lalo o ia e māmā me ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka huelo a me nā hulu mua ma nā ʻeheu a me ka huelo eʻeleʻele loa, ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele. Liʻiliʻi nā maka, me kahi iris melemele-ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā wāwae o ka manu he pōkole, ikaika loa, ʻeleʻele hina hina, me nā māiʻuo lōʻihi loloa. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa nā kāne mai nā wahine i waho. I nā holoholona ʻōpio, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala o ka plumage.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: manaʻo ʻia nā manu lele ʻo Rüppel ʻo ia nā lele lele maikaʻi loa. I ka lele ākea, hiki i nā manu ke lele i kahi wikiwiki o 65 km i kēlā me kēia hola, a i ka lele pākū (luʻu) - 120 km i kēlā me kēia hola.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻālepa ʻApelika
Me ke ʻano o ka ʻalalā ʻApelika, maopopo leʻa nā mea āpau - like loa ia me ka manu ʻokelū, ʻoiai no ka mea he lāhui "Vultures" ia. E kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahi mea ʻē aʻe i kēia manawa. Hiki i ka manu lele ʻApelika ke lele a lele i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa, kahi ʻaʻole wale kahi oxygen, akā anuanu hoʻi - iho i -50C. Pehea ʻaʻole e paʻa ai ka hau ma nā ʻano a me nā mehana like ʻole?
ʻIke ʻia ua insulated maikaʻi loa ka manu. Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka ʻāʻī me kahi papa mānoanoa o lalo, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he ʻeke pumehana lalo loa. Ma waho, uhi ʻia ka papa o lalo i nā hulu contour i kapa ʻia, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ke kino o ka manu e streamlining a me nā waiwai aerodynamic.
Ma ke ʻano he miliona mau makahiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua hana ka iwi iwi ʻāʻī i "tuning" kupaianaha a hoʻololi maoli ʻia no ka lele ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe. E like me ka mea i hoʻololi ʻia, no kāna mau hiʻohiʻona hoihoi (ka lōʻihi o ke kino - 1.1 m, ʻēheu - 2.7 m), ke kaumaha nei ka manu - 5 mau kg wale nō. A ʻo nā mea āpau no ka mea ʻo "iwi" nā iwi nui o ka iwi iwi ʻāʻī, ʻo ia hoʻi, he hanana hollow ko lākou.
Pehea ka hanu ʻana o kahi manu i kahi kiʻekiʻe? He maʻalahi. Hoʻololi maikaʻi ka ʻōnaehana hanu o ka pā i nā pae oxygen haʻahaʻa. I ke kino o ka manu he nui nā ʻeke ʻea e pili ana i nā akemāmā a me nā iwi. Hanu ka manu ʻalalā ʻole i ka unidirectionally, ʻo ia hoʻi, hanu wale ʻo ia me kona mau akemāmā, a hemo me kona kino holoʻokoʻa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka moʻo ʻApelika?
Kiʻi: manu manu ʻiwi ʻApelika
He kamaʻāina ʻo ka manu ʻiwi ʻApelika o nā pali mauna, nā pāpū, nā ululāʻau, nā sabana a me nā wao akua o ka ʻākau a me ka hikina o ʻApelika. ʻIke pinepine ia ia ma ka hema o nā Sahara. Alakaʻi ka manu i kahi nohona noho wale, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e neʻe i kekahi neʻe kau. Ma loko o ka wahi o ko lākou wahi e noho ai, hiki i nā manu lele o Rüppel ke neʻe ma hope o nā pua o nā ungulate, kahi o nā kumu nui o ka meaʻai na lākou.
ʻO nā wahi noho nui a me nā wahi pūnana o ka manu ʻĀpelika nā wahi maloʻo, a me nā puʻu me ka ʻike maikaʻi o nā wahi a me nā pali kūlia. Mai laila aku ka maʻalahi o ko lākou piʻi ʻana i ka ea ma mua o ka honua. I nā ʻāina mauna, hiki ke loaʻa i kēia mau manu ma kahi kiʻekiʻena o 3500 mau mika, akā i ka wā o ka lele, hiki iā lākou ke piʻi ʻekolu mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe - a i 11,000 mau mika.
