ʻO Dugong - Pili pili i nā bipi kai make a me nā manatee e kū nei. ʻO ia wale nō ka lālā o ka ʻohana dugong e ola. Wahi a kekahi poʻe loea, ʻo ia ka prototype o ke kaikamahine wahine mele. ʻO ka inoa "dugong" ka mea i hoʻolaha mua ʻia e ka naturalist Palani Georges Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, ma hope o ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi holoholona mai ka mokupuni ʻo Leyte ma Pilipine. ʻO nā inoa inoa ʻē aʻe he "bipi kai", "kāmelo kai", "porpoise".
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Dugong
He māmela ola lōʻihi ka dugong. ʻO ka mea kahiko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia he 73 mau makahiki. ʻO Dugong kahi ʻano wale nō o ka ʻohana Dugongidae, a ʻo kekahi o nā ʻano ʻehā o ke kauoha Siren, ʻo ke koena ka ʻohana manatee. Ua hoʻolaha mua ʻia ia i ka makahiki 1776 ma ke ʻano he Trichechus dugon, kahi lālā o ka lāhui manatee. Ua ʻike ʻia ma hope he ʻano laha mai Dugong e Lacépède a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i waena o kona ʻohana ponoʻī.
Video: Dugong
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole pili pili loa nā Dugong a me nā sirens ʻē aʻe i nā meaola kai ʻē aʻe, pili lākou i nā ʻelepani. Māhele nā Dugongs a me nā ʻelepa i kahi hui monophyletic me hyrax a me anteater, kekahi o nā hānau mua o nā placentals.
Hōʻike nā mōʻalihaku i ke ʻano o nā sirena i loko o ka Eocene, kahi a lākou e noho ai i ke kai kahiko o Tethys. Manaʻo ʻia ua ʻokoʻa nā ʻohana siren e ola ʻelua i ka waena o Eocene, a ma hope iho ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā dugong a me ko lākou hoahānau pili loa, ʻo ka bipi a Steller, mai kahi kūpuna maʻamau o ka Miocene. Ua hala ka pipi i ke kenekulia 18. ʻAʻole loaʻa nā fossil o nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka Dugongidae.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o nā noiʻi DNA molekole he ʻokoʻa ka heluna kanaka oʻAsia mai nā lāhui ʻē aʻe o ka laha. ʻElua mau laina makuahine ʻē aʻe o Australia, kahi o kekahi o nā dugong mai ʻAlapia a me ʻApelika. Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻohuihui genetic ma Hikina Hema Asia a me ʻAukekulia a puni Timor. ʻAʻole lawa nā hōʻike moʻomeheu e hoʻokumu i nā palena maopopo ma waena o nā hui like ʻole.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka dugong
ʻO nā Dugongs he mau māmela nui a nunui hoʻi me nā peʻa o mua e like me ka hoe a me kahi huelo pololei a concave paha i hoʻohana ʻia me he propeller Ma o kona ʻano, hoʻokaʻawale ka huelo iā lākou mai nā manatees, kahi i loaʻa ai ke ʻano o ka hoe. Hoʻohālike nā pale dugong i nā iʻa dolphin, akā ʻaʻole like me nā dolphins, ʻaʻohe fin dorsal. Loaʻa i nā wahine nā mammary glands ma lalo o nā fin. Kaupaona nā dugong makua ma waena o 230 a 400 kg a hiki ke lōʻihi i ka lōʻihi mai 2.4 a 4 m.
