Starfish (Asteroidea) ʻo ia kekahi o nā hui nui loa, ʻokoʻa a kikoʻī. Aia ma kahi o 1,600 mau ʻano i māhele ʻia i nā moana o ka honua. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano āpau i ʻehiku mau kauoha: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida, a me Velatida. E like me nā echinodermia ʻē aʻe, he lālā koʻikoʻi nā starfish o nā kaiāulu benthic moana. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i poʻe predator voracious, e hoʻokau nei i ka mana nui i ka hanana kaiāulu. ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha he predatory versable.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Starfish
Ua ʻike ʻia ka starfish mua i ka wā Ordovician. Ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua mau hoʻololi faunal nui i kū i Asteroidea i ka manawa like me nā hanana make nui: ma ka Late Devonian a ma ka Late Permian. Manaʻo ʻia ua puka mai nā ʻano laha a ʻokoʻa loa (ma kahi o 60 miliona mau makahiki) i ka wā Jurassic. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o Paleozoic starfish, a ma waena o Paleozoic species a me nā starfish o kēia manawa, paʻakikī e hoʻoholo ma muli o ka palena o nā fossil.
Video: Starfish
ʻAʻohe o nā fossil asteroid no ka mea:
- popopo nā mea iwi i hope o ka make ʻana o nā holoholona;
- aia nā lua o ke kino nui, i hoʻopau ʻia me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā meaola, i hiki ai i ka deformation o ke kinona;
- noho ka starfish ma luna o nā substrates paʻakikī i kūpono ʻole i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā fossil.
Ua kōkua nā hōʻike mōʻalihaku e hoʻomaopopo i ka ulu ʻana o nā hōkū kai ma nā hui ʻo Paleozoic a ma hope o Paleozoic. ʻO nā ʻano nohona like ʻole o nā hōkū ʻo Paleozoic i like loa me ka mea a mākou e ʻike nei i kēia lā i nā lāhui o kēia au. Ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pilina evolutionary o ka starfish i ka hopena o nā 1980. ʻO kēia mau anamanaʻo (hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻikepili morphological a me nā molekole) i alakaʻi i nā kuhiakau e pili ana i nā holoholona filogeny. Hoʻomau hou ʻia nā hopena ma ke ʻano he kontroversial nā hopena.
Me ko lākou symmetrical aesthetic kinona, nui ke kuleana o ka starfish i ka hoʻolālā, moʻokalaleo, kaao a me ka moʻomeheu kaulana. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia lākou i kekahi manawa ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomanaʻo, hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻolālā a i ʻole nā logos, a i kekahi mau lāhui, ʻoiai ka ʻino, ʻai ʻia ka holoholona.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi iʻa hōkū
Me ka ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau ʻano e noho ana i ka wai palau, ʻo nā iʻa hōkū nā meaola benthic i loaʻa i ke kai kai. Hiki i kēia ola kai ke komo i ke anawaena mai ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 2 cm a ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi mika, ʻoiai ka hapanui he 12 a 24 cm. ʻO nā kukuna e puka mai ana mai ke kino mai ka disk waena a ʻano like ka lōʻihi. Neʻe ʻo Starfish i kahi ʻano bidirectional, me kekahi mau lima kukuna e hana ana ma ke alo o ka holoholona. Hana ʻia ka iwi iwi o loko me nā iwi calcareous.
Mea leʻaleʻa: ʻO ka hapanui o nā laha he 5 mau kukuna. ʻEono a ʻehiku paha kukuna o kekahi, ʻo kekahi he 10-15. Hiki i ka Antarctic Labidiaster annulatus ke kanalima. Hiki i ka hapa nui o ka starfish ke hoʻoulu hou i nā ʻāpana i hōʻino ʻia a i ʻole nā kukuna nalo.
Wehe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana vatic waiatic ma kahi pā madrepore (kahi puka i puhi ʻia i ka hapa waena o ka holoholona) a alakaʻi i kahi aʻa pōhaku e waiho ana me nā waihona iwi iwi. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi kahawai pōhaku i kahi kahawai annular e alakaʻi ai i kēlā me kēia o ʻelima (a ʻoi paha) kahawai radial. ʻO nā ʻeke ma ka canal annular e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻōnaehana wai-vascular. Pau kēlā me kēia kahawai radial me kahi koʻokoʻo tubular hopena e hana i kahi hana sensory.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kahawai radial kahi o nā kahawai ʻaoʻao e hoʻopau ana ma ke kumu o ka paipu. ʻO kēlā me kēia wāwae tubular he ampoule, he podium a me kahi kīʻaha omo maʻamau. Aia ka papa o ka lua waha ma lalo o ka diski waena. Kūlike ka ʻōnaehana puni i ka ʻōnaehana vatic wai a hāʻawi paha i nā meaola mai ka digestive tract. Hoʻonui ʻia nā aʻa wela i nā gonad. ʻO nā larvae o nā laha he symmetrical bilaterally, a me nā mākua me ke ʻano like.
