Aphid - hālāwai pinepine nā māla a me nā māla iā ia - hoʻopōʻino ia i nā mea kanu, e hoʻemi ana i nā hua, a no laila ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine nei lākou me ia. Akā naʻe, he mea kūpono ke nānā pono ʻana i kēia ʻano pepelu, a ʻike inā he hiʻohiʻona hoihoi kona, pehea ke ʻano o ka nohona - ʻoiai e kōkua pū kēia i ka hakakā.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Aphid
He ʻohana nui ʻo Aphids no ka papa o nā pepelu. ʻAʻole i hilinaʻi hilinaʻi ʻia i ka wā a me kahi mai a nā mea kolo i hoʻomaka ai - ʻaʻohe lawa o nā fossil o kēlā mau manawa e hōʻike i kēia. Aia wale nō nā kuhiakau hilinaʻi loa a ākea hoʻi, akā hiki iā lākou ke hōʻole ʻia. No laila, ma mua ua manaʻo ʻia ua iho lākou mai millipedes, akā i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ke kuanaʻike kokoke loa lākou i nā crustacean a ala aʻe mai kahi kūpuna maʻamau a i ʻole pololei mai nā crustacean.
Loaʻa nā crustacean kahiko loa i nā waihona mua o Early Cambrian ma mua o 510 miliona mau makahiki, nā pepelu - aia wale nō i nā papa i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi haneli miliona mau makahiki ma hope. ʻO kēia ke kumu o nā kolo mai crustaceans ka mea ʻoi aku ma mua o kahi kūpuna maʻamau, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā koena o ko lākou wā kahiko a ola ʻole paha.
Video: Aphid
Kūlike pū ʻia kēia hana hou o Phylogenetic me kēia mana. Manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka puka mai o nā mea kolo i ka hopena o ka wā Silurian. Akā i ka manawa i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka aphid. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke waiho mau nei kāna mau mōʻalihaku i ka mālama pinepine ʻana, kokoke i ke koho wale inā lākou i ka amber. Akā he palena ko kēia hana, ʻoiai ʻo ka amber kahiko loa he 120 miliona mau makahiki. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻo ka loaʻa o kēia mau mea he kakaikahi loa e huki ai i nā hopena, akā ma ka liʻiliʻi ua ʻae lākou iā mākou e hoʻokumu i ka manawa i noho pono ai nā aphids i ko mākou honua - ka hoʻomaka o ka wā Paleogene.
He mea hiki nō paha lākou i lilo i ʻano laha i hōʻike ʻia ma hope o ke pio ʻana o Cretaceous-Paleogene, a ua ala mua lākou ma mua. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka ʻikepili o nā ʻikepili i loaʻa a me ka morphology o nā aphids iā mākou e hilinaʻi i kekahi o kēia mau koho: hoʻomau mau nā insect e hana i nā ʻano hou, hoʻomohala ʻia a ʻano primitive kekahi.
ʻO kahi laʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā dragonflies a me nā ipo i ka wā Carboniferous, hymenoptera - i ka Triassic, nā butterflies i ka Cretaceous, nā dipterans kiʻekiʻe aʻe wale nō ma ka Neogene, a me nā kika i ka Pleistocene, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma nā pae o ka paleoanthology. Hiki i nā Aphids ke hoʻololi koke a hoʻololi ke ʻike ʻia nā mea kanu hou - makemake ʻia kēia e kā lākou ʻōnaehana hoʻohua me ka loli wikiwiki o nā hanauna. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hoʻokumu lākou i kahi ʻohana nui loa o ʻohana he ʻumi a me nā kaukani he nui.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kāna wehewehe ʻepekema e P. Latrei i ka makahiki 1802, ka inoa ma ka Lākina ʻo Aphidoidea. Akā pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia kekahi mau koho hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻē aʻe: i kekahi manawa, me ka hoʻohui i ka mea i luna, ʻike ʻia kekahi mea nui ʻo Phylloxeroidea, a i kekahi manawa ʻelua - ʻo ka hope ʻo Adelgoidea. Aia kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe i lilo ai ʻo Aphidoidea i ʻohana mega, me kahi helu o nā ʻohana nui. ʻAʻole i hele mai nā mea noiʻi i kahi manaʻo hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o nā aphids
I ke ʻano, kokoke ke kino o ka aphid i ka pōʻai, i ka hapanui o nā laha ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 mm ka lōʻihi, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau mea nui, e piʻi ana i ka 8 mm. ʻO ke ʻano o ke poʻo he trapezoidal; nā maka helehelena a me nā antennae, e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he lālā o ka hoʻopā, kū i mua. Maikaʻi loa ka maka, akā ʻike maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ke kala o nā aphids, ʻo ka maʻamau he mau pale wale wale nō. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i kahi kala ʻokoʻa - ʻōmaʻomaʻo pinepine, no ka kū ʻole i ka mea kanu kahi e hānai ai, akā hiki ke ʻokoʻa: ʻeleʻele a hina hina, ke kala o nā lālā, keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula. He proboscis lahilahi kā ka aphid, me ke kōkua o ia mea e huki mai i ka kohu mai nā mea kanu: he ʻoi a hiki i ke kui ʻana i ka lau a i ʻole ke koʻokoʻo i hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hele i ka kohu.