ʻEleʻele-hina hina ka ʻili mānoanoa a hoʻololi i ke kala ke ulu ka limu ma luna ona. Aia nā pūpū i nā dugong āpau, akā ʻike ʻia lākou i nā kāne makua a me nā wahine ʻelemakule. ʻAʻohe o nā kīleʻa a me nā lobes o nā pepeiao, akā maʻalahi loa. Manaʻo ʻia he ʻano lohe nui nā dugong e uku ai no ka ʻike maka maikaʻi ʻole.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka waha, poepoe a hoʻopau me kahi mānoanoa. ʻO kēia lepe kahi lehelehe muscular e kau ana ma luna o ka waha kōwili a kōkua i ka dugong e mahi ʻai no ka limu. Hiki i ka iwi ā i lalo ke komo i nā incisors i hoʻonui ʻia. Uhi ka hulu sensory i ko lākou lehelehe luna e kōkua i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka meaʻai. Uhi pū ka hulu i ke kino o ka dugong.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO ka lāhui wale nō i ʻike ʻia i ka ʻohana Dugongidae ʻo Hydrodamalis gigas (bipi kai o Steller's), i pau i ka makahiki 1767, 36 mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o kona ʻike ʻia. Ua like lākou i ka helehelena a me ke kala i nā dugong, akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui, me ka lōʻihi o ke kino o 7 a 10 m a me ke kaumaha o 4500 a 5900 kg.
Nā piko piko, hoʻohana ʻia no ka ea i ka wā e puka ai ka dugong i kēlā me kēia minuke, aia ma ke poʻo o ke poʻo. Mālama nā kiwikā iā lākou i ka wā luʻu. He ʻehiku vertebrae cer servang ka dugong, 18 a 19 mau vertebrae thoracic, ʻehā a ʻelima mau lumbar vertebrae, ma ka nui o hoʻokahi sakala, a 28 a 29 caudal vertebrae. ʻO ka scapula he ʻano crescent, ʻaʻohe loa ka clavicle, a ʻaʻohe hoʻi ka iwi pubic.
Ma hea e noho ai ka dugong?
Kiʻi: Marine Dugong
Uhi ka laulā o ka noho dugong i nā kapakai o 37 mau ʻāina a me nā panalāʻau mai East Africa a hiki i Vanuatu. Hopu i nā wai kahakai mahana e moe ana mai ka Moana Pākīpika a i ka hikina hikina o ʻApelika, aia ma kahi o 140,000 km ma ke kahakai. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo kā lākou pae mua i kūlike i ka pae o nā mauʻu kai o nā ʻohana ʻo Rdestovy a me Vodokrasovye. ʻAʻole maopopo maopopo ka nui o ka laulā kumu.
I kēia manawa, noho nā dugongs i ka wai kai o ia mau ʻāina:
- Nuhōlani;
- Sinapoa;
- Kamabodia;
- Kina;
- Aikupita;
- Inia;
- Inidonesia;
- Iapana;
- Ioredāne;
- Kenia;
- Makakakeka;
- Mauritiusa;
- Mozamabika;
- Āina Pilipino;
- Somalia;
- Sudana;
- Tailani;
- Vanuatu;
- Vietnam, etc.
Loaʻa nā Dugong ma kahi ʻāpana nui o ke kahakai o kēia mau ʻāina, me ka helu nui e hoʻopili ʻia i nā kai kūpale. ʻO ka dugong wale nō ka mammal herbivorous kai wale, no ka mea hoʻohana nā ʻano manatee āpau i ka wai hou. ʻIke ʻia kahi heluna nui o nā kānaka ma nā kahawai ākea a pāpaʻu hoʻi a puni nā mokupuni kahakai, kahi e maʻa mau ai nā limu limu.
ʻO ka maʻamau, aia lākou i kahi hohonu o 10 m, ʻoiai ma nā wahi e noho papapa ai ka papa ʻaina ʻĀkau, hele ʻo dugong ma mua o 10 km mai ke kahakai, e iho ana i 37 m, kahi e ʻike ai ke kai hohonu. Hāʻawi ka wai hohonu i kahi puʻuhonua mai nā wai kai ʻoluʻolu i ka hoʻoilo.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka dugong. E ʻike kākou i ka mea a kēia holoholona e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a dugong?
Kiʻi: Dugong mai ka Red Book
ʻO nā Dugongs wale nā mea hānai kai hānai a hānai i ka limu. ʻO kēia ka nui o nā rhizome mauʻu kai waiwai i nā kālika, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka lepo. Eia nō naʻe, hānai lākou i nā mea ʻoi aku ma mua o nā ʻāpana o nā mea kanu, i hoʻopau pinepine ʻia. Hānai pinepine lākou i ka hohonu o ʻelua a ʻeono mika. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā furrow a nā kahawai maʻamau e haʻalele ai lākou i ka wā i loaʻa ai kahi hānai i kahi hohonu o 23 mau mika. No ke kiʻi ʻana i nā aʻa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻenehana i nā ʻenehana kūikawā.
