ʻO Guillemot - ka hulu nui loa o ka ʻohana auk. Ua lawe ʻo ia i kēia wahi hanohano ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā lona o nā lelo ʻēheu ʻole. ʻO kēia kahi genus lehulehu, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 miliona mau pālua ma Rūsia wale nō. He kai kai kēia, hala kona ola e ka ʻauhe hau a me nā pali ʻūlili. I ka wā hānau, hiki i nā kolone manu he mau kaukani mau manu. Hiki iā ʻoe ke aʻo i nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka guillemot ma aneʻi.
Ke kumu o ka laha a me ka wehewehe
Kiʻi: Kaira
ʻO ka genus Uria ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka zoologist Palani ʻo M. Brisson i ka makahiki 1760 me ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka guillemot liʻiliʻi (Uria aalge) ma ke ʻano he lāhui inoa. Pili nā manu guillemot i nā auk (Alca torda), nā auk (Alle alle) a me nā aukā lele ʻole, a hui pū lākou i ka ʻohana auk (Alcidae). ʻOiai ko lākou ʻike mua ʻana, e like me ka noiʻi ʻana a DNA, ʻaʻole lākou i pili loa me Cepphus grylle e like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia.
Mea hoihoi: ʻo ka inoa o ka genus mai ka Greek Greek kahiko, kahi moa i haʻi ʻia e Athenaeus.
Aia i loko o ka genus Uria nā ʻano ʻelua: ka guillemot pili liʻiliʻi (U. aalge) a me ka guillemot mānoanoa (U. lomvia)
ʻIke ʻia kekahi ʻano prehistoric o Uria:
- uria bordkorbi, 1981, Howard - Monterey, Late Miocene Lompoc, USA;
- uria affinis, 1872, Marsh - late Pleistocene i USA;
- uria paleohesperis, 1982, Howard - late Miocene, USA;
- uria onoi Watanabe, 2016; Matsuoka and Hasegawa - Middle-Late Pleistocene, Iapana.
He mea hoihoi ʻo U. brodkorbi ma ke ʻano he ʻelele wale nō ia i ʻike ʻia o nā auk i ʻike ʻia ma ka hapa mehana a me ka subtropical o ka Moana Pākīpika, koe wale nō nā palena o ka pae o U. aalge. Hōʻike kēia i nā ʻano Uria, kahi ʻauhau pili i nā auks āpau āpau a manaʻo ʻia ua ulu i ka ʻAkelanika e like me lākou, ua ulu paha ma Caribbean a kokoke paha i ka Isthmus o Panama. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka Pakipika i kēia manawa e lilo i ʻāpana o ka hoʻonui Arctic ma hope, ʻoiai ka hapanui o nā kuʻuna e hana i nā clades me kahi pae mau i ka Pākīpika mai ka arctic a i nā wai subtropical.
ʻO ka helehelena a me nā hiʻohiʻona
Kiʻi: Manu Guillemot
He kai kai paʻa nā Guillemots me nā hulu ʻeleʻele e uhi ana i ko lākou poʻo, hoʻi a me nā ʻeheu. Uhi ka hulu keʻokeʻo i ko lākou umauma a me ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa a me nā ʻeheu. Loaʻa nā ʻano o nā guillemots i ka nui mai 39 a 49 cm, a kaupaona ma kahi ma kahi o 1-1.5 kg. Ma hope o ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻaukelau eheu (P. impennis), ua lilo kēia mau manu i lunamakaʻāinana nui loa o nā auk. ʻO ko lākou ʻeheu he 61 - 73 cm.
Video: Kaira
I ka hoʻoilo, hina hina ko lākou ʻāʻī a me ko lākou alo. ʻO ko lākou nuku ʻano kī ʻeleʻele-ʻeleʻele me kahi laina keʻokeʻo e holo ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka iwi ā luna. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā guillemots hoʻolōʻihi ʻia (U. lomvia) mai nā guillemots lahilahi (U. aalge) e ko lākou hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona, e hoʻopili ana i ke poʻo a me ka ʻāʻī kaumaha a me kahi pila pōkole, ikaika hoʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou ka plumage ʻeleʻele hou a ke nalo nei i ka hapa nui o nā kaha ʻeleʻele i nā ʻaoʻao.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hybridize kekahi ʻano i kekahi manawa, ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka manaʻo ma mua.