Uhi ʻia ke kino o ka aphid e kahi pūpū palupalu a ʻaneʻane aniani - e like ʻole me nā mea kolo i pale ʻia e kahi uhi chitinous, pale ʻole ia ke hoʻouka kaua ʻia e kahi mea ʻino. Aia nā puka hanu ma nā māhele mua. ʻOiai lōʻihi nā wāwae o nā aphids, neʻe pinepine lākou me ka paʻakikī a me ka lohi. Ke kolo nei kekahi mau mea ma luna o nā mea kanu, hiki i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke lele, ke kīki aku nei me ko lākou mau wāwae i mua, akā ʻo ka mea maʻalahi no ka poʻe me nā ʻeheu Hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka ke lele ma kahi mamao loa, i hoʻopuehu koke ai kā lākou keiki a puni ka wahi. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻo nā wahine wale nō ke loaʻa nā ʻeheu. Aphids me ka ʻole o nā ʻeheu e noho nui i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ia pū kekahi me nā mea māla a me nā māla e hakakā.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO ka aphid species Stomaphis ka mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo no ka lōʻihi o ka proboscis. Ua ʻoi aku i ka nui o ka pepeke ponoʻī: ʻo ka aphid makua o kēia ʻano i 5-5 mm, a hiki i ka proboscis ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 10 mm.
Ma hea e noho ai nā aphids?
Kiʻi: Aphids ma Lūkia
Hiki iā ia ke noho ʻaneʻane i nā wahi a nā mea kanu. ʻO nā kūlana anilā i makemake nui ʻia no kona nohoaliʻi ʻana i ka wahi mehana - ʻaʻole makemake ka ʻenekia i ke anuanu anuanu, akā paʻakikī nō hoʻi i ka wela. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopili maikaʻi kekahi ʻano i ke ola i nā tropika. I ka ciima climatic subtropical, ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa nui loa o nā laha. Makemake ʻo Aphids i nā wahi me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, makemake like ʻole i nā ʻāpana nui a me nā wahi maloʻo - akā loaʻa nō i loko o ia mau mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manawa.
Hiki i kēia mau kolo ke noho i nā ʻano kaiapuni like ʻole - i nā steppe, nā kula, nā māla, nā ululāʻau, nā pāka, a ʻo ka hopena, i nā māla. Inā anuanu ke kauwela a ua, he kakaikahi loa nā aphids, akā ke hiki mai nā kūlana maikaʻi, wikiwiki koke ia. Make kāna mau hua ma nā mahana ma lalo o 25-30 kekelē, akā ʻoiai ma ka ʻākau, me nā hoʻoilo anuanu, mālama ka aphids i ke ola ma lalo o ka moena hau, ma nā anthills a i ʻole nā hale hoʻomalu ʻē aʻe, kahi i ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o ka waho.
ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi kokoke i nā anthills - he pilina symbiotic ʻo ia me ko lākou poʻe kamaʻāina. He ākea loa ka niche ecological o aphids, hiki iā ʻoe ke hālāwai me nā mea ʻelua ma luna o ka honua - piʻi i luna nā mea kanu a omo i ka wai mai iā lākou, a i ka lewa a me ka lepo - ʻo kekahi mau ʻano e omo i ka wai mai nā aʻa.
He aha ka ʻai a aphid?