Hiki lākou i nā aʻa i ke kaʻina o ka neʻe ʻana:
Ke holo nei nā lehelehe luna o ka lio ma ke ʻano lio, lawe ʻia ka papa luna o ka sediment,
a laila hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā aʻa mai ka honua, hoʻomaʻemaʻe e ka lulu ʻana a ʻai ʻia.
Makemake i nā mauʻu kai liʻiliʻi lahilahi e hele pinepine mai nā genera Halophila a me Halodule. ʻOiai haʻahaʻa lākou i ka fiber, loaʻa iā lākou nā meaola digestible maʻalahi. ʻO kahi limu wale nō ke kūpono no ka lawe ʻana ma muli o ka papaʻai loea o nā holoholona.
Mea hoihoi: Aia kekahi hōʻike e hoʻoikaika ikaika ana nā dugong i nā loli i ka ʻano laha o ka laha i haku ʻia i ka pae kūloko. Ua loaʻa nā hānai hānai ma 33 mau mika, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nā dugong ma 37 mau mika.
ʻO nā wahi limu kahi e hānai pinepine ai ka dugongs, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka fiber, momona. Inā hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ka mahi limu, hoʻonui hou ka ʻāpana o nā lāhui waiwai-fiber. ʻOiai kokoke i nā holoholona he mauhelehele wale nō, hoʻopau lākou i kekahi manawa i nā invertebrates: jellyfish a me molluscs.
I kekahi mau ʻaoʻao hema o Australia, keʻimi ikaika nei lākou i nā invertebrates nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maʻamau kēia no kēlā me kēia kanaka mai nā wahi tropical, kahi i pau ʻole ai nā invertebrates iā lākou. ʻIke ʻia lākou e hoʻāhu i nā pua mea kanu i hoʻokahi wahi ma mua o kā lākou ʻai ʻana.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: dugong maʻamau
ʻO ka dugong kahi ʻano kaiāulu loa, i loaʻa i nā hui o 2 a 200 mau kānaka. ʻO nā hui liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka makuahine a me ke keiki. ʻOiai ʻike ʻia nā pūʻā he ʻelua haneli dugongs, ʻano ʻē lākou no kēia mau holoholona ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā mahi limu ke kākoʻo i nā hui nui no nā wā lōʻihi. ʻO Dugongs kahi ʻano semi-nomadic. Hiki iā lākou ke neʻe i kahi mamao e ʻike i kahi moena limu kikoʻī, akā hiki iā lākou ke noho i ka wahi like no ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola ke lawa ka meaʻai.
Mea hoihoi: Hanu nā holoholona i kēlā me kēia 40-400 kekona i ka wā e ʻai ana. Ke piʻi ka hohonu, hoʻonui ka lōʻihi o ka manawa hanu. Nānā lākou i kekahi manawa ke hanu, akā maʻamau ka puka o ko lākou mau puka ihu i waho o ka wai. ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ke hanu lākou, hana lākou i kahi kani i hiki ke lohe ʻia ma kahi mamao aku.
Pili ka neʻe ʻana i ka nui a me ka maikaʻi o kā lākou kumu meaʻai, algae. Inā pau nā mauʻu limu kūloko, nānā lākou i nā mea aʻe. Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻia o nā dugongs i loko o ka wai lepo, paʻakikī e nānā iā lākou me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana iā lākou. Inā kūpilikiʻi ko lākou maluhia o ka noʻonoʻo, neʻe wikiwiki a malu lākou mai ke kumu.
