Nuthatch maʻamau - he manu liʻiliʻi mai ke kaʻina o passerines, kahi ʻohana o ka nuthatches nui. ʻO ka inoa kūwaho e like me ke kī a K. Linnaeus ʻo Sitta europaea, i hāʻawi ʻia i 1758.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Nuthatch maʻamau
Aia kēia manu liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi nahele o ʻEulopa, ʻAsia a ma ka ʻākau o ka ʻApelika ʻAmelika. E like me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o ka ʻohana a me ka genus, i hoʻopili pū ʻia me ka nuthatch maʻamau, loaʻa nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka nui, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā manu a me nā ʻano like, i ʻae ʻia e pili pono i nā subspecies he iwakālua.
Kākaʻikahi ke koena o nā kūpuna o kēia mau manu. Loaʻa lākou iā lākou i ʻItalia a pili i ka Miocene Lalo - ʻo Sitta senogalliensis kēia, kahi lālā i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia. Ma hope ua loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻohana ma Palani.
Video: Nuthatch maʻamau
I kēia mau lā, i ka hoʻomaka o kēia kenekulia, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o kahi manu mai ka Miocene mua i ka Kelemania Bavaria i nā ana o Castro, ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano - Certhiops rummeli, e hoʻopili ana me ka superfamily Certhioidea, kahi e hui pū me nā nuthatches, pikas a me nā piʻi piʻi paia. Kuhi ʻia kēia mau koena i nā laʻana mua loa o nā kūpuna o kēia pūʻulu manu.
Loaʻa kahi manu kuʻikuʻi me nā plumage fluffy mai nā kaona o ʻEulopa Komohana a hiki i ke kapakai hikina, e kiʻi ana: ʻo Caucasus, ʻAkia komohana, ʻĀkau hikina o Kina. Hoʻonui ʻia ka nohona ma waena o nā ululāʻau mai Scandinavia (koe wale nō ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau) a puni ʻo ʻEulopa.
ʻAʻole loaʻa ʻo Sitta europaea ma ka hema o Sepania a me Ukraine. I Lūkia, loaʻa ka nuthatch maʻamau mai ke kahakai o ke Kai Keʻokeʻo, ma nā wahi āpau ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa a i nā palena hema o nā wahi Saratov a me Voronezh. Holo nā kikoʻī o ka wahi ma o nā South Urals, ma o ka moku ʻo Omsk a me ka Teritori Altai, a hōʻea i Primorye.
I nā ʻāina ʻĀsia, kau ka palena o ka nohona i Israel, Indochina a me ka Himalayas. ʻO ka nuthatch maʻamau ma Kina, Kōlea a me Iāpana, ma Taiwan. Ma ʻApelika, loaʻa ka manu ma kahi liʻiliʻi ma nā mauna Atlas.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: nuthatch maʻamau, a i ʻole kahu kaʻa
Hiki i kahi nuthatch kāne makua i ka lōʻihi ma kahi o 13-14 cm me kahi ʻēheu o ma kahi o 23-26 cm, ke kaupaona ʻia 16-28 g. ʻOi iki ka wahine ma mua o nā kāne.
ʻO ka ʻāpana luna o ka plumage o nā piko, e like me ke ʻano i kapa ʻia kēia mau manu, pena ʻia i nā leo polū-hina, ʻokoʻa lākou i ka saturation, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nohona. ʻO kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ʻālohilohi mai ka nuku ma o ka maka i ka "pepeiao" a me ka ʻēheu. Ma lalo o ka ʻāʻī, ka ʻōpū a me ka undertail i loaʻa i ke aka malamalama, ʻokoʻa iki mai ka mea i koho ʻia i nā manu i nā wahi like ʻole. I nā kānaka ʻākau, keʻokeʻo ka ʻōpū, ʻulaʻula nā ʻaoʻao a me ka undertail.