Ke luu nei nā Guillemots i nā manu me nā wāwae pūnaewele, nā wāwae pōkole a me nā ʻeheu. Ma muli o ka hoʻoneʻe hope ʻia o ko lākou mau wāwae, he kūlana kūʻokoʻa ko lākou, ʻano like me ke penguin. ʻO nā guillemots kāne a wahine hoʻi ke nānā aku. ʻO nā moa moa like me nā mākua ma ka ʻōlelo plumage, akā heʻuʻuku ko lākou nuku lahilahi. He huelo ʻeleʻele poepoe ko lākou. Huli keʻokeʻo o ka maka i ka hoʻoilo. Ikaika a pololei ka lele. Ma muli o ko lākou mau ʻeheu pōkole, wikiwiki loa kā lākou hahau. Hoʻokani nā manu i nā kaniʻakaʻaka nui i nā kolone pūnana, akā hāmau lākou i ke kai.
Ma hea e noho ai ka guillemot?
Kiʻi: Kaira ma Lūkia
Noho piha ʻo Guillemot i ka Arctic a me nā wai subarctic o ka Hemolele ʻAkau. ʻO kēia manu e neʻe ana i ka wai e loaʻa ka ʻāina ākea. I ke kauwela, kau ia ma kahakai kahakai o Alaska, Newfoundland, Labrador, Sakhalin, Greenland, Scandinavia, nā mokupuni ʻo Kuril ma Lūkia, Kodiak Island ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Alaska. I ka hoʻoilo, aia nā guillemots ma kahi o ka wai hāmama, noho mau ma ka lihi o ka hau hau.
Noho ʻo Guillemots i ka wai kai o ia mau ʻāina:
- Iapana;
- Lūkia Hikina;
- USA;
- Kanaka;
- Āina' Ōmaʻomaʻo;
- Āina Hau;
- Ilelani 'ākau;
- ʻEnelani;
- Nolewai Hema.
Hoʻonui ʻia nā wahi hoʻoilo mai ke kaʻe hau ākea a hiki i Nova Scotia a me ka ʻākau o British Columbia, a ʻike ʻia hoʻi ma nā kahakai o Greenland, Northern Europe, ka Mid Atlantic, ka Pacific Northwest o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ma ka hema o ka Moana Pākīpika a hiki i waena o Iapana. Ma hope o ka ʻino ikaika, hiki i kekahi poʻe ke lele i ka hema. ʻIke ʻia kēia ʻano i ka hoʻoilo i nā pūʻulu nui i loko o ka moana ākea, akā ʻike ʻia kekahi poʻe hele hewa i nā kahawai, nā wai wai muliwai, a i ʻole nā kino wai ʻē aʻe.
Ma ke ʻano he rula, ʻimi mamao lākou mai ke kapakai a ʻoi aku nā mea like maikaʻi, hiki i ka hohonu o 100 mau mika i ka alualu ʻana i ka mea pio. Hiki i ka manu ke lele ma 75 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kona ʻau ʻana ma mua o kona lele ʻana. Hoʻokumu pū nā Guillemots i nā huhui nui ma nā kapakai pōhaku, kahi e hoʻomoe ai nā wahine i kā lākou mau hua ma kahi kaʻe hāiki ma kahi pali kahakai. ʻImi pinepine ʻia i nā ana a me nā ana. Makemake ka ʻano e noho ma nā mokupuni ma mua o ke kahakai nui.
I kēia manawa ʻike ʻoe i kahi e noho ai ka manu guillemot. E ʻike kāua i kāna mea e ʻai ai.
He aha ka ʻai a guillemot?