He hilahila nā holoholona, a me ke ʻano akahele, nānā lākou i ka mea luʻu a i ʻole ka moku i kahi mamao loa, akā kānalua i ka hele kokoke ʻana. Ma muli o kēia, ʻike iki ʻia e pili ana i ka hana o dugongs. Kamaʻilio lākou ma ke kani ʻana, ka trilling a me ke kani ʻana. Ma o kēia mau kani, hoʻolaha nā holoholona i nā pilikia a mālama paha i ka pilina ma waena o ka cub a me ka makuahine.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Dugong Cub
Hoʻololi iki ke ʻano o ka moena ma muli o ka wahi. Pale aku nā kāne dugong i ko lākou mau panalāʻau a hoʻololi i kā lākou ʻano e hoʻohuli ai i nā wahine. Ma hope o ka huki ʻana i nā wahine, hele nā kāne dugongs i loko o kekahi mau hanana o ke kope. Hahai nā pūʻulu kāne i hoʻokahi wahine i ka hoʻāʻo e hoa.
ʻO ka papa hakakā me ka wai pīpī, ka hū ʻana o ka huelo, ke kīloi ʻana o ke kino a me nā lunges. Hiki ke kolohe, e like me ka hōʻike e nā scars i ʻike ʻia ma ke kino o nā wahine a me nā kāne hoʻokūkū.
Hana ʻia ka male ʻana ke neʻe kekahi kāne i ka wahine mai lalo, ʻoiai ke hoʻomau nei nā kāne hou e hakakā no kēlā kūlana. No laila, copulate ka wahine i nā manawa he nui me nā kāne hoʻokūkū, ka mea e hōʻoia i ka hāpai ʻana.
Hiki i nā wahine dugong ke oʻo i ke 6 mau makahiki a loaʻa paha iā lākou kā lākou keiki bipi mua ma waena o 6 a 17 mau makahiki. Hiki i nā kāne ke oʻo makua ma waena o 6 a me 12 mau makahiki. Hiki ke hana hou i ka hana a puni ka makahiki. Haahaa loa ka nui o ka hānau ʻana o nā dugong. Hoʻokumu wale lākou i hoʻokahi holoholona i kēlā me kēia 2.5-7 mau makahiki e pili ana i ka wahi. Pili paha kēia i ka wā hānau lōʻihi, ʻo 13 a 14 mau mahina.
Mea hoihoi: Mālama nā makuahine a me nā bipi keiki i kahi paʻa paʻa e hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka wā lōʻihi o ka omo ʻana i ka umauma a ma o ka hoʻopili kino ʻana i ka ʻauʻau ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana. Hoʻolimalima kēlā me kēia wahine ma kahi o 6 mau makahiki me kāna keiki.
I ka hānau ʻana, kaupaona ʻia nā cubs ma kahi o 30 kg, he 1.2 m ka lōʻihi. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā keiki bipi no 18 mau mahina a ʻoi aku paha, i ia manawa a lākou e noho kokoke ai i ko lākou makuahine, ʻolokaʻa pinepine ma kona kua. ʻOiai hiki i nā cubong dugong ke ʻai i ka limu kokoke ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i ka wā omo wai ke ulu wikiwiki lākou. Ke hiki lākou i ke kūlana makua, haʻalele lākou i ko lākou mau makuahine a nānā i nā hoa kūpono.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka dugong
Kiʻi: Dugong
He kakaikahi loa nā Dugongs me nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻO kā lākou nui nui, ʻili paʻakikī, kūkulu iwi paʻa, a me ka hoʻopili koke ʻana o ke koko i hiki ke kōkua i nā pale. ʻOiai nā holoholona e like me nā crocodiles, nā kohola kohola a me nā manō e hoʻoweliweli i nā holoholona ʻōpio. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ua make kekahi dugong i ka ʻeha ma hope o ke kau ʻia ʻana e kahi chute.
Eia kekahi, pepehi pinepine ʻia nā dugong e nā kānaka. Ua ʻimi ʻia lākou e kekahi mau lāhui lāhui ma Australia a me Malaysia, ua paʻa lākou i nā ʻupena a me nā ʻupena hei i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā lawaiʻa, a ua hōʻike ʻia i nā mea ʻaihue mai nā waʻa a me nā moku. Lilo pū lākou i kā lākou wahi noho a me nā kumuwaiwai ma muli o nā hana anthropogenic kanaka.