He ʻokoʻa nā mea kōkua Arctic mai kāna poʻe huakaʻi. ʻOi aku ka nui, me ka lae keʻokeʻo a me ka laina o ka maka pōkole. Nui aʻe nā māka keʻokeʻo i ka huelo a me nā ʻeheu. ʻO ka hulu o ʻEulopa Komohana, ka Caucasus, ʻĀkia Minor me kahi ʻōpū ʻulaʻula, a undertail-colour undertail a me kahi ʻāʻī keʻokeʻo. Ma ka hikina o Kina, loaʻa i kēia mau manu ka hapalua o lākou a puni i ʻulaʻula kala.
He hulu keʻokeʻo kā ka hiʻu e hana i kahi kāʻei kua. ʻO nā hulu huelo he ʻumi o ka ʻeheu, he keʻokeʻo nā hōʻailona o waho. I nā keʻokeʻo umauma keʻokeʻo, momona ka ʻaoʻao i lalo a ʻeleʻele ka maka o ka maka, ka hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi kala i kekahi blur.
I nā wahine, paler iki ka ʻaoʻao luna. ʻAno like nā ʻōpio me nā wahine, akā me ka plumage dimmer a me nā wāwae pale. He nuku hina hina elongated ko nā manu me kahi luna pouli, ʻeleʻele nā maka, ʻeleʻele hina a ʻeleʻele paha nā wāwae.
Hoʻokahi manawa i ka makahiki, molt kēia mau manu ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana, mai ka hopena o Mei a ʻOkakopa. He 80 mau lā kona lōʻihi, akā i kēlā me kēia kanaka e noho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau manawa a holo mai Iune a i waena o Kepakemapa.
Ma hea e noho ai ka nuthatch maʻamau?
Kiʻi: Manu nuthatch
Ma Eurasia, kahi e noho ai kēia mau manu mai Pelekane a hiki i nā Kepani Kepani a hiki i ka ʻākau i 64-69 ° N. sh. nā wahi o ka nahele-tundra, a ma ka hema a i 55 ° N. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā manu neʻe kū hoʻokahi ma Lebanona, ma nā ʻAilana Kōwā.
ʻO kā lākou wahi punahele ka nahele, akā hiki i ka manu ke noho i loko o nā wahi ulu lāʻau ulu a me nā wahi pā o ke kūlanakauhale me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau nui, kahiko e hoʻolako i nā manu me nā meaʻai, a ʻae pū lākou iā lākou e ʻike i nā wahi pūnana i loko o nā lua. I nā kuahiwi, he mau ulu lāʻau paina kēia a me ka spruce. I ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o ka laulā, ʻike ʻia ia i nā ululāʻau deciduous a me nā lāʻau i kāwili ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i ka makemake i ka ʻoka, hornbeam, beech.
I Lūkia, ʻike pinepine ʻia ia i nā ululāʻau spruce, nā ululāʻau kedera, ma ka hema o Siberia hiki iā ia ke noho ma nā wahi pōhaku, ma nā ʻāpana hema o nā wahi i loaʻa i nā kāʻei ulu lāʻau. I Morocco, ʻo nā lāhui nuthatch punahele ʻo: ʻoka, Atlas cedar, fir. I Mongolia, lawe ʻo ia i kahi moemoeā i ka juniper dwarf.
I nā wahi hema, loaʻa ia i nā wahi mauna i uhi ʻia i ka nahele.
- Kuikilana ma kahi kiʻekiʻena 1200 m;
- ʻAteruria, Turkey, ka Hikina Waena, ʻAkia Waena - 1800 m;
- Iāpana - 760 - 2100 m;
- Taiwan - 800 -3300 ka m.
He mau manu noho wale kēia, ʻaʻole makemake lākou e neʻe, no ka makaʻu i nā pale wai, akā i nā makahiki wīwī hiki iā lākou ke hōʻea i nā palena o nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau o Kuekene a me Finilani, e waiho nei ma laila no ka hana hou ʻana. ʻO nā ʻāpana Arctic ʻo Sitta europaea e neʻe i kekahi manawa i nā wahi hema a hikina i ka hoʻoilo. Hiki ke loaʻa nā poʻe noho o ka East Siberian taiga i ka hoʻoilo i Kōlea.