Kiʻi: Kai manu guillemot
Kūleʻa ka lawehala o ka guillemot i ka ʻano o ka mea pio a me kahi noho. Hoʻi pinepine lākou i ke kolone me hoʻokahi mea pio, inā ʻaʻole pio nā invertebrates. Ma ke ʻano he mākaʻi kai mākaukau, hoʻokumu ʻia nā papa hopu hopu guillemot ma muli o ka loaʻa pono o ka ikehu mai ka waiwai pio a me nā lilo ikehu e pono ai e hopu i ka mea pio.
He manu manu puaʻa ʻo Guillemots a hoʻopau i nā ʻano kai like ʻole.
- pollock;
- gobies;
- ʻōhumu;
- capelin;
- nāʻaʻa;
- heʻe;
- huipaʻi;
- annelids;
- crustaceans;
- zooplankton nui.
Hānai ʻo Guillemot ma lalo o ka wai ma kahi hohonu o 100 mau mika, i nā wai me ka emi o 8 ° C. ʻO ke ʻano o nā guillemots ʻāpana lahilahi nā mea hoʻomake akamai, hopu lākou i ka mea pio i ka alualu ikaika. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻolilo nā lunamaka ʻāpana mānoanoa o ka genus i ka manawa e ʻimi holoholona ai, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu e ʻimi nei i ka mea i loaʻa i lalo, e heʻe mālie ana ma lalo e ʻimi i nā sediment a i ʻole nā pōhaku.
Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻokumu ʻia ma kona wahi, hiki i kā U. Lomvia ʻokoʻa paha nā ʻano papaʻai e pili ana i ka wahi. Ma ka lihi kai o ka hau, hānai lākou i ke kolamu wai a ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka hau wikiwiki. ʻOkoʻa, ma nā kihi o ka pale hau, hānai ʻo U. lomvia ma lalo o ka ʻili, ma ke kai, a me ke kolamu wai.
Nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano a me ka nohona
Kiʻi: Guillemots
Hoʻokumu nā Guillemots i nā huhui nui a paʻa i nā kolone ma nā pali pōhaku kahi a lākou e hānau ai. Ma muli o kā lākou lawe pono ʻana, manaʻo ʻia nā manu he ʻoi aku ka mākaukau o ka ʻauʻau kai ma mua o nā pailaka. ʻO nā keiki makua a ʻeleu hoʻi e neʻe i kahi lōʻihi i nā huakaʻi neʻe mai nā kolone pūnana i kahi o ka oʻo a me ka hoʻoilo. ʻAʻauʻau ʻo Chicks kokoke ma kahi o 1000 mau kilomita i ukali ʻia e nā mākua kāne ma ke kahua mua o ka huakaʻi i kahi hoʻoilo. I kēia manawa, hoʻoheheʻe ka poʻe mākua i kā lākou plumage hoʻoilo a lilo ka manawa o ka hiki ke lele a hiki i ka wā e ʻike ʻia nā hulu hou.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: hana mau ʻo Guillemots i ka lā. Me ke kōkua o nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻikepili manu, ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema hele lākou i 10 a 168 km i hoʻokahi ala i nā wahi hānai.
He mea nui nō hoʻi kēia mau manu kai i nā kaiaolaola kai e pili ana i kā lākou papaʻai pelagic. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Guillemots e kamaʻilio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā leo. I nā pīpī, ʻo kēia mau leo kani ʻole, ʻano nui ʻia e ke kelepona wikiwiki i hoʻololi ʻia i pinepine ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia kāhea ke haʻalele lākou i ke kolone, a ma ke ʻano he ala kamaʻilio ma waena o nā moa a me nā mākua.
ʻO ka poʻe mākua, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hua mai i nā memo haʻahaʻa a me ke kani ʻano ʻano. He kaumaha kēia mau kani, hoʻomanaʻo i ka ʻakaʻaka "ha ha ha" a i ʻole ke kani o ke kani ʻana o ka lōʻihi. Me ka hana kolohe, hoʻokuʻu ka murres i nā leo nāwaliwali, leo. I loko nō o ka hiki i nā laha ke noho pū, i ka laulā, he manu kūpikipiki loa nā murres. Hele wale lākou me nā poʻe Arctic nui aku, no ka laʻana, cormorants. Kōkua kēia i nā guillemots i ka hoʻouka kaua.