Kiʻi: ʻelima Aphid
ʻAi ʻo ia i ka wai kanu mea kanu, a me nā ʻano like ʻole. He mau makemake kūikawā kekahi mau laha, akā hiki i ka hapanui o nā aphids ke inu i nā wai mai nā ʻano mea kanu like ʻole, a pili kēia i nā mauʻu a me nā laʻalāʻau a me nā kumu lāʻau. ʻAneʻane hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia nā māla a me nā mea kanu mea kanu e nā aphids, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu ʻole ʻana iā lākou āpau, akā i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, mai ka papa inoa o nā ʻano mea āna e makemake ʻole ai - hiki i kā lākou kaiāulu ke hoʻoweliweli iā ia. ʻO nā mea kanu i hiki ke kiʻi ʻia no nā māla, komo pū me ka kālika, nā ʻaka, a me ka Dalmatian chamomile. Aia kekahi ala e hakakā ai i nā aphids - e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi ma ka pūnaewele no lākou a kanu i kēlā mau mea kanu ma laila e ʻumeʻume iā lākou ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
I waena o lākou:
- popi;
- cosmeya;
- nasturtium;
- begonia tuberous;
- Linden;
- viburnum.
ʻO ka hopena, hāʻawi ʻia kēia mau mea kanu i nā aphids e wāwahi ʻia, a manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole e hoʻohoka ʻia nā mea ʻino e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Akā no kēia mea pono lākou e kanu ma kahi mamao, no laila he nui kahi e koi ʻia ai. Hoʻohui ʻia, pono e kiaʻi ʻia ka heluna aphid a ʻae ʻia e hoʻonui i ka nui - pono paha e hoʻohana i nā kinikini ʻona. No laila, i kekahi manawa ua like ka like, akā hoʻohana ʻia ka hana ʻokoʻa - kanu ʻia nā mea kanu e ʻume ana i nā aphids i loko o ke apo a puni nā mea a lākou e pale aku ai, a ke haʻalele ʻia nā aphids ma luna o lākou, ʻoki lākou i kēia mau mea kanu a luku i kāna kolone holoʻokoʻa.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Aphid melemele
ʻAi ʻo Aphids i ka hapa nui o ko lākou ola. Mai ke kakahiaka a i ke ahiahi, hiki iā ia ke omo i ka wai momona mai ka mea kanu, mai kēlā manawa kēia manawa e kolo ana i ka lau e hiki mai ana, no ka mea, i ka mua ua maloʻo lākou. He mea aloha nui ia, ma muli o ka hana mau ʻana i nā manawa āpau, a koi kēia i nā mea momona he nui. I kekahi manawa komo ka aphids i kahi pilina symbiotic me nā naonao, e hoʻohana pono ana i kā lākou aloha i nā mea momona. Hoʻopuka nā Aphids i nā mea huna momona, a mālama nā naonao iā lākou: hoʻoili lākou iā lākou i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ke koi ʻia, kiaʻi, mālama i kā lākou mau hua a kūkulu i nā hale mai ke aniau.
Ke hoʻouka kaua nā mea ʻaihue i nā aphids, pale aku nā ants iā lākou a hiki i ka hope loa a make pinepine hoʻi i kēia hihia, ke manaʻo nei e kali no ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā ʻohana. I mea e emi pinepine ai kēia, hiki i nā aphids ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o kahi anthill, kahi e ʻoi aku ai ka maʻalahi o ka hōʻoia ʻana i ko lākou palekana, akā pono ʻoe e hānai iā lākou. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea huna momona i kapa ʻia ʻo ka waiū, no ka mea, he ʻano like loa ia me ka waiū ʻana i ka bipi - hānai nā ʻōpala i ka ʻōpū o nā aphids, a hoʻokuʻu lākou i kahi ʻāpana o nā viscous secretion, a laila ʻai koke nā naonao iā lākou.
I kekahi lā mai kahi aphid, hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i kahi nui o ka momona o ka wai, i kekahi manawa ua like ia me kona kaupaona. ʻO nā lāhui aphids ola pōkole loa e make i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hiki i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke noho no kekahi mau pule. I nā anuanu anuanu, hoʻonui ka ola i ʻelua mau mahina.
