Salamander - he amphibian, ka mea i makaʻu nui ka poʻe i ka wā kahiko, haku lākou i nā kaʻao e pili ana iā ia, mahalo ʻia, a pili pū kekahi i nā hiki i ka hoʻokalakupua. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka helehelena o ka salamander. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, manaʻoʻiʻo ka poʻe ʻaʻole wela ka holoholona i ke ahi, ʻoiai ke ahi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka unuhi ʻana mai ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe Peresia kahiko, ʻo ka manaʻo salamander, ʻo ia hoʻi "ke ahi mai loko mai."
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Salamander
I ko lākou helehelena, ʻano like nā salamanders me nā moʻo, akā pili nā zoologists i nā papa like ʻole: nā moʻo - i ka papa o nā mea kolo, a me nā salamanders - i ka papa o nā amphibians, ke ʻano o nā salamanders.
I ke kaʻina o ka evolution, i hala nā miliona o nā makahiki, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā lunamakaʻāinana āpau i ʻekolu mau hui nui.
- nā salamanders maoli (Salamandridae);
- nā salamanders me ka ʻole o nā ake māmā (Plethodontidae);
- nā gabers huna-salamanders (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Aia nā ʻokoʻa o nā hui ʻekolu i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hanu, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka hanu mua me ke kōkua o nā māmā, ʻo ka lua - me ke kōkua o nā membrane mucous a me ka ʻili, a me ke kolu - me ke kōkua o nā gills huna.
Video: Salamander
Hoʻolālā ke kino o nā salamanders, e huli mālie i ka huelo. Loaʻa ka Amphibians i ka nui mai 5 a 180 cm. ʻO ka ʻili o nā salamanders e laumania i ka hoʻopā a pulu mau. He ʻokoʻa loa kā lākou laulā kala e pili ana i nā ʻano a me ka nohona: melemele, ʻeleʻele, ʻulaʻula, ʻoliva, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā aka poni. Hiki ke uhi ʻia ke kua a me nā ʻaoʻao o nā holoholona i nā kiko nui a liʻiliʻi, nā kaha o nā kala like ʻole.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi. A meʻO ka salamander nui loa ma ka honua, ʻo Andrias davidianus, e noho nei ma Kina, hiki i kahi lōʻihi o 180 cm.
ʻO nā wāwae o nā salamanders he pōkole a me ka nui. He 4 mau manamana ma nā wāwae o mua, a 5 ma nā wāwae hope. ʻAʻohe o nā māiʻuo ma nā manamana lima. Pālahalaha ke poʻo, like me ke poʻo o ka rana me nā ʻōpuʻu a me nā maka ʻeleʻele pinepine me nā ʻōnohi maka hoʻoneʻe.
I loko o ka ʻili o nā holoholona he mau glands kūikawā (parotitis) e hoʻohua i ka lāʻau make. ʻAʻole make ka lāʻau make i nā salamanders, akā ke hoʻāʻo nei e ʻai, hiki iā ia ke paralyze i ka predator no kekahi manawa, a hoʻoluliluli hoʻi iā ia. Noho kokoke ʻo Salamanders ma nā wahi āpau kahi mehana a mehana ka aniau, akā hiki ke loaʻa ka lāhui ʻokoʻa nui loa ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka salamander?
ʻAno like nā salamanders a pau i kekahi i ka helehelena: he kino elongated ko lākou me ka ʻili lahilahi, kahi huelo lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia nā lālā me ka ʻole o nā māiʻu, kahi poʻo liʻiliʻi me nā maka ʻeleʻele e kūpaka ana, e ʻae ana iā ʻoe e nānā i nā wahi a puni me ka hoʻohuli ʻole i kou poʻo. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻole ʻia nā iwi ā amphibians, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻololi iki i ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai paʻakikī. Ma muli o kā lākou awkwardness, ʻoluʻolu ka nui o nā holoholona i ka wai ma mua o ka pae.