ʻO ke kūkulu kaiāulu a me ka hana hou
Kiʻi: Pālua o guillemots
Hoʻomaka ka hānau ʻana o Guillemots ma waena o nā makahiki he ʻelima a ʻeono a me ka pūnana i nā kolone nui, ʻeleʻele, walaʻau ma nā pā pōhaku ʻikiʻī. Ma loko o ko lākou kolone, kū nā manu i ka ʻaoʻao, e hana ana i kahi noho pūnana paʻa e pale iā lākou iho a me kā lākou mau moa mai nā mea lele lewa. Hiki lākou i nā wahi pūnana i ka puna, mai ʻApelila a Mei, akā ʻoiai uhi mau ʻia nā kualono me ka hau, hoʻomaka ka oviposition i ka hopena o Mei a i ʻole Iune mua, e hilinaʻi ana i ka mahana o ke kai.
Hoʻomoe nā wahine i nā hua manu ma kahi o ka manawa like e hoʻopili like i ka manawa o ka hatching a me ka manawa ke lele ka ʻōpio i nā ʻāpana pūnana i loko o ke kai e hoʻokō i kā lākou neʻe lōʻihi no ka hoʻoilo. Hoʻomoe kahi wahine guillemots i hoʻokahi hua manu me ka pūpū mānoanoa a kaumaha hoʻi, mai kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻōmaʻomaʻo, me kahi hiʻohiʻona.
ʻOiaʻiʻo: ʻO nā hua o guillemots he pear-shaped, no laila ʻaʻole ia e ʻōwili ke kipaku ʻia i kahi laina pololei, i ʻae ʻole iā ʻoe e hoʻokuʻi aku iā ia ma kahi kiʻekiʻe.
ʻAʻole kūkulu nā wahine i nā pūnana, akā hohola i nā ʻiliʻili a puni ia me nā ʻōpala ʻē aʻe, e waiho ana i ka hua manu me nā feces. Lilo nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hua ma luna o 33 mau lā. Hoʻokumu ka moa ma hope o 30-35 mau lā a mālama nā mākua ʻelua i ka pīpī a lele i ka pali i 21 mau makahiki o ko lākou makahiki.
Hoʻokomo pinepine nā mākua ʻelua i ka hua, lawe i nā loli o 12 a 24 mau hola. ʻAi nui ʻo Chicks i ka iʻa i lawe ʻia mai e nā mākua i ka wahi hānau no 15-30 mau lā. Holo pinepine ʻo Chicks ma kahi o 21 mau lā o ko lākou makahiki. Ma hope o kēia manawa, hele ka wahine i ke kai. Mālama ka makua kāne i ka hānai no ka manawa lōʻihi o ka manawa, a laila e hele i ke kai me ke keiki i ka pō i ka wā mālie. Noho nā kāne i 4 a 8 mau pule me kā lākou pua ma mua o ke kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe o ka guillemot
Kiʻi: Manu Guillemot
ʻAno maʻalahi ka Guillemots i nā mea lele lele. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōlani hina e ʻānai i nā hua a me nā moa i waiho ʻole ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, kahi kolone paʻa o nā guillemots, kahi e kū ai nā manu i kahi ʻaoʻao, kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā mākua a me kā lākou ʻōpio mai ka lele ʻana o ka ea e nā aeto, nā ʻōpua, a me nā manu ʻānō ʻē aʻe, a me nā hoʻouka honua mai nā ʻalopeke. Hoʻohui pū kekahi, nā kānaka, me nā hui ma Kanada a me Alaska, e ʻimi a hoʻopau i nā hua o ka dregs no ka meaʻai.
ʻO nā predators kaulana loa o ka saury:
- glaucous (L. hyperboreus);
- hawk (Accipitridae);
- manu ʻino maʻamau (Corvus corax);
- Alopeke fox (Vulpes lagopus);
- kanaka (Homo Sapiens).