ʻIke hoihoi: I ka makahiki 1973, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hihia ʻano ʻokoʻa - ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana o kahi manu ʻĀlika me kahi mokulele lele e lele ana i Abidjan (ʻApelika Komohana) me ka wikiwiki o 800 km / h ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 11277 m. Ua kuʻi kuʻi hewa ka manu i ka ʻenekini, a ʻo ia ka mea i alakaʻi i kāna ʻino nui. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, mahalo i nā hana i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia o nā pailaka a me ka laki, ʻoiai, ua hoʻokele kūleʻa ka pae ʻana ma ke kahua mokulele kokoke loa a ʻaʻohe o nā mea kaʻa i hōʻeha, a ua make ka manu ʻā.
I mea e hemo ai mai kahi papa pālahalaha, pono ka vagle ʻApelika i kahi holo lōʻihi. No kēia kumu, makemake nā ʻāpua e noho ma nā puʻu, nā pali, nā pali pōhaku, mai kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hemo ma hope wale nō o nā pale o kā lākou ʻeheu.
He aha ka mea e ʻai ai ka manu ʻiwi ʻApelika?
Kiʻi: ʻAiwi ʻApelika i ka lele ʻana
ʻO ka manu lele ʻApelika, e like me kona mau hoahānau ʻē aʻe, he scavenger, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻai ʻo ia i nā kupapaʻu o nā holoholona. I kā lākou ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai, kōkua ʻia nā manu lele ʻo Rüppel e ka maka maka ʻē aʻe. Ma ke ʻano he kaulike, komo ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa i ka ʻimi i nā meaʻai kūpono, i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokō nei i kēia hana ma ke ʻano he ʻano maʻamau. Hoʻomaka e piʻi aʻe kahi pūʻulu o nā ʻohiona i luna i ka lani a māhele like ʻia i loko o ka panalāʻau i kāohi ʻia, e ʻimi ana i kahi pio no ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO ka manu mua e ʻike i kāna mea pio e ʻāwīwī iā ia, a laila hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona i ke koena o nā mea komo "ʻimi". Inā he nui nā ʻekue, akā ʻaʻole lawa ka ʻai, a laila hiki iā lākou ke paio no ia.
Paʻakiki loa nā manu lele, no laila ʻaʻole makaʻu lākou i ka pōloli a hiki ke hānai hānai ʻole. Inā lawa ka meaʻai, a laila hoʻonani nā manu iā lākou iho no ka wā e hiki mai ana, mahalo i kā lākou hiʻohiʻona anatomical - kahi goiter volumous a me kahi ʻōpū ākea.
ʻO Rüppel Neck Menu:
- hānai manu hānai (liona, tigika, hyenas);
- holoholona hoofed (ʻelepani, antelope, hipa mauna, kao, llamas);
- nā mea kolo nui (crocodiles)
- nā hua manu a me nā kuhukukū;
- he iʻa.
ʻAi wikiwiki nā ʻōpelu. ʻO kahi laʻana, hiki i ka ʻāpana o nā manu makua he ʻumi ke ʻūlū i ke kupapaʻu o kahi antelope i nā iwi i ka hapalua hola. Inā hele mai kahi holoholona i ʻeha a maʻi paha, ʻo ka mea liʻiliʻi paha, ma ke ala o nā manu, ʻaʻole hoʻopā aku nā aeto iā ia, akā e kali hoʻomanawanui a hiki i kona make ʻana. I ka wā o ka pāʻina, hana kēlā me kēia lālā o ka ʻohana i kāna kuleana: haehae nā manu nui i ka ʻili mānoanoa o ke kupapaʻu o ka holoholona, a haehae kekahi i ke koena. I kēia hihia, hāʻawi lokomaikaʻi ʻia ke alakaʻi o ka pūʻolo me ka mea ʻai ʻono loa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ma ke kau ʻana i kou poʻo i hohonu i ke kupapaʻu o ka holoholona, ʻaʻole haumia ka ʻāʻī i nā mahalo a pau i ke koloka ʻāʻī huluhulu.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻAiwi ʻApelika i ke kūlohelohe
He ʻano makua a mālie hoʻi nā ʻano moʻo a pau. ʻO nā paio kakaikahi wale nō i waena o nā kānaka i ka hipa e hana wale ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pio a laila inā he liʻiliʻi loa ka meaʻai, akā nui nā manu. Kūleʻa ʻole nā ʻōpelu i nā laha ʻē aʻe: ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻouka iā lākou a, e ʻōlelo paha kekahi, mai nānā ʻoe. Eia nō hoʻi, maʻemaʻe loa nā aeto: ma hope o ka pāʻina nui, makemake lākou e ʻauʻau i nā kino wai a hoʻomaʻemaʻe paha i ko lākou mau plumage no ka manawa lōʻihi me ke kōkua o kahi nuku.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻO ka wai Gastric, i loaʻa i kahi antidote kikoʻī, kahi e hoʻopau ai i nā mea make āpau, pale ʻia mai ka lāʻau make cadaveric o nā ʻalā.