ʻO Salamanders, ʻaʻole like me ko lākou ʻohana pili loa - nā moʻo, hoihoi pū kekahi no nā ʻano kala like ʻole o nā kala o ke ānuenue. E like me ka maʻa mau i ke kūlohelohe, ma hope o kahi hiʻohiʻona mālamalama a kupaianaha kahi makaʻu - kahi lāʻau make e hiki ke ʻā a make paha. ʻO nā ʻano salamanders āpau he mea ʻawahia i kekahi kekelē a i ʻole ʻē aʻe, akā hoʻokahi wale nō ʻano o kēia mau holoholona i loaʻa kahi lāʻau make make - ka Fire Salamander.
I nā kaʻao a me nā kaʻao kahiko, hāʻawi mau ʻia ka salamander i ke kuleana o ke kauā o nā pūʻali pouli. Ma muli o ka helehelena ʻokoʻa ka prejudice ma muli o ka helehelena ʻokoʻa, a no ka hiki pū kekahi, inā he mea weliweli, e hana i kahi huna ʻino mai ka ʻili, kahi e hiki ai i nā ʻelua ke ʻā i nā ʻeha ʻeha (i nā kānaka) a palalā a pepehi paha (kahi holoholona liʻiliʻi).
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe inā ʻona ka salamand ʻaʻole paha. E nānā ma hea kahi e noho ai kēia amphibian.
Ma hea e noho ai ka salamander?
Kiʻi: Salamander ma Lūkia
Nui loa ka wahi o nā salamanders. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, noho lākou ma kahi o nā wahi āpau, ma nā ʻāina āpau, kahi kahi mehana, akahai a mehana i ke aniau me ka hoʻololi ʻole ʻole o nā kau kau, nā mahana a me nā pō. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hapa nui o nā laha ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
Alpine salamanders, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e noho i nā Alps (hikina a me nā kikowaena o nā kuahiwi), a hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1000 m ma luna o ka pae kai. Eia kekahi, maʻamau nā salamanders ma Switzerland, Austria, ʻItalia, Slovenia, Croatia,> Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Herzegovina, France hema, Kelemania a me Liechtenstein.
Aia kekahi mau ʻano i noho i kahi palena palena loa. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka Lanza salamander, noho wale ia ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o nā Alps, ma ka palena o Italia a me Palani, ma ke awāwa ʻo Chisone (ʻItalia), ma nā awāwa o ka Po, Gil, Germanasca, nā muliwai Pellice.
Nui nā ʻano o nā lāhui like ʻole o nā salamanders i loaʻa ma ʻAkia Komohana a ma waena o ka ʻāina Hikina Waena - mai ʻIrana a Turkey.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: ʻO ka Carpathians kahi home o kekahi o nā salamanders make nui - ka salamine ʻeleʻele Alpine. ʻO ka lāʻau make o ka holoholona, hūnā ʻia ma o ka ʻili ma o nā glands kūikawā, ke kumu o ka wela nui loa ma ka ʻili a me nā membrane mucous, ʻaʻole e hoʻōla ia no kahi manawa lōʻihi loa.
He aha ka ʻai a ka salamander?
Kiʻi: Salamander ʻEleʻele
He aha nā mea salamanders e hilinaʻi nui ai i ko lākou wahi noho. ʻO kahi laʻana, nā amphibians liʻiliʻi e noho ana ma nā lele lele ʻāina, nā makika, nā peʻe, nā nananana, nā cicadas, nā ʻenuhe, nā slug. Makemake nā salamanders nui e ʻimi i nā moʻo liʻiliʻi, nā newts, nā rana. ʻO nā holoholona e noho ana i nā kino wai e hopu i nā crustacean, molluscs, iʻa liʻiliʻi, iʻa.
Ke ʻae nā kūlana climatic, hiki i nā amphibians ke alualu i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa. Hāʻule ka manawa o ka hana nui loa o nā salamanders i ka pō. I ka pōʻeleʻele, puka lākou i waho o ko lākou wahi hūnā e hele wāwae a huli holoholona, a hiki iā lākou ke hana i kēia mai ke ahiahi a ke alaula.
No ka hopu ʻana i kā lākou pio, nānā mua lākou ia no ka manawa lōʻihi a lōʻihi me ka neʻe ʻole, mahalo i nā maka ʻōpuʻu a me nā lihilihi hoʻoneʻe. Hopu lākou i ke pio a ka salamander, ke kīloi nei i ko lākou alelo lōʻihi a paʻa. Inā hiki ʻole i ka holoholona ke hoʻokokoke aku i ka mea pio, a laila ʻaʻole paha e hoʻōla ʻia ia.