I ka Arctic, ʻimi pinepine ka poʻe i nā guillemots ma ke ʻano he kumu meaʻai. ʻO nā ʻōiwi o Kanada a me ʻĀpana e kī pū i kēlā me kēia makahiki i nā manu kokoke i kā lākou kolone pūnana a i ko lākou neʻe ʻana mai kahakai o Greenland ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka ʻimi holoholona maʻamau. Hoʻohui ʻia, hōʻiliʻili kekahi mau pūʻulu, e like me Alaskans, i mau hua manu no ka meaʻai. I nā makahiki 1990, ka ʻohana ma St. Lawrence Island (aia ma ke komohana o ka ʻāina nui ʻo Alaska i ke kai ʻo Bering) i hoʻopau he 60 a 104 mau hua i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ke ola maʻamau o kahi guillemot i ka hihiu hiki i 25 mau makahiki. Ma ka ʻākau hikina o Kanada, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nui o ke ola makahiki o nā mākua ma 91%, a 52% ma mua o ka makahiki ʻekolu. He palupalu nā Guillemots i ka hoʻoweliweli i hana ʻia e ke kanaka e like me ka ninini ʻana o ka aila a me ka ʻupena.
Heluna a me ke kūlana o kēia ʻano
Kiʻi: Manu Guillemot
Ma ke ʻano he kai kai nui loa ma ka Hemolele ʻAkau, ʻo ka heluna nui o ka heluna kanaka o nā guillemots ma kahi o 22,000,000 i kahi ākea. No laila, ʻaʻole kokoke kēia ʻano i nā paepae no nā ʻano palupalu. Eia nō naʻe, mau ka hoʻoweliweli, keu hoʻi mai nā kahe o ka aila a me nā gillnets, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā mea kūlohelohe e like me nā gull.
Ua koho ʻia ka heluna kanaka o ʻEulopa ma 2,350,000–3,060,000 kanaka makua. Ma ʻAmelika Hema, ke piʻi nei ka nui o ka poʻe. ʻOiai ʻo ka nui o nā kānaka ma ʻEulopa e hoʻonui nei mai ka makahiki 2000, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hōʻemi koʻikoʻi hou loa ma Iceland (kahi home kokoke i ka hapaha o ko ʻEulopa heluna). Ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka heleleʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma Iceland, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka helu o ka heluna kanaka o ʻEulopa ma waena o 2005 a me 2050 (ʻekolu hanauna) mai 25% a 50%.
Ke hoʻokūkū pololei nei kēia ʻano me nā lawaiʻa lawaiʻa no ka meaʻai, a ʻo ka overfishing ʻana o kekahi mau waihona i kahi hopena pololei i ka guillemot. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka waihona capelin i ke kai ʻo Barents ka hopena o ka hōʻemi ʻana he 85% o ka lehulehu hānau ma Bear Island me ka ʻole o nā hōʻailona o ke ola hou ʻana. ʻO ka make ʻana mai ka lawaiʻa gillnet unregulated hiki ke lilo i mea nui.
ʻOiaʻiʻo leʻaleʻa: Ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka ʻaila mai nā moku i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II i manaʻo ʻia ua kōkua nui i ka emi nui ʻana o nā kolone i ka Moana ʻIlani i ka waena o 20 kenekulia, kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai nā kolone i hoʻopilikia ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻimi holoholona i nā mokupuni ʻo Faroe, Greenland a me Newfoundland ka mea i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia a hiki paha i nā pae unsustainable. ʻAʻole i loiloi ʻia i kahi pae hopu paʻa paʻa no kēia laha. ʻO Guillemot Pilikia pū kekahi i nā fluctuations o ke ana wela o ke kai, me ka hoʻololi ʻana o 1˚C i ka mahana e pili pū ana me ka emi ʻana o ka heluna makahiki he 10%.
Lā paʻi: 13.07.2019
Lā hou: 09/24/2019 ma 22:46