Mea hoihoi: ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu me nā mea ʻawahia a i ʻole nā hopena bacteria e kūʻē i nā aphids e pono ke mālama ʻia i ka lā mālamalama. Inā ʻino ke aniau, a laila curl ka lau, a i loko o lākou e hiki ke ola kekahi mau mea make, a ʻo kahi helu liʻiliʻi e lawa no lākou e hoʻopiha hou i ka ʻāpana āpau. No laila, pono e hoʻoponopono i nā wahi āpau kahi i noho ai nā aphids, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻae mua me nā hoanoho, inā he ʻekahi kā lākou.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Aphids ma nā lau
Noho ʻo Aphids i nā kolone nui, ʻoiai lākou e ala aʻe i kahi kanaka a hoʻonui i ka nui. Penei e like me kēia: hoʻomoe ka kāne momona i nā hua, koho pinepine i nā wahi ʻike ʻole ʻia a hūnā ʻia no kēia. Hiki i ka masonry ke kokoke i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu a i ʻole i ka ʻili lāʻau, i nā anthills. Ma laila e noho ai nā hua i ka hoʻoilo, a hiki mai ka wela, puka mai kekahi mau mea hou mai iā lākou mai. He mau wahine ʻēheu ʻole kēia, hiki ke hana hou ma o parthenogenesis, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka ʻole o ke komo ʻana o nā kāne. I ka manawa ma kahi kaiaulu kākoʻo, hana wikiwiki lākou. I nā hanauna e hiki mai ana o kekahi ʻano aphids, ua hānau ʻia nā wahine me nā embryos i loko, a hānau koke lākou iā lākou iho i mau keiki.
ʻO kēia ka wikiwiki o ka hana a hoʻomaka nā aphids e hoʻonui nui i ka exponentially. Hiki i ka wahine ke hānau he ʻumikūmālua mau ʻohana i kēlā me kēia pule, a ulu koke lākou a hoʻomaka e hānau i 2-3 mau lā ma hope o ka hānau ʻana no nā lā pōkole, a i ʻole 1-2 mau wiki no nā mea ola lōʻihi. I kēia mau manawa āpau, kū wale nā wahine wahine ʻēheu ʻole. Akā inā ulu nui ke kolone o nā aphids, a hoʻomaka ka nele i ka meaʻai i ka wahi, hoʻomaka ka hānau ʻana o nā wahine ʻēheu. Lele lākou mai ke kolone a hoʻokumu i nā mea hou, e hoʻonui mau nei i ka parthenogenesis. Hiki i kēlā wahine wahine ke lele i 20-30 mau kilomita.
He dioecious kekahi mau ʻano: ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā wahine ʻēheu, noho lākou i kekahi mau mea kanu, a ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka hana hou ʻana ma luna o lākou, a neʻe i kekahi. ʻO ka hope, i ka hāʻule, hoʻi lākou i ko lākou wahi maoli. I ka wā o ke kauwela a me ke kauwela, he manawa ko 10-20 hanauna o nā aphids e loli ai, a inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hakakā pū me ia, a laila i kēlā me kēia manawa ke lilo i kauoha o ka nui hou aku. ʻO ka hope loa, ke ʻino ke aniau me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hāʻule, ʻike ʻia nā kāne a me nā wahine i hiki ke hoʻohua i ka moekolohe. I kēia hihia, kū ka momona, a ʻaʻole hānau ka larvae, e like me ma mua, akā e hana ʻia kahi paʻa e hiki ke ola i ke anuanu. Heʻuʻuku lākou o lākou - ʻo nā mea āpau e pono ai ka hana ʻana i nā wahine wahine hoʻokumu i ke ʻano, a e hoʻomaka hoʻi e hana hou e parthenogenesis i ka puna, a e hoʻomaka hou ka hana holoʻokoʻa.