Ua hopu lākou i kā lākou mea pio me kahi neʻe ʻoi loa, hilinaʻi lākou iā ia me ko lākou kino holoʻokoʻa a hoʻāʻo e ale iā ia me ka nau ʻole. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole i hoʻopili iki ʻia nā ā ā a me ka waha o ka salamander no ka nau. Me nā holoholona liʻiliʻi (nā kolo, slug) huli maʻalahi nā mea āpau, me nā ʻai nui (nā moʻo, nā rana), pono e hoʻāʻo pono ka holoholona. Akā laila ua piha ka salamander no kekahi mau lā.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: ʻalani salamander
Hele mālie ʻo Salamanders, a ma ke ʻano nui, ma ke ʻano, neʻe iki lākou, a ʻoi aku ka nui a nui aʻe a noho lākou i hoʻokahi wahi, me ka moloā e nānā i nā wahi. Hoʻoikaika nui nā holoholona i ka pō, a i ka lā e hoʻāʻo lākou e peʻe i nā lua i haʻalele ʻia, nā ʻōpala kahiko, i ka mauʻu mānoanoa, i nā puʻu o nā lāʻau popopo popo, e pale ana i ka lā pono.
Hānai pū kekahi ʻo Salamanders i ka pō. Aia ma kahi o kekahi kino o ka wai kokoke i ko lākou wahi noho. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole hiki i nā salamanders ke noho me ka ʻole o ka wai, a ʻo kēia no ka maloʻo koke ʻana o ko lākou ʻili.
Inā ʻaʻole e noho nā salamanders i nā tropics, a laila mai ka waena o ka hoʻoilo e hoʻomaka lākou i ka wā hoʻoilo, kahi e pili ana i ka wahi o ko lākou wahi noho, hiki ke aneane a hiki i ka waenakonu o ka puna. ʻO ko lākou mau home i kēia manawa he lua hohonu i haʻalele ʻia a i ʻole he puʻu nui o nā lau i hāʻule. Hiki i nā Salamanders ke hibernate i hoʻokahi wale nō, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau no lākou, a i ʻole i nā hui o kekahi mau kakini mau kānaka.
I ka nahelehele, he nui nā ʻenemi o nā salamanders, no laila, i mea e pakele ai, hūnā nā holoholona i kahi mea huna ʻino e hoʻopili i nā auwae o nā mea ʻino. Inā ʻaʻole kōkua kēia, haʻalele paha lākou i ko lākou mau lālā a i ʻole ka huelo i ko lākou mau niho a i ʻole nā māiʻuʻu, e ulu hou ia ma hope o kekahi manawa.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: hua hua Salamander
Ma ka awelika, hiki i nā salamanders ke ola i 20 mau makahiki, akā pili ko lākou ola i nā ʻano kikoʻī a me kahi noho. Lilo nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o kēia mau holoholona i ka moekolohe ma 3 mau makahiki, a me nā mea nui ma hope o 5 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā salamanders huna-hill e hoʻomoe i nā hua, a ʻo nā salamanders maoli hiki ke lilo i viviparous a me ovoviviparous. Hiki i nā Amphibians ke hana hou i loko o ka makahiki, akā ʻo ka piko o ka hana moena i nā mahina puna.
Ke mākaukau kahi kāne salamander e male, kahi gland kūikawā i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā spermatophores - nā kāne hānau kāne - pehu. Nui kona hauʻoli a ʻo ka pahuhopu nui o kona ola i kēia manawa ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi wahine a hoʻokō i ka hana o ka hānau ʻana. Inā nui nā mea noi no ka maka o ka wahine, a laila hiki i nā kāne ke hakakā.
Hūnā pololei nā kāne Spermatophore ma ka honua, a hoʻopili nā wahine iā ia ma o ka cloaca. I ka wai, hana ʻokoʻa ka fertilization: moe nā wahine i nā hua, a hoʻoinu ka kāne iā lākou me kahi spermatophore.