He aha ka ʻai a ka nuthatch maʻamau?
Kiʻi: Nuthatch maʻamau i Lūkia
ʻAi kahi manu omnivorous i ka mea kanu a me nā meaʻai holoholona, kaukaʻi ʻia i ke kau.
I loko o ka manawa o ka hānai ʻana i nā moa, i ke kauwela, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pepeke, nā mākua a me nā ʻelala i kāna papa kuhikuhi.
- butterflies;
- punawelewele;
- nā freckles;
- nalo;
- nā kāmelo;
- lele;
- sawflies;
- ʻōpala.
Loaʻa kēia mau mea āpau i ka lele a ma nā kumu lāʻau. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, hiki i nā manu ke ʻimi i ka meaʻai ma ka honua. Ke neʻe nei i ke kumu a me nā lālā o nā kumulāʻau, nānā lākou i nā mea kolo, hiki iā lākou keʻokiʻoki i ka ʻili me ko lākou nuku, e ʻimi ana i nā larvae pest ma lalo o ia mea, akā ʻaʻole lākou i like me nā mea ʻāpana lāʻau a ʻaʻole hammer lāʻau.
Mai ka hapa lua o ke kau kau a i ke kau, hoʻomaka ka ʻai manu e hoʻopiha hou ʻia me nā ʻano mea kanu. Makemake nui nā Nuthatches i ka beech, lehu, acorn, hazelnuts. Hoʻololi nā lālā Siberian i nā hua paina a me nā hua paina dwarf, ʻai i nā hua o ka larch, pine, a me spruce. Hoʻokomo kēia mau manu nimble i nā nati ikaika i loko o nā ʻili o ka ʻili a i ʻole nā pōhaku a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou me ko lākou nuku ʻoi loa a ikaika hoʻi, e hoʻokomo ana iā ia i ke āpau. Makemake kēia mau manu e ʻahaʻaina i nā hua o ka hawthorn, ka ʻākala, ka pua manu.
Hoʻomaka ka waihona Nuthatches i ke kauwela. Hūnā lākou i nā nati, nā ʻanoʻano o nā mea kanu, pepehi i nā mea kolo i nā wahi ʻike ʻole ʻia, masking iā lākou me ka limu, nā ʻāpana o ka ʻili, nā laikini. Kōkua kēlā mau lāʻau i nā manu e ola i ka hoʻoilo, hiki i nā nuthatches ke loaʻa iā lākou i 3-4 mau mahina, ʻoiai e hānai i nā moa mai nā koena i koe. Akā hoʻohana ʻia ia mau pantry no ka meaʻai ke ʻaʻohe meaʻai ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kānaka i hōʻiliʻili i nā mālama mālama kūpono, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ola.
ʻIke hoihoi: Ua hōʻike nā nānā o nā ornithologists ma kahi o nā hua beech ka ʻāpana nui o ka papaʻai, ke ola iki o nā manu makua i ka hua o ka nut. ʻO nā manu ʻōpio i nā makahiki wīwī e make i ke kauwela mai ka pōloli a i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana e ʻimi i nā meaʻai. Nānā ʻia ke kiʻi like ma kahi o ka huahana hazel hazel.