ʻOiai ke kino nui, he dexterous a me ka lawe lima nā ʻēheu. I ka wā o ka lele, makemake lākou e lele i ka lewa e piʻi nei, hoʻihoʻi i ko lākou ʻāʻī a kūlou ke poʻo, e nānā pono ana i nā wahi no ka ʻai. I kēia ala, mālama ka manu i ka ikaika a me ka ikaika. ʻImi lākou i ka meaʻai wale nō i ke ao, a hiamoe i ka pō. Lawe ʻole nā ʻaeto i ka mea pio mai kēlā wahi a kēia wahi a ʻai wale ia ma kahi i loaʻa ai.
ʻO nā kānaka makua moekolohe o nā vulture e maʻalahi i ka monogamy, ʻo ia hoʻi, hana lākou i nā kāne "male" hoʻokahi wale nō, mālama pono i ka kūpaʻa i ko lākou ʻuhane i ko lākou ola āpau. Inā make koke kekahi o nā "wahine", a laila noho pinepine ka mea ʻē aʻe a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ia no ka lehulehu.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi: ʻo ke ola o nā ʻālina ʻApelika he 40-50 mau makahiki.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: ʻAiwi ʻApelika
Hoʻokupu pinepine nā Vultures i hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki. Ua hōʻea lākou i ka moekolohe ma ka makahiki 5-7. Hoʻomaka ka wā moʻo manu no Pepeluali a Malaki paha. I kēia manawa, paʻa ʻelua mau ʻekue a lele pū, e hana nei i nā neʻe i hoʻohui ʻia, me he mea lā e hōʻike ana i ko lākou aloha a me kā lākou haipule. Ma mua o ke kaʻina hana moena, lele nā kāne i mua o ka wahine, e hohola ana i ka hulu o ka hiʻu a me nā ʻeheu.
Kūkulu nā manu i kā lākou pūnana i nā wahi paʻakikī.
- ma nā puʻu;
- ma nā pali pōhaku;
- ma nā pali.
Hoʻohana lākou i nā lālā maloʻo a lahilahi a me nā mauʻu maloʻo e kūkulu i nā pūnana. Nui ka nui o ka pūnana - 1.5-2.5 m ākea a 0.7 m kiʻekiʻe. Ke kūkulu ʻia kahi pūnana, hiki i kekahi mau kāne ke hoʻohana iā ia no kekahi mau makahiki.
He mea hoihoi: ʻo nā ʻāpala ʻApelika, e like me ko lākou ʻohana, he hoʻonohonoho kūlohelohe. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i nā kupapaʻu o nā holoholona, ʻāwi lākou i nā iwi me ka eleu a ʻaʻohe mea i koe ma luna o lākou e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i nā koʻohune pathogenic.
Ma hope o ka male ʻana, hoʻomoe ka wahine i nā hua i ka pūnana (1-2 pcs.), He keʻokeʻo me nā kiko ʻalani. Lawe nā hoa ʻelua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka paʻa: ʻoiai ke ʻimi nei kekahi i ka meaʻai, ʻo ka lua ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā hua. Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia i nā lā he 57.