Hoʻopili nā hua momona i kā lākou mau koʻokoʻo o ka limu a i ʻole ko lākou aʻa. I nāʻano viviparous, ulu nā larvae i loko o ka ʻōpū ma waena o 10-12 mau mahina. I nā salamanders wai, hatch ka ʻōpio mai nā hua manu ma hope o 2 mau mahina me nā gills i hana ʻia. I ka helehelena, hoʻomanaʻo nā larvae i nā tadpoles.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: I nā salamanders viviparous, mai loko mai o nā hua i hoʻouluulu ʻia he 30-60, hānau ʻia he 2-3 mau cubs, a ʻo ke koena o nā hua he meaʻai wale nō ia no nā keiki e hiki mai ana.
Noho nā larvae Salamander a hānai i ka wai ma kahi o ʻekolu mau mahina, e loli a lawe i ka helehelena o nā mākua. Ma mua o ka hopena o ka metamorphosis, kolo nui nā salamanders ma ka lalo o nā waihona wai a puka pinepine, e hoʻāʻo nei e hanu i ka ea. ʻAʻohe pilina o nā ʻōpio me ko lākou mau mākua, a i ka pau ʻana o ka metamorphosis, hoʻomaka lākou i ko lākou ola kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā salamanders
Kiʻi: Salamander i ke kūlohelohe
I ke kūlohelohe, nā salamanders, ma muli o ka lohi a me ke ʻano o ke kala ʻōuli ʻokoʻa, he nui nā ʻenemi, ʻoiai maʻalahi lākou e ʻike. ʻO nā mea weliweli loa o lākou nā nāhesa, a me nā moʻo ʻawa nui a me nā mea ʻona ʻole.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi no lākou e ʻike ʻole i nā manu nui - falcon, hawks, ʻaeto, pueo. ʻAʻole e ale wale nā manu i nā amphibians ola - he kuhi kēia, ʻoiai hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i kahi ʻāpana maikaʻi o ka lāʻau make. Maʻa mau nā manu i nā salamanders me ko lākou mau māiʻuʻu a pepehi iā lākou, kiola iā lākou mai kahi kiʻekiʻe i nā pōhaku, a laila hoʻomaka wale ka ʻai ʻana, ke ʻole, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e kauō i ka mea pio, ka mea pinepine pinepine.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole kūleʻa nā boars hihiu, nā martens a me nā ʻalopeke i ka pāʻina ʻana i nā salamanders. Eia nō naʻe, me ka kūleʻa nui, ʻo nā boars hihiu ka mea nāna e alualu iā lākou, ʻoiai he waha nui ko kēia mau holoholona, i hiki ai iā lākou ke ale koke i ka mea pio, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe ona manawa e hoʻōla a lawe ai i ka lāʻau make mai ka ʻili. Ma kēia mea, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka manawa o nā ʻalopeke a me nā martens - hiki i ka mea pio ke loaʻa ka manawa e paralyze ai i ko lākou mau ā i ka lāʻau make a i ʻole pakele, e waiho ana i ka ʻūlū a i ʻole ka huelo i ko lākou mau niho.
I loko o ka wai wai, nui nā ʻenemi o nā salamanders. ʻO nā iʻa predatory nui - ka iʻa, perch a pike paha - hiki ke ʻai i nā holoholona, akā ʻoi aku ka pinepine o kā lākou larvae. ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ka iʻa liʻiliʻi i ka ʻai ʻana i nā hua.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o ka salamander
Ma muli o kona loli, ʻokoʻa a me nā wahi nui, ua ʻike nā zologist i nā ʻano he nui a me nā ʻāpana o nā salamanders. ʻEhiku mau ʻano salamander nui i ʻike mua ʻia, akā ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi biochemical o nā mea genetics he ʻehā wale nō.
Nā ʻano nui o nā salamanders:
- Maghreb salamander (Salamandra algira Bedriaga), loaʻa a wehewehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1883 ma ʻApelika;
- he salamander Corsican (Salamandra corsica Savi), i wehewehe ʻia i ka makahiki 1838 ma ka mokupuni ʻo Corsica;
- ka salamander Ākia Waena (Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens), i ho'ākāka ʻia ma ka makahiki 1885 ma ʻAkia Komohana a loaʻa he 3 mau ʻāpana (me nā ʻāpana ʻekolu);
- ʻike ʻia ʻo salamander (Salamandra salamandra) i ho'ākāka ʻia ma 1758, e noho ana ma ʻEulopa a me ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka USSR mua, me 12 mau ʻāpana.