I nā pāka kūlanakauhale, i nā hale kau wela, hiki ke ʻike pinepine ʻia nā nuthatches ma nā mea hānai. Lawe lākou i nā cereal, nā palaoa, nā ʻano pua sunflower, puaʻa, berena, tī. Eia nō naʻe, inā e nānā ʻoe iā lākou, maopopo leʻa ʻaʻole ʻai wale nā manu, akā lawe pū nō hoʻi i nā meaʻai i kahi mālama, ke hōʻea nei i mau manawa no kahi ʻāpana palaoa hou. Hele nā manu i nā hale luku, e hānai ana i ka ʻāina a me nā ʻōpala.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Manu nuthatch
ʻAʻole hoʻokumu kēia mau manu i nā hipa, akā makemake makemake e hui pū me nā manu ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻoilo. Eia kekahi, inā hālāwai ʻelua mau nuthatches, lele koke lākou i nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka kona ʻāina ponoʻī, kahi e kiaʻi mau ai. Ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe ʻōpio i nā wahi noho hou a noho i ka hopena o ke kauwela, akā ʻo ka koho mau a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o kā lākou pūnaewele e hoʻokō ʻia i ka puna. Noho kūpaʻa nā kāne i kekahi i kekahi no ke ola. I ke kūlohelohe, ola nā nuthatches i nā makahiki he ʻumi, akā ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi he 3-4 mau makahiki.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: neʻe kēia manu nimble i nā kumu lāʻau e like me ka acrobat, like me ka eleu, ma luna a ma lalo me ke poʻo, me he mea lā e kolo ana, kahi i loaʻa ai ka inoa.
No ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka manu e hoʻohana i nā māiʻu ʻoiʻoi, kahi e ʻeli ai i ka ʻili o kahi kumulāʻau. ʻAʻole hilinaʻi ka nuthatch i kāna huelo, e like me ke kākoʻo, e like me ka lāʻau ʻāhiu. Hiki ke lohe pinepine ʻia ka leo o ka manu i ka nahele a i ʻole nā wahi pā i ka hopena o ka hoʻoilo a me ka mua o ka pūiki, i ka wā o ka moena. I kahi kūlana mālie, ke hana nui ka manu e ʻimi nei i ka meaʻai, hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe i kahi kani hāwanawana mālie mai iā ia: nā leo repetitive "tyu" ("fu"), a me "tsi" a i ʻole "tsi". ʻOi aku ka nani o ke kani iridescent, hoʻomanaʻo i ka hana hou ʻana o "tyuy". ʻO ke kāhea ʻana o "tsʻoch" he hōʻailona ia no ka weliweli.
I ka wā o ka hoʻoipoipo puna, hiki i nā manu ke waiho i ko lākou mau panalāʻau, ke mele ʻana i nā mele a me ka hoʻohele ʻana iā lākou iho i ko lākou poʻe ʻohana. Kuhi kahi nohona noho a me ka mahele o nā panalāʻau e pono i nā manu ʻōpio ke ʻimi no kā lākou wahi hoʻomalu a i ʻole lawe i kahi o nā manu make. Ma ka ʻāpana o ʻEulopa o ka laulaha, wikiwiki pinepine ka poʻe ʻōpio e ʻike i nā pūnaewele manuahi.
Noho nā mea noho ululāʻau ʻo Siberian ma kahi o ka makua. ʻO kahi laʻana, i nā ululāʻau deciduous ʻEulopa, ʻo ka nui o ka noho ʻana ma kahi o 1 pālua ma ka 1 kilomika kilomika, ma nā mauna Sayan - 5 - 6 pālua ma kēlā me kēia wahi. ʻAʻole hilahila kēia mau manu a hiki ke hānai ma hope o nā kānaka a lawe pū i ka meaʻai mai ko lākou mau lima. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi ʻia lākou a mālama pinepine ʻia i ka pio.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: nuthatch maʻamau i ke kūlohelohe
ʻO nā Coachmen, e like me ka wā kahiko ua kāhea ʻia kēia manu no kāna mau leo ʻano, monogamous a pūnana pū mau ma hoʻokahi wahi. Hiki i ka panalāʻau i kiaʻi ʻia e ka pālua ke uhi ma kahi o ʻumi heka. I mea e hāʻawi ai i kahi hōʻailona e noho ʻia kēia wahi a e ʻumeʻume i ka wahine, hīmeni ke kāne.