Hiki i nā keikikāne ke kiko i nā mea like i ka manawa like a me ka ʻokoʻa o 1-2 mau lā. Uhi ʻia lākou i ke keʻokeʻoʻeleʻele i lalo, i ʻulaʻula i ka mahina. Hana pū nā mākua i ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki ma kahi ʻē aʻe, regurgitating meaʻai a mālama ʻana i nā holoholona ʻōpio i kēia ala a hiki i ka 4-5 mau makahiki o ka makahiki. Ma hope o 3 mau mahina ʻē aʻe, haʻalele nā moa i ka pūnana, kūʻokoʻa a kūʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau mākua.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻāpala ʻApelika
Kiʻi: manu manu ʻiwi ʻApelika
Makemake nā ʻōpelu e pūnana i nā pūʻulu a i ʻumikūmālua mau pālua, e kūkulu ana i nā pūnana i nā pali pōhaku, i nā kahawai a i ʻole nā puʻu ʻē aʻe i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia. No kēia kumu, ʻaʻohe ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā manu. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi manawa i nā māmele nui nui o ka ʻohana feline (cougars, cheetahs, panthers) hiki ke hōʻino i ko lākou pūnana, ʻai ʻana i nā hua manu a i ʻole nā hua manu liʻiliʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke kiaʻi mau nei nā ʻaueto a hana i ka mea e hiki ai ke pale aku i ko lākou home a me nā keiki, akā ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, ʻaʻole lākou e kūleʻa mau.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I ka wā o ka noe a ua, makemake nā manu ʻāole e lele a hoʻāʻo e kali i ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, e peʻe nei i loko o kā lākou pūnana.
I kekahi manawa, i ka paio no ka ʻāpana maikaʻi loa, keu hoʻi inā he meaʻai iki a me nā manu he nui, hoʻonohonoho pinepine nā manu lele ʻo Rüppel i nā hakakā a hiki ke hōʻeha nui kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻopili pū nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā ʻekue i kā lākou mea hoʻokūkū meaʻai, kahi e hānai pū ai hoʻi i nā kino kupapaʻu - i ʻike ʻia nā hyena, nā ʻīlio hae, a me nā manu nui ʻē aʻe o ka manu. Ke pale aku nei i ka hope, hana nā ʻālina i nā pā o kā lākou ʻēheu, a pēlā e hoʻokau ai i nā lawehala maoli i kā lākou lawehala. Me nā hyenas a me nā ʻīlio hae, pono ʻoe e hakakā me ka hoʻopili ʻana no ka pale ʻana ʻaʻole wale nā ʻēheu nui, akā kahi nuku ʻoiʻoi ikaika hoʻi.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Mai ka wā kahiko, ua hopu ʻia nā ʻāpala ʻApelika e nā kamaʻāina no ka hiʻu a me nā hulu lele, a lākou i hoʻohana ai e hoʻonani i ko lākou lole a me nā mea hana.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻālepa ʻApelika
I loko nō o ka mahele ākea o nā ʻāpelika ʻApelika ma loko o ka nohona, i loko o nā makahiki he ʻelua i hala, ma lalo o ka mana o nā kumu kaiapuni, ua hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o kā lākou helu. A ʻaʻole wale ke kuhi i ka hoʻopili wale ʻana o ke kanaka i ka kūlohelohe, akā i nā kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou hoʻi, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻolei ākea ʻana o nā kupapaʻu o nā holoholona make.
Ua lawe ʻia kēia mau loina i loko o nā manaʻo maikaʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me nā maʻi epidemiological ma loko o ka ʻāina nui, akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mea ʻole maoli ʻole kēia. ʻOiai he ʻaihue nā ʻāpala ʻApelika, hoʻokahi wale nō mea o kēia mea no lākou: ka nele mau o ka meaʻai, a ʻo ka hopena o ia mea he emi i kā lākou helu.