ʻEnemi kūlohelohe o ka aphids
Kiʻi: He aha ke ʻano o nā aphids
ʻAi nā pepeke a me nā manu i nā aphids. ʻO nā kolo, eia kēia:
- ladybugs;
- kekahi poʻe holo kaʻa;
- pule lole;
- earwigs;
- nalo nalo;
- lacewing;
- lele ka hoʻolele;
- ʻūpā
ʻO nā mea i luna aʻe nei, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka māla, a i ka manawa like me ka hopena e kūʻē i nā aphids, he lacewings a me ladybugs. No kēlā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, hiki ke lilo i kumu nui o ka meaʻai, a hiki ke kūʻai ʻia nā hua o kēia mau mea kolo i nā hale kūʻai kūikawā. Ma hope o ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana o ka heluna kanaka mai iā lākou, hiki ke hoʻopoina e pili ana i nā aphids. Kōkua pū nā mea kanu e ʻumeʻume nei i kēia mau kolo: malu, legume a me nā mea ʻala. ʻO kahi laʻana, ka dill maʻamau, ka clover, a me ka mint e lawe iā lākou i loko o ka māla. A ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua no ka hoʻoulu ʻana, mai poina e pili ana i kēia mau mea kanu, a i ʻole e lele wale ka pua, a noho ka aphid. Hiki i nā nalo honua ke ʻumeʻume ʻia e nā pouli, e ʻākoakoa nā hoverflies i nā daisy, a no nā earwigs, hiki iā ʻoe ke kau i nā ipu pua i ka māla a kau i ka ʻumi i loko o lākou. Pākuʻi pū nā manu liʻiliʻi i nā aphids, akā ʻaʻole like ka maikaʻi, a hiki nō hoʻi iā lākou ke hōʻino i nā māla iā lākou iho.
Mea hoihoi: Makemake nā nalo Parasitic e hoʻomoe i kā lākou mau hua i nā nāhelehele ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a ʻimi pinepine nā ladybugs i nā mea ʻulaʻula. Hoʻololi ʻo Aphids iā lākou - inā he nui aku nā nalo parasite ma kahi kokoke, a laila hānau kahi ʻulaʻula, a inā he ladybugs - ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe pehea e hoʻopau ai i nā aphids ma ia wahi. E nānā pehea e hana hou ai i ka ʻeneto.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Aphid
Nui nā aphids o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki ke helu ʻia ko lākou heluna lehulehu. Noho lākou kokoke i nā wahi āpau kahi e hiki ai i nā kānaka ke noho, a parasitize i nā mea kanu, me nā mea kanu i mahi ʻia. No laila, ʻo ko lākou kūlana he pest, hiki ke hoʻopau maʻalahi ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like ʻole no kēia, inā hiki, ʻaʻole hoʻoweliweli i nā meaola ola ʻē aʻe. A ʻoiai nāwaliwali nā aphids nāwaliwali loa a nāwaliwali nā maka, no laila he mea maʻalahi ke luku iā lākou, akā ʻo ka pilikia i ka hakakā ʻana ʻo ia ka hana wikiwiki. ʻO ka lua o nā pilikia he naonao. ʻOiai inā paha ua luku ʻia nā aphids āpau ma ia wahi, ʻike ʻia nō paha ua uhi ʻia kekahi poʻe e nā ants, a laila e hoʻonui hou lākou i kekahi mau lā.
Nui a hewahewa nā ala e hakakā ai i kēia pest:
- nā mea ʻawaʻawa - hana wikiwiki lākou me ka maikaʻi, hana pū kekahi i nā ants. ʻO ka mea maikaʻi ʻole i ka wā o ka pua ʻana, make ka hoʻohana ʻana o lākou i nā nalo meli, aia kekahi mau palena ʻē aʻe, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka lāʻau e hoʻohana ʻia ai - pono e mālama ʻia i mea e komo ʻole ai ka lāʻau make i nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻia no ka meaʻai;
- koʻohune e hoʻopili i nā aphids. ʻO ka plus nui ka palekana holoʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ʻo ia ʻano bacteria ke kuhikuhi pono ʻia i nā aphids a hōʻeha wale iā lākou. Akā ʻaʻole lōʻihi ko lākou hana, no laila e hoʻokō pinepine ʻia ka mālama ʻana;
- nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kokoke o nā mea kanu aphid-repelling, ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu me ke kopa, wormwood, nā ʻaka onion, nā nila.
Aphid - kahi kolo nawaliwali me ka nui o nā ʻenemi, akā uku ʻia kēia mau mea e ka hana wikiwiki ʻana, no laila ke hele mai nei he ʻumikūmālua mau mea hou i kahi o kēlā me kēia mea make. Akā, mai poina i ka aphids ʻaʻole he pest wale nō, he kuleana kūpono hoʻi kā lākou: omo lākou i ka nui o ke kō mai nā mea kanu, kahi hopena maikaʻi i ka photosynthesis, a ʻo kāna mau mea momona momona e momona ai ka lepo.
Lā paʻi: 28.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/30/2019 ma 21:08