Ma hea e noho ai ka iʻa hōkū?
Kiʻi: Starfish i ke kai
Loaʻa nā hōkū ma nā moana āpau o ka honua. ʻO lākou, e like me nā echinodermia āpau, mālama i kahi kaulike electrolyte lahilahi o loko, kahi i ke kaulike me ke kai, kahi hiki ʻole iā lākou ke noho i nā wahi wai wai. ʻO nā wahi noho pū me nā ʻākoʻakoʻa pāholo, nā kai eʻe, nā one a me nā ʻalae i loko o ka limu, nā kapakai pōhaku a me nā kai hohonu, ma kahi o 6,000 m ka nui. Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole i nā kapakai.
Ua lanakila wiwo ʻole ʻo Starfish i nā expanses hohonu o nā moana e like me:
- ʻAkelanika;
- ʻ Indiannia;
- Noho mālie;
- ʻĀkau;
- Hema, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i 2000 e ka International Hydrographic Organization.
Hoʻohui ʻia, loaʻa nā hōkū kai ma ka Aral, Caspian, ke kai make. ʻO kēia nā holoholona benthic e neʻe nei i ke kolo ʻana i nā wāwae ambulacral i lako me nā kīʻaha omo. Noho lākou i nā wahi āpau i kahi hohonu o 8.5 km. Hiki i nā Starfish ke hōʻino i nā ʻākoʻakoʻa a lilo i pilikia no nā ʻōpihi kalepa. ʻO Starfish nā ʻelele nui o nā kaiāulu kai. ʻO ka nui nui, nā ʻano papaʻai like ʻole a me ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻa i nā wahi like ʻole e koʻikoʻi i kēia mau holoholona.
He aha ka ʻai a ka starfish?
Kiʻi: Starfish ma ke kahakai
ʻO kēia mau ola kai he mea ʻānai a me nā holoholona nui. He poʻe hōkai kiʻekiʻe lākou ma nā wahi he nui. Hānai lākou i ka hopu ʻana i ka mea pio, a laila hoʻohuli i ko lākou ʻōpū a hūnā i nā enzymes mua iā ia. Hoʻopau nā wai digestive i nā aʻa o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, a laila omo ʻia e ka starfish.
ʻO kā lākou papaʻai ka mea neʻe lohi, e like me:
- gastropods;
- microalgae;
- nā bivalve molluscs;
- barnacles;
- polychaetes a i ʻole nā ʻenemi polychaete;
- invertebrates ʻē aʻe.
ʻAi kekahi mau hōkū i ka plankton a me nā detritus organik, i pili i ka mucus ma ka ʻili o ke kino a hele i loko o ka cilia i loko o ka waha. Hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻano i kā lākou pedicellaria e kiʻi i nā pio, a ʻai paha lākou i ka iʻa. ʻO ke kalaunu o nā kākalaioa, kahi ʻano e ʻai ana i nā polyps coral, a me nā lāhui ʻē aʻe, e apo i nā meaola popopo a me nā feces. Ua ʻike ʻia hiki i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ke hoʻopau i nā meaola mai ka wai e pili ana a hiki i kēia ke hana i kahi ʻāpana nui o kā lākou papaʻai.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: e like me ka ophiuras, hiki i nā iʻa hōkū ke pale aku i ka luku ʻia ʻana o kahi lehulehu o nā mollusks pā-ʻoi, ʻo ia kā lākou meaʻai nui. Liʻiliʻi loa a ʻaʻohe kōkua ka mollusk larva, no laila pōloli ka starfish no 1 - 2 mahina - a ulu ka molluscs.
Hoʻohana ka starfish pink i ka ʻAmelika Komohana Komohana i kahi o nā wāwae tubular kūikawā e ʻeli hohonu i loko o ka ʻāpana shellfish palupalu. Ke lālau nei i nā mollusks, hāmama a hōkū ka hōkū i ka pūpū o ka mea i hōʻeha ʻia, me ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i kona mākala adductor, a laila hoʻokau i kona ʻōpū huli i kokoke i ka māwae e ʻānai i nā mea palupalu. ʻO ka mamao ma waena o nā kiwikā e hiki wale i kahi hapa o ka millimeter ākea e ʻae i ka ʻōpū e komo i loko.