No ka noho aloha, hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa:
- kūikawā trills;
- nā huakaʻi poepoe me ke poʻo i hāpai ʻia a me ka huelo i hohola ʻia i loko o kahi peʻahi;
- hānai ʻana i ka wahine.
Mea hoihoi: Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi genetic e nā ʻepekema Kelemania he 10% o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma nā wahi hoʻopaʻa na makua kāne o nā kāne ʻē aʻe mai nā wahi kokoke mai.
ʻO ka hoʻomaka o ka pūnana ʻana ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻākau ma Mei, a ma nā wahi hema o ʻApelila. Kūkulu kēia mau manu i ko lākou mau pūnana i loko o nā lua o nā kumulāʻau i kupu kūlohelohe a i ʻole i nā lua i hakahaka ʻia e nā mea ʻāhiu. Inā ʻaʻole hohonu ka puha, a hoʻopōʻino ʻia ka wahie e nā hana putrefactive, a laila hiki i ka wahine ke hoʻonui iā ia.
Ma ke ʻano he rula, aia ka hollow nuthatch ma lalo o ʻelua a ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o iwakālua mau mika. Ma ka lalo, waiho ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka ʻili, e laʻa me ka pine, a me nā mea lāʻau ʻē aʻe.
Mea hoihoi: Hoʻoemi ka Nuthatches i ka puka o ka hollow me ke kōkua o ka pālolo, ka manure, ka lepo, a pēlā e pale ai i ko lākou puʻuhonua mai nā ʻenemi, a mai ka hopu ʻia ʻana e nā starling. Me ke ʻano like, hoʻopili lākou i ka ʻili a puni ka lua, ma waho a ma loko hoʻi.
ʻAʻole e emi ka puka liʻiliʻi i ka lua. ʻO ka pūnana, e like me ia, ʻaʻole kūkulu ʻia e nuthatches, akā ʻo ka papa o ka mau ʻana o ka lāʻau ka nui a pohō maoli nā hua i loko. Lawe ʻia nā manu ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina e kūkulu i kahi puʻuhonua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana o nā wahine me kēia ʻoihana. Hoʻohana nā manu i kēia puha i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
Hoʻomoe ka wahine i 5-9 mau hua. I kekahi manawa i loko o ka lālau aia he ʻumikūmākolu mau testicle keʻokeʻo me nā kiko kala. Ua emi iki lākou ma mua o ʻelua kenimika ka lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua ka laulā, ko lākou kaumaha he 2.3 g. Inā haʻalele ka makuahine i ka pūnana i ka wā o ka incubation, a laila hoʻokomo ʻo ia i ka paʻa i loko o ka ʻōpala. I kēia manawa, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole kani nā manu, e hoʻāʻo nei e ʻike ʻole ʻia.
Hoʻomoʻa nā hua manu i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha pule, a puka mai nā moa āpau mai nā pūpū. Ma hope o ʻekolu pule ʻē aʻe, lele piha nā moa, akā hoʻomau ka hānai ʻana a ka wahine iā lāua i mau pule ʻelua, a ma hope iho ua kūʻokoʻa nā moa. I ka wā o ka hānai ʻana, lele kekahi manu manu i ka pūnana me ka mea pio ma mua o ʻekolu haneli mau manawa i kēlā me kēia lā.
Mea hoihoi: Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o nā lua nui he mau ʻoi aku ka nui o nā moa.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o nā nuthatches maʻamau
Kiʻi: Nuthatch kāne
I ʻEulopa, ʻo ka makaʻu nui loa i kēia mau manu e hōʻike ʻia e nā manu lele, e like me:
- sparrowhawk;
- falcon falcon;
- ʻalalā;
- pueo tawny;
- pueo dwarf.