ʻO nā predators dugong kaulana pū kekahi:
- manō;
- ʻōpala;
- kohola kohola;
- kanaka
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi hihia i ka wā i hoʻokele like ai kahi hui o dugongs e hoʻokuke aku i kahi manō e alualu ana iā lākou. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o nā maʻi a me nā maʻi parasite e hoʻopili i kēia mau holoholona. ʻIke ʻia nā pathogens me helminths, cryptosporidium, ʻano like ʻole o nā maʻi bacteria a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo 30% o ka make dugong e hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi e hoʻopilikia iā lākou ma muli o ka maʻi.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka dugong
ʻElima mau ʻāina / panalāʻau (Australia, Bahrain, Papua New Guinea, Qatar a me nā United Arab Emirates) e mālama i nā heluna nui dugong (ma loko o nā tausani) me nā tausani he nui ma ka ʻĀkau o Australia. Hoʻololi ka pākēneka o nā kānaka makua ma waena o nā subgroups like ʻole, akā e lauwili ana ma kahi ma waena o 45% a me 70%.
ʻO ka ʻike genetic ma nā waihona dugong i kaupalena ʻia i ka Australia wahi. ʻO nā hana hou e pili ana i ka DNA mitochondrial e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole ka panimia o ka heluna kanaka dugong Australia. Aia nō i ka heluna nui o ʻAukekulelia kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā heluna kanaka hou i ka hanana genetika.
ʻO nā ʻikepili hou aʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā māka genetic like e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale nui ma waena o ka heluna o ka hema a me ka ʻākau o Kuiniselani. Ke hoʻomau nei nā noiʻi genetical heluna kanaka o ka dugong ma waho o Australia. Hoʻopaʻa nā nānā i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻāpana ikaika. ʻOkoʻa nā heluna o Nūhōlani mai nā lāhui ʻē aʻe i ke komohana o ka Moana ʻInia ma ka homogeneity a me ka palena o ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano.
Aia kekahi moʻokūʻauhau kūikawā ma Madagascar. ʻAʻole maopopo ke kūlana ma ka ʻāina Indo-Malay, akā hiki nō paha ke huikau nā laina mōʻaukala ma laila. ʻO Thailand kahi home o nā hui like ʻole i ʻokoʻa i ka wā o ka piʻina o ke kai Pleistocene, akā hiki ke kāwili ʻia i kēia manawa nā ʻāina.
Kiaʻi Dugong
Kiʻi: Dugong mai ka Red Book
Ua helu ʻia ʻo Dugongs e like me ka mea ʻaneʻane pau ʻole a papa inoa ʻia i ka Manaʻo I o CITES. Hoʻohui mua ʻia kēia kūlana me ka hopu holoholona a me nā hana a ke kanaka. Ua hopu hewa ʻia ʻo Dugongs i ka ʻupena me nā iʻa a me nā manō a make no ka nele o ka oxygen. Ua hōʻeha ʻia lākou e nā moku a me nā moku. Hoʻohui ʻia, ke luku nei ka hoʻohaumia kai i ka limu, kahi e hopena maikaʻi ʻole ai i nā dugongs. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻimi ʻia nā holoholona no kaʻiʻo, momona a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻAʻole hiki i nā lāhui Dugong ke ola wikiwiki ma muli o kā lākou helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Inā hānai ʻia nā dugong wahine āpau i kahi heluna kanaka i ka ikaika piha, ʻo ka nui o ka nui i hiki i ka heluna kanaka ke hoʻonui he 5%. Haʻahaʻa kēia kiʻi, ʻoiai ke ola lōʻihi a me ka make kūlohelohe haʻahaʻa ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mea ʻaihue.
ʻO Dugong - hōʻike i ka emi mau o nā helu. ʻOiai ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau pūnaewele pale no lākou, keu hoʻi ma kahakai o Australia. Loaʻa i kēia mau wahi nā limu a me nā kūlana nohona kūpono no nā dugong, e like me nā wai papau a me nā wahi hānau. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike e loiloi ana i ka mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia ʻāina i ka pae dugong e hana a mālama ai i kēia mau mea ʻoluʻolu.
Ka lā paʻi: 08/09/2019
Lā hou: 09/29/2019 ma 12:26