Loaʻa iā Starfish kahi ʻōnaehana digestive piha. Alakaʻi ka waha i ka ʻōpū waena, kahi a ka starfish e hoʻohana ai e ʻeli i kāna mea pio. Aia nā ʻōnaehana Digestive a i ʻole nā kaʻina pyloric i kēlā me kēia kukuna. Kuhi ʻia nā enzyme kūikawā ma o nā aniani pyloric. ʻO ke ʻōpū pōkole e alakaʻi i ka anus.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Starfish
Ke neʻe nei, hoʻohana ka starfish i kā lākou ʻōnaehana o nā moku wai. ʻAʻohe mākala o ka holoholona. Hana ʻia nā kuʻina kūloko me ke kōkua o ka wai, ma lalo o ke kaomi o ka ʻōnaehana vascular o ke kino. ʻO nā "wāwae" tubular i loko o ka epithelium o ka ʻōnaehana vatic wai e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka wai, i huki ʻia i loko o nā pores a kāwili ʻia i loko o ka lālā ma o nā kahawai kūloko. ʻO nā wēlau o nā "wāwae" tubular he mau kīʻaha kope e pili ana i ka substrate. ʻO Starfish e noho ana ma nā kumu palupalu ua kuhikuhi nā "wāwae" (ʻaʻole nā keiki hānai) e neʻe.
Hāʻawi ka ʻōnaehana hopohopo ʻole kikowaena echinod germ i ko lākou kaiapuni mai nā kihi āpau. ʻO nā pūnaewele sensory i loko o ka ʻepekema e ʻike i ka mālamalama, hoʻopili, nā kemika a me nā kahe wai. ʻIke ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o nā pūnaewele sensory i nā wāwae o ka Tube a me nā kaʻe o ke kahawai ʻai. Loaʻa nā kiko maka maka ʻulaʻula i ka hopena o kēlā me kēia kukuna. Hana lākou ma ke ʻano he photoreceptors a he hōʻiliʻili ia o nā maka calyx pigmented.
Mea hoihoi: nani loa ʻo Starfish i waho ma ke ʻano o ka wai. Lawe ʻia i waho o ka wai, make lākou a lilo ko lākou kala, a lilo i iwi iwi poʻo.
Hiki i nā pheromones makua ke ʻumeʻume i nā larvae, kahi e noho ai ma kahi kokoke i nā mākua. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka metamorphosis ma kekahi ʻano e nā pheromones makua. Nui ka maka o nā hōkū i nā wēlau o nā kaola i loaʻa nā aniani he nui. Hiki i nā aniani āpau ke hana i hoʻokahi pika o ke kiʻi, i ʻae i ka mea ola e ʻike.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Little starfish
Hiki i ka Starfish ke hoʻohua i ka moekolohe a i ʻole asexually. Kūlike ʻole nā kāne a me nā wahine kekahi i kekahi. Hoʻopiʻi lākou i ka moekolohe ma ka waiho ʻana i ka sperm a i ʻole nā hua i loko o ka wai. Ma hope o ka hoʻouluulu ʻana, ulu kēia mau hua manu i mau ʻohana manuahi manuahi, a noho mālie i ka papakū. Hana kope ʻo Starfish ma o ka hana hou ʻana asexual. Hiki i ka starfish ke hōʻano hou ʻaʻole wale i nā kukuna, akā kokoke i ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
He deuterostome ʻo Starfish. E hoʻomohala i nā hua i hoʻomomona ʻia i ʻelua ʻaoʻao s syetretrical planktonic larvae i loaʻa nā tripelite celiomas pālua. Loaʻa nā kumu Embryonic i nā hopena e like me nā larvae symmetrical e ulu nei i nā mākua symmetrical radial. Hiki i nā pheromones makua ke ʻumeʻume i nā larvae, kahi e noho ai ma kahi kokoke i nā mākua. Ma hope o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, hele nā larvae ma waena o ka pae sessile a lilo i mau mākua.