Hoʻoweliweli pū ʻia nā pūnana Nuthatch e ka ʻāhiu kahakai i ʻike ʻia, akā ʻo kahi mea ʻoi aku ka weliweli e kau ʻia e nā starling, e noho pū ana hoʻi i nā lua. ʻAi lākou i nā hua manu, a laila noho i loko o ka lua ma ke ʻano he ona ponoʻī. Hoʻoweliweli pū kekahi nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o nā mustelid: weasels, ermines, hiki ke piʻi i kahi kumulāʻau a komo i ka puka i ka nui. Mālama pū nā squirrels i nā lua o kēia mau manu.
ʻOiaʻiʻo hoihoi: E hoʻoweliweli aku i nā manu ʻē aʻe a me nā squirrels mai ko lākou home, nā nuthatches i loko o ka pālolo, a lākou e uhi nei i ka puka komo, e kāwili i kekahi mau mea ʻala pilau.
I kekahi mau wahi, kahi i loaʻa ai nā kāʻei apo a poni paha i nā wahi paka, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokūkū me nā nuthatches, ʻoiai lākou pūnana pū kekahi i nā lua. Akā ua hōʻike ka poʻe ornithologists Belgian i hana i ka noiʻi ma 2010 i ka manaʻo ʻaʻole koʻikoʻi kēia pilikia a ʻaʻole ia he mea weliweli i ka heluna lehulehu. Hiki i nā ticks Ptilonyssus sittae ke hana i nā pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi no nā manu; noho lākou i nā ihu ihu o nā manu. A ʻo nā nematodes a me nā ilo ʻōpū hoʻi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke olakino o nā birdies.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Nuthatch maʻamau
Hoʻolahalaha ʻia ka heluna kanaka o Sitta europaea ma luna o ka ʻāpana āpau o ka pae, akā me ka nui kaulike ʻole. I nā wahi o ka North North a me nā ululāʻau coniferous o Siberia, hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i nā manawa liʻiliʻi, a ʻo ka helu o nā manu e pili pono i ka hua o nā kō. Nui ka helu o kēia mau manu i ka honua a ʻaʻole mālama i nā waiwai o ka paepae i manaʻo ʻia he palupalu.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻonui ka nuthatch i kāna helu ma ʻEulopa, akā ua hoʻonui pū i kāna mau wahi noho ma Sikotika a me Netherlands, Nolewai a me ʻEnelani ʻĀkau, a me nā pūnana pinepine ma Finelani a me Kuekene. Eia kekahi, ua noho kēia mau manu ma nā wahi mauna kiʻekiʻe o ka Atlas.
I ʻEulopa, ua koho ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ka nuthatch maʻamau i 22 - 57 miliona mau kānaka. ʻAe kēia iā mākou e hana i kahi koho paʻakikī no ka nohona holoʻokoʻa o 50 - 500 miliona mau manu. Mai ka 10 tausani a i ka 100 mau kaukani paʻa pūnana i loko o Lūkia, Iapana, Kina a me Kōlea.
ʻO ka mahele o ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia passerines ma Eurasia ma mua o 23 miliona km2. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia he hōʻailona maikaʻi no ke kūpaʻa o ka heluna kanaka a helu ʻia e ka International Union for Conservation of Nature ma ke ʻano he pilikia liʻiliʻi, e hoʻoili ana i ka hopohopo liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ia, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻoweliweli i kēia laha i ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻIke hoihoi: ʻO ka helu ola o nā mākua ma ʻEulopa he 51%, a no nā manu ʻōpio - 25%, e hōʻike ana i ko lākou nāwaliwali nui aʻe.
Nuthatch maʻamau makemake i nā kumulāʻau mau o ke ola no kona ola. He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoneoneo ʻana ma ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka wahi nahele, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mea hānai no nā manu hoʻoilo a me nā pūnana hana ma nā pā ulu lāʻau a me nā pāka e hiki ai ke mālama i kēia laha i kahi ʻano paʻa.
Lā paʻi: 13.07.2019
Lā hou: 25.09.2019 ma 9:58