ʻO nā mea ʻike āpau āpau, ʻo ka Fire Salamander ka mea i aʻo nui ʻia.
ʻO ka lāʻau make o ka hapa nui o nā salamanders i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole make i nā kānaka, akā i ka manawa like weliweli loa, ʻoiai hiki ke hana i nā wela inā loaʻa i ka ʻili. No kēia kumu, makemake nui ʻia e lawe i nā salamanders i kou lima. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole holoholona weliweli nā salamanders. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻouka i ka poʻe iā lākou iho, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe o lākou nā maiwi ʻoi ʻole nā niho no kēia.
Kiaʻi kiaʻi ʻo Salamander
Kiʻi: Salamander mai ka Red Book
ʻO nā ʻano salamanders he nui i helu ʻia i loko o ka Red Book ma lalo o nā kūlana: "species kind" a "endangered species". Ke emi mau nei kā lākou helu ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana a me ka mahiʻai, ka hana hou ʻana o ka ʻāina, ka wao nahele, a ʻo ka hopena, ka hele mau ʻana o kā lākou wahi noho. Heʻuʻuku a heʻuʻuku paha nā wahi kūpono no ke ola o kēia mau holoholona ma ka ʻāina a me nā kino wai.
ʻO ka poʻe hopohopo e pili ana i kēia pilikia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole e hana nui i ka mālama ʻana i kēia ʻano laha e ka hana ʻana i nā mālama a me nā kahu hānai kūikawā.
ʻO nā laha e noho ana i ʻEulopa, pale ʻia ka lāʻā ahi a i ʻike ʻia paha ka salamander e ka "Berne Convention for the Protection of Rare Spies and Their Habitats in Europe." Eia kekahi, ua helu ʻia kēia ʻano ma ka Red Book o Ukraine ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka "species rentible". I ka wā Soviet, ua pale ʻia nā ʻano e ka Red Book o ka USSR. I kēia lā, ke hoʻomaka nei ka hana e komo i ka salamander ʻike ʻia i loko o ka Red Book of Russia.
Noho ka salamander ʻike ʻia ma ʻEulopa (waena a me ka hema) mai ka Iberian Peninsula a Kelemānia, Polani, nā Balkans. I Ukraine, noho ka laha i ka moku ʻo Carpathian (hikina), ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi i loaʻa pinepine ʻia ma nā awāwa o nā kahawai ʻo Lviv, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, a me ka Carpathian National Park a me ka Carpathian Reserve.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: Hoʻokumu ka salamander ʻike ʻia i kahi ʻano ʻona ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o nā holoholona. He inoa kūikawā kona - samandarin, pili i ka hui o nā alkaloid steroidal a hana ma ke ʻano he neurotoxin. I ka papa o ka noiʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka hana nui loa o kēia lāʻau ʻona ʻaʻole ia e pale ʻia mai nā mea ʻaihue, akā he hopena antifungal ikaika loa a me ka hopena antibacterial, e kōkua ai e mālama i ka ʻili o ka holoholona maemae a olakino hoʻi. Ma muli o ka hanu ʻana o ka salamander ma o ka ʻili, he mea nui ka olakino a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka ʻili i ka holoholona.
Salamander alakaʻi i kahi nohona huna. He mea paʻakikī kēia hiʻohiʻona e hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou ola a me nā maʻamau. Ma muli o ka ʻike liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā salamanders, ua paʻakikī lākou i ka wā kahiko. Makaʻu ka poʻe i nā holoholona a puhi ʻia i ke ahi. ʻO nā salamanders, e hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻalo i ko lākou hopena, me ka makaʻu i lele i waho o ke ahi a holo akula. Pēlā i hānau ʻia ai ka moʻolelo me kā lākou lāʻau make hiki iā lākou ke kinai i ke ahi a, me he mea lā, hānau hou ʻia.
Lā hoʻopuka: 08/04/2019
Lā hou: 28.09.2019 ma 12:04