I ka moekolohe kolohe ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale ka nui o ka starfish i ka wahine, akā he hermaphrodite kekahi. Loaʻa iā lākou i ʻelua mau gonad i kēlā me kēia lima a me kahi gonopore e hāmama i ka papa o ka waha. ʻIke mau ʻia ʻo Gonopores ma ke kumu o kēlā me kēia pā lima. Manuahi ka hapanui o nā hōkū e hoʻokuʻu i ka sperm a me nā hua i loko o ka wai. Hānau kekahi mau ʻano hermaphrodite i kā lākou ʻōpio. Hana pinepine ka ʻōnaehana ʻana i ka pō. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe maʻa mau o ka hoʻopili makua ma hope o ka momona, hatch kekahi mau ʻano hermaphrodite i kā lākou mau hua ma o lākou iho.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka starfish
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o kahi iʻa hōkū
ʻO ka pae larval planktonic i nā hōkū o ke kai e maʻalahi loa i nā mea ʻaihue. ʻO kā lākou laina pale mua he saponins, i loaʻa i nā paia o ke kino a ʻono maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO kekahi mau iʻa hōkū, e like me ka starfish scallop (Astropecten polyacanthus), hoʻokomo pū i nā toxins ikaika e like me tetrodotoxin i loko o kā lākou arsenal kemika, a hiki i ka ʻōnaehana mucous o ka hōkū ke hoʻokuʻu i nā nui o nā mucus repactor.
Hiki ke alualu ʻia ka iʻa kai e:
- newts;
- anemone kai;
- nā ʻano ʻano hōkū ʻē aʻe;
- pāpaʻi;
- limu;
- he iʻa;
- kai ʻope.
ʻO kēia ola kai kekahi ʻano "pale kaua kino" i ke ʻano o nā pā paʻakikī a me nā kui. Pale aku ʻo Starfish i nā hoʻouka kū mai ka predator e kā lākou spine ʻoi loa, nā toxins a me nā kala ʻōlinohono ʻōpala. Pale kekahi mau laha i kā lākou mau ʻōlelo aʻo ʻino e ka hoʻopili ʻana i ko lākou mau alaloa ambulacral me nā ʻulaki e uhi paʻa i ko lākou mau lālā.
ʻO kekahi mau ʻano ʻeha e ʻehaʻeha i ke ʻano ʻōpala ma muli o ke alo o nā koʻohune o ka genus Vibrio, eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka maʻi makehewa holoholona ʻoi aku ka nui ma waena o nā starfish ka densovirus.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: he hopena maikaʻi ʻole nā mahana kiʻekiʻe i ka starfish. Ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua i ka emi ʻana o ka helu o ka hānai ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana o ke kino ma luna o 23 ° C. Hiki i ka make ke kū i ko lākou mahana i 30 ° C.
Hiki i kēia mau invertebrates ke komo i ka wai kai e hoʻomaʻalili i ka wā e ʻike ʻia e ka lā mai ke au e hāʻule ana. Hoʻokomo pū nā kukuna i ka wela e mālama i ka diski waena a me nā mea ola e like me ka pale o ka ʻōpū.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Starfish i ke kai
ʻO ka papa Asteroidea, i ʻike ʻia he starfish, kekahi o nā hui ʻokoʻa loa ma ka papa Echinodermata, me kahi 1,900 mau lāhui i koe i ʻākoakoa ʻia i loko o 36 mau ʻohana a ma kahi o 370 extan genera. Nui a lehulehu nā heluna o nā hōkū kai mai nā wahi littoral a i ka lua hohonu a aia nō i nā moana āpau o ka honua, akā ʻokoʻa nā ʻano like ʻole ma nā wahi kai ʻo ʻAtelanika a me Indo-Pākīpika. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i kēia mau holoholona i kēia manawa.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: He nui nā ʻauhau ma Asterinidae i mea nui i ka noiʻi ulu a me ka hānau. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka starfish i ka immunology, physiology, biochemistry, cryogenics, a me ka parasitology. Ua lilo kekahi mau ʻano asteroids i mau mea noiʻi no ka hoʻomehana honua.
I kekahi manawa hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka starfish i nā kaiaolaola a puni lākou. Pōʻino lākou i nā koʻa ākea ma Australia a me Polinesia Palani. Hōʻike nā mea nānā i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana o ka paina koʻa mai ka hōʻea ʻana o ka hōkū neʻe i ka makahiki 2006, e hāʻule ana mai 50% a i lalo o 5% i nā makahiki ʻekolu. He hopena kēia i ka iʻa ʻai kai.
Starfish ʻO nā ʻano amurensis kekahi o nā ʻano echinoderm invasive. Ua hōʻea paha kāna larvae i Tasmania mai waena o Iapana ma o ka wai i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā moku i nā 1980. Mai ia manawa, ua ulu ka helu o nā laha a hiki i kahi i hoʻoweliweli ai lākou i nā heluna nui o nā bollve molluscs. E like me ia, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he poʻe ʻino a helu ʻia i waena o nā lāhui he 100 ʻoi loa ka hewa o ka honua.
Lā paʻi: 08/14/2019
Lā hou: 08/14/2019 ma 23:09