ʻOiai nā manu i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai i hoʻomaka e neʻe i ka lehulehu i ka ʻāina o nā mālama, eia naʻe, hana kēia i kekahi mau pilikia hou, no ka mea ma kekahi ʻano e hoʻopilikia ai i ke kaulike i hoʻokumu ʻia no nā makahiki. E haʻi ka manawa i ka mea e hiki mai ana. ʻO kekahi kumu o ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻelepele ka hopu nui ʻia ʻana o nā manu e nā kamaʻāina kūloko e hana i nā hoʻomana haipule. Ma muli o kēia, ʻaʻole ma muli o ka nele o ka meaʻai, ua emi ka nui o nā manu ma kahi o 70%.
Wahi a nā poʻe loea mai ka International Union for Conservation of Nature, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā manu lele i pepehi ʻole ʻia me nā paws a me nā poʻo. ʻO ka mea e hana ai nā mea hoʻōla kūloko i ka muti mai iā lākou - ka lāʻau i makemake nui ʻia no nā maʻi āpau. Hoʻohui ʻia, ma nā mākeke ʻApelika, hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai maʻalahi i nā kino manu ʻē aʻe, i hiki ke hōʻola i nā maʻi a lawe i ka laki.
ʻO kekahi mea hoʻoweliweli i ke ola ʻana o nā manu lele ma ʻApelika ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻona like ʻole. Kūpono lākou, kūʻai manuahi ʻia, a hoʻohana maʻalahi ʻia ʻole ʻia. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻokolokolo ʻia kekahi kanaka no ka lāʻau make a pepehi ʻana paha i ka manu lele, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea ʻona ʻona kekahi o nā kuʻuna kahiko loa o nā lāhui ʻōiwi ʻApelika.
Ka pale ʻana i nā ʻaeto ʻApelika
Kiʻi: ʻApala ʻApelika mai ka Red Book
I nā makahiki 2000 mua, ua hoʻoholo ka International Union for Conservation of Nature e hāʻawi i ke kūlana weliweli i ka lāhui ʻAiwi ʻApelika. I kēia lā, ʻo ka heluna kanaka o nā kia manu ʻo Rüppel ma kahi o 270 tausani kānaka.
I mea e pale aku ai i nā holoholona a me nā manu ma ʻApelika mai nā mea ʻino a me nā pesticides, i ka makahiki 2009 ʻo ka hui ʻAmelika FMC, ka mea hana i ka lāʻau make make makehewa loa ma nā ʻāina ʻApelika, ʻo furadan, i hoʻokumu i kahi hoʻouka kaua e hoʻihoʻi i nā mea i lawe ʻia i Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ka moʻolelo resonant e pili ana i ka make nui o nā holoholona me nā pesticides, i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kekahi o nā papahana nūhou o ka CBS TV channel (USA).
Hoʻonui pū ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli mai nā kānaka e nā ʻano hānau o nā aeto a Rüppel. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hiki i ka hiki ke hanau hou loa - i ka makahiki o 5-7 mau makahiki, a hānau lākou i nā keiki i hoʻokahi manawa wale nō i ka makahiki, a i ʻole ʻelua paha. I ka manawa like, kiʻekiʻe loa ka make o nā moa i ka makahiki mua o ke ola a ma kahi o 90%. Wahi a nā wanana ʻoluʻolu loa o nā ornithologists, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻomaka i nā ana radical e mālama ai i ka helu o nā laha, i nā makahiki he 50 e hiki mai ana, hiki i ka helu o nā ʻāpala ʻApelika i ko lākou wahi noho ke hoʻēmi nui loa - ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o 97%.
ʻUltureiwi ʻApelika - he scavenger maʻamau, ʻaʻole predator, e like me ka mea i manaʻo pinepine ʻia no ka naʻaupō. Nānā pinepine lākou i kā lākou mea pio no ka manawa lōʻihi - maoli no nā hola lele i ka lewa i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ea. ʻO kēia mau manu, ʻokoʻa i nā ʻekue ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai ʻaʻole hoʻohana i ko lākou ala o ka pilau, akā ke nānā pono nei nā maka.
Lā paʻi: 08/15/2019
Lā hou: 15.08.2019 ma 22:09
